Kwa zaka zoposa 50, Staughton Lynd wakhala wotsogola kwambiri ku United States. Anali wothandizira gulu la Black Liberation Movement ku Deep South kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1960, makamaka monga wogwirizanitsa Sukulu za Ufulu pa Mississippi Summer mu 1964. Anali wotsutsa kwambiri zachiwawa za US ku Indochina, kuphatikizapo monga wapampando woyamba. chionetsero cha dziko motsutsana ndi nkhondo ku Vietnam mu April 1965.[1] Zaka makumi angapo zapitazi, Lynd wakhala loya woimira akaidi, makamaka ku Ohio State Penitentiary ku Youngstown, ndipo adalemba buku, sewero ndi nkhani zambiri zokhudza kuwukira kwa 1993 ku Southern Ohio Correctional Facility ku Lucasville.. [2]
Kuyambira chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1960, Lynd wakhalanso wokhudzidwa kwambiri ndi gulu la anthu ogwira ntchito monga wotsutsa, loya komanso wolemba mabuku.. [3] Kulimbikitsidwa ndi Marty Glaberman, Stan Weir ndi Ed Mann,[4] Lynd wakhala wokonda kwambiri komanso wolimbikira kwambiri wolimbikitsa mgwirizano pakati pa maudindo, maudindo ndi mafayilo. Mu Novembala 2014, Mabuku a Haymarket adzasindikiza buku lolembedwa ndi Lynd Kuchita Mbiri Kuchokera Pansi Kumwamba: Pa EP Thompson, Howard Zinn, ndi Kumanganso Ntchito Yogwira Ntchito Kuchokera Pansipa ndi kusindikiza kwatsopano kwa bukhu lake Solidarity Unionism: Kumanganso Gulu Lantchito kuchokera Pansipa ndi mawu oyamba a katswiri wazantchito komanso womenyera ufulu Immanuel Ness adzasindikizidwa ndi PM Press mu Spring 2015.
Komanso: Kodi maganizo anu onse ndi otani ponena za mmene ntchito zogwirira ntchito ku United States zilili masiku ano?
Lynd: Lingaliro langa wamba, monga la wina aliyense, ndiloti gulu la anthu ogwira ntchito likuchepa kwambiri. Lingaliro langa ndikuti chifukwa chakutsika uku si Khothi Lalikulu, kapena nthawi ya McCarthy, kapena chilichonse chomwe chingakonzedwe posintha utsogoleri wapamwamba wa mabungwe, koma lachitsanzo za bungwe la mabungwe ogwira ntchito lomwe lakhalapo m'mabungwe onse a CIO kuyambira 1935. Zofunika kwambiri zachitsanzochi ndi: 1) Kuyimilira mwapadera gulu lokambirana ndi bungwe limodzi; 2) Kubweza ngongole, pomwe abwana amachotsa ndalama za mgwirizano pamalipiro a membala aliyense wagawo lokambirana; 3) Ndime yoletsa kumenyedwa ndi kuchepa kwa nthawi yonse ya mgwirizano; 4) Ndime ya "zaudindo woyang'anira" yomwe imapatsa olemba ntchito ufulu wosankha ndalama mosagwirizana.
Kuphatikizana ndi ziganizozi mu mgwirizano wa CIO wamba zimapatsa olemba ntchito ufulu wotseka chomeracho ndikuletsa ogwira ntchito kuchita chilichonse. Malingana ngati mapangano ogwirizana akugwirizana ndi template iyi, kusankhidwa kwa Miller, Sadlowski, Carey, Sweeney, kapena Trumka sikungabweretse kusintha kwakukulu.
Komanso: Mwalemba zambiri za kusintha kwa gulu la ogwira ntchito mโzaka za mโma 1930, zaka zoyambilira za zaka khumi ndi kupangidwa kwa CIO.[5] Kodi ndi chifukwa chiyani CIO idaphatikizidwa ngati bungwe lapamwamba?
Lynd: Zimakonda kuiwala kuti CIO inalengedwa ndi John L. Lewis. Tsopano pali gulu lalikulu la maphunziro kuti 1) Lewis adayika pakati pa kayendetsedwe ka UMW kuti achepetse chikoka cha chikhalidwe cha mabungwe am'deralo ndikuyendetsa mgwirizano wadziko lonse monyanyira; 2) Lewis adayesetsa kuwatsimikizira abizinesi kuti ngati atakambirana ndi CIO zochitika ngati zam'tchire zikhala zakale; 3) ambiri omasuka ndi otsutsa monga Roger Baldwin wa ACLU anatsutsana ndi Wagner Act, akukhulupirira molondola kuti zotsatira zake zidzakhala ndendende zomwe zachitika komanso kuti njira zina monga Progressive Miners kum'mwera kwa Illinois zidzawotchedwa steamroller; 4) mosiyana ndi zomwe anthu ambiri amakhulupirira, chitsitsimutso cha mgwirizano pakati pa anthu ogwira ntchito m'migodi chinayambira pansi pamaso ndime ya National Recovery Act ndi Gawo 7 mu Spring ya 1933 ndi kunyalanyazidwa kwa nthawi yayitali kwa ogwira ntchito m'migodi chilimwe chotsatira kudapangidwa ndikulimbikira ndi ogwira ntchito m'migodi mosasamala kanthu kuti Lewis ndi lieutenant wake Philip Murray adayesa kosatha. khazikitsani izo kuchokera kumwamba.
Komanso: Mumatsindika nthawi zonse kufunikira kwa zoyeserera zakomweko. Kodi zoyesayesa zotere zikuwoneka bwanji m'kuchita ndipo ndichifukwa chiyani zitha kukhala zopindulitsa kwambiri kuposa kampeni yokonzanso dziko?
Lynd: Kungoyang'ana koyamba magulu onse am'deralo akuoneka kuti alibe chochita mosiyana ndi makampani akuluakulu apadziko lonse. Zowonadi, pakulimbana kwanga koyambirira ndi vuto ili, ndidawonetsa kusakhalapo kwamakampani opanga zitsulo m'zaka za m'ma 1930 kwa mgwirizano wogwira mtima pakati pa mabungwe atsopano am'deralo omwe adakonzedwa ndi maudindo ndi mafayilo m'malo osiyanasiyana.
Vuto lomweli likudziwonetsera lerolino ngati ogwira ntchito otsika m'madera osiyanasiyana amathandizidwa nthawi imodzi, komanso amayendetsedwa ndi mabungwe omwe alipo monga UFCW ndi SEIU. Pakadali pano, mabungwewa akuti akungofuna kuthandiza ogwira ntchitowa kuti apindule zomwe akufuna pochita mwachindunji. Komabe, mumsewu womwewu, mabungwe omwewa atha kufunanso kuti zochita zachindunji za m'deralo zikhale ngati njira yolowera ku cholinga chawo chomwe amachidziwa bwino: kukhala ndi mgwirizano wapadera, womaliza ndi kubweza ngongole ndi chigamulo chosagonja.
Ndayamba kuganiza kuti anthu a mโdera lanu amene ali ndi vuto losowa chochita nโngokokomeza, mwinanso kukhala onyenga. Pamalo amodzi ogwira ntchito, ogwira ntchito mugawo linalake kapena dipatimenti inayake atha kuyimitsa bizinesi yonse. Vicki Starr wotchedwa Stella Nowicki akufotokoza momwe izi zinaliri zoona pamene "kupha ng'ombe" inasiya kugwira ntchito mu Chicago stockyards m'ma 1930. [6]
Chinachake chonga chimenecho chinachitika mโnyumba yosungiramo katundu yaikulu ya Walmart ku Elwood, Illinois, pafupi ndi Chicago, zaka ziลตiri zapitazo. Nyumba yosungiramo katunduyo inkagwira zinthu zambiri zomwe zimalowa m'malo ambiri ogawa a Walmart ku United States. Chisokonezo chinali chachikulu kwambiri pamene ogwira ntchito ameneลตa anatuluka kwa milungu ingapo chifukwa cha madandaulo akumaloko kotero kuti kampaniyo siinangowapatsa zopempha zawo zina komanso inawalandiranso kuntchito ndi kubweza malipiro a nthaลตi imene ananyanyala ntchito! Choncho ngakhale titakumana ndi vuto la mgwirizano wa dziko, kufufuza kumabwereranso ku kufunitsitsa kwa magulu ang'onoang'ono a ogwira ntchito makamaka zigawo zovuta za kupanga kapena kugawa ntchito kuti asiye ntchito.
Mphamvu zimayenera kumanga maziko amphamvu odzichitira okha pamalo ogwirira ntchito. Stan Weir anatcha mabungwe oterowo โmagulu a ntchito zosakhazikika.โ Anali wokhutiritsidwa kuti magulu oterowo amakhala paliponse pamene anthu abweretsa ntchito pamodzi, ndi kupanga utsogoleri wamtundu wina kuchokera pansi, ngati pakufunika. Mphamvu ziyenera osati kupita kukasankha akuluakulu atsopano.
Komanso: Kodi mungafotokoze zambiri za zovuta za "kuyimira padera" mu NLRA?
Lynd: Pali zovuta zosachepera zitatu kapena zinayi pa lingaliro la kuyimira kokha.
1) Kukumana koyamba pakati pa oyambitsa mgwirizano ndi gulu la ogwira ntchito kumakhudza zinthu zopanda phindu mwa iwo okha, monga kutolera siginecha pamakhadi kapena zopempha zomwe zimatumizidwa ku NLRB. Njira ina yodziลตikiratu ndiyo kumanga mgwirizano, chimene Stan Weir anachitcha kupanga โbanja pantchito,โ mwa zochita zazingโono zachindunji.
2) Mgwirizano ukapambana pachisankho choyimilira motsatira Gawo 9 la NLRA (tsopano LMRA), zimakhala zovuta kwambiri kuti gulu la ogwira ntchito "livomereze," ndiko kuti, kusankha bungwe lina kuti liwayimire. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, ku Nicaragua mโzaka za mโma 1980 mgwirizano unasankhidwa kwa nthawi ya mgwirizano umodzi wokha, pamapeto pake panali chisankho chatsopano chosankha mgwirizano kuti akambirane mgwirizano wotsatira.
3) Mwachiwonekere, ndondomeko ya Gawo 9 idapangitsa kuti zikhale zosatheka kwa antchito ochepa kuchita chilichonse chatanthauzo mpaka atachuluka. Monga aliyense akudziwa kuti izi siziyenera kukhala choncho, kuntchito kapena kwina kulikonse. Lingaliro la "ochepa" kapena "mamembala okha" la mgwirizano wakhala likukulirakulira. Mtsogoleri wake wamkulu ndi Pulofesa Charles Morris, yemwe amatsutsa kuti pansi pa NLRA monga momwe adalengedwera poyamba bwanayo anali ndi udindo walamulo kuti akambirane ndi gulu lirilonse la antchito, ngakhale kuti sanali ambiri.[7] Chifukwa chake gulu mu dipatimenti inayake yomwe inali yabwino mubizinesiyo imatha kukambirana bwino kuti ikhale yodziwikiratu. Ngati zikuyenda bwino, antchito ena amakopeka kuti alowe m'bungweli.
Vuto lalikulu pamalingaliro a Pulofesa Morris ndikuti akuwonetsa momveka bwino kuti kupikisana kwa mgwirizano wa anthu ochepa ndi njira yokhayo yoti munthu akhale woyimilira yekha. Ndikumvetsetsa kwanga kuti m'mayiko ambiri a ku Ulaya mungakhale migwirizano yambiri ya anthu ochepa, iliyonse yogwirizana ndi zizoloลตezi zandale zadziko. Mabungwe otere atha kulumikizana limodzi kuti akambirane.
4) Ndikuganiza kuti Ufulu uli ndi mfundo pamene umanena kuti lamulo ndi machitidwe omwe alipo amachotsa gawo la kudzipereka kwa umembala wa mgwirizano.
Komanso: Nanga bwanji kubweza ngongole zokha? Zimatengedwa ngati uthenga wabwino pakati pa anthu opita patsogolo komanso osasintha, osati olamulira okha, kuti ndizofunikira kuti migwirizano ipitirire.
Lynd: Pamene Alice ndi ine tinachita zoyankhulana za zomwe zidakhala Udindo ndi Fayilo, pafupifupi mโchaka cha 1970, tinafunsa kuti: Kodi mukuganiza kuti nโchiyani chinachititsa kuti bungwe la CIO lilephere kukwaniritsa lonjezo lake? Yankho lomwe linalandira chithandizo chochuluka kuposa lina lililonse linali lakuti, 'Kubweza ngongole.'
Sylvia Woods adanena kuti ku UAW kwawo ku Bendix panthawi ya nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse iwo sanafune dala cheke, chifukwa zomwe zimachitika mukakhala nazo ndi izi: aliyense amakhala pamiyendo yawo ndipo palibe amene amachita chilichonse.[8] Mtsutso wakubweza ngongole ndi wosasiyanitsidwa ndi mkangano wofuna kubweza ngongole. Ngati mukukhulupirira kuti ochepa odzipereka atha kuchita zambiri kuposa unyinji wodzifunira, kuchotserako kumakhala kofunika.
Kuphatikiza apo, kusakhala paulendo pakufunika chizolowezi chokulirapo kuti omenyera ufulu azikhala pantchito m'malo mofunafuna desiki ku "likulu la mgwirizano" mnyumba ina.
Komanso: Poganizira zopinga zazikulu za zigamulo zosagwirizana ndi kumenyedwa ndi oyang'anira, chifukwa chiyani palibe kukambirana ngakhale pakati pa ogwirizana omwe ali ndi udindo wofuna kuwachotsa kapena kuwasintha?
Lynd: Ndadzifunsa funso limeneli kwa zaka zambiri.
Ndikukhulupirira kuti Wagner Act ndi Exhibit 1 kwa anthu ambiri okonda kusintha ndi omasuka akuyang'ana mmbuyo pa kupambana ndi kulephera kwa New Deal ndi miyoyo yawo. Ndikuganiza za abambo anga omwe, Robert S. Lynd. Monga membala wa bungwe lolamulira la 20th Century Fund m'zaka za m'ma 1930, adadzudzula Wagner Act chifukwa choganiza molakwika kuti lamuloli lingafanane ndi mphamvu zoyendetsera ntchito ndi ntchito. Komabe pamsonkhano wa maphunziro a UAW pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yadziko Lonse, abambo anga adalankhula mawu omwe adalandiridwa bwino ndi nthumwi ndipo, malinga ndi Victor Reuther, adasindikizidwanso ngati kabuku ka UAW chifukwa chofuna udindo-ndi-mafayilo. Mโmenemo abambo anga ananena kuti ntchito yolinganizidwa ndiyo mphamvu yokhayo yaikulu yokhoza kulimbana ndi mabizinesi aakulu, ndi kuti dzikolo lidzapita ku socialism kapena fascism malingana ndi zotsatira za nkhondoyi.
Roger Baldwin wa ACLU, kumbali ina, adatsutsa Wagner Act chifukwa adawona momwe Lewis angagwiritsire ntchito njira yoyimira yekha kuti afinyize moyo wa Progressive Miners kum'mwera kwa Illinois, mgwirizano womwe umakondedwa ndi umembala. Onani buku la Cletus Daniels pa ACLU m'ma 1930. [9]
Nthawi zonse zimakhala zosavuta kuimba mlandu munthu wina chifukwa cha kulephera kwa chithandizo chomwe amachikonda kwambiri kuti apereke yankho kusiyana ndi kutsutsa mankhwalawo. Ndizodabwitsa kwambiri kuti anthu akumanzere akhala osakhudzidwa ndi dzanja lankhanza lankhanza kotero kuti John L. Lewis anayika anthu otsutsa m'gulu lake, komanso kwa anthu osamvera m'mabungwe a CIO omwe adangoyamba kumene. Pamene msonkhano woyamba wa UAW unavota kuti asagwirizane ndi Roosevelt mu 1936 ndikuyang'ana chipani chatsopano cha ogwira ntchito, Lewis adapambana kupyolera mwa pulezidenti wa UAW Homer Martin ndi wogwira ntchito ku CIO Adolph Germer kuti voti isinthe.
Zoonadi, tikukhala mumkhalidwe wodzikuza kwa mtsogoleri, kutsatiridwa ndi kukhumudwa ndi momwe amagwirira ntchito, mobwerezabwereza. Olemba mbiri ya ntchito ndi ogwira ntchito m'mabungwe motsatizana amapembedza Lewis, Reuther ndi Murray, kutsatiridwa ndi Arnold Miller, Sadlowski, Sweeney, Carey, Trumka ndi ena, kungozindikira pamene utsi umatulutsa kuti mapangidwe a mgwirizano ku United States sanasinthe . . . koma kupita kukafunafuna mtsogoleri wina wapamwamba!
Monga tinaimba mโma 1960, Kodi iwo adzaphunzira liti?
Komanso: Ndi zokumana nazo zotani zomwe mudakumana nazo ndi mabungwe omwe zidakufikitsani kumalingaliro anu apano?
Lynd: Ndiroleni ndifotokoze zokumana nazo zitatu. 1) Cha mโma 1969 kapena 1970, ndikukhalabe ku Chicago, ndinapita ndi anzanga ku msonkhano wa Labor Against The War kuholo ya Harold Gibbonsโ Teamsters ku St. Mwambowu udathandizidwa ndikutsogoleredwa ndi akuluakulu adziko lonse monga Foners, Emil Mazey, Jerry Wurf, ndipo monga momwe zinakhalira, Harry Bridges. Gulu la ogwira ntchito lidachedwa zaka zisanu kutsutsana ndi nkhondo ya Vietnam, atsogoleri ngati Walter Reuther adathandizira nkhondoyo, koma chochitikacho chinali cholimbikitsa. Ndinapezeka kuti ndikupita ku msonkhano wa ma rank-and-file. Tinapereka lingaliro kuchokera pansi kuti pakhale tsiku limodzi limene antchito m'dziko lonselo adzatsutsa nkhondo mโnjira iriyonse yoyenerera mikhalidwe yawo (maola owonjezera a nkhomaliro, timapepala tating'ono, kusamvana kwa mgwirizano wa m'deralo, msonkhano wa atolankhani, ndi zina zotero.) Mawu ake momveka mwachipongwe, Mazey anapempha nthumwi kuti zivotere lingaliro lopengali. Chigamulocho chinadutsa pafupifupi 3 mpaka 1. Choncho oyendetsa galimotowo adayendera chakudya chamasana ndipo anabweretsa Harry Bridges masana kuti apemphe nthumwi kuti zichotse chilolezo chawo. Iwo anatero.
2. Mu Youngstown, International Steelworkers anakana kuthandizira ndawala yolimbana ndi kuzimitsa zitsulo. Uphungu wawo unali wodera nkhaลตa za mapindu: zimene Ed Mann ndi John Barbero anatcha monyoza โmakonzedwe a maliro.โ Mgwirizano wadziko lonse udasokoneza ine ndi Gar Alperovitz. Tinatetezedwa ndi bishopu Wachikatolika wa dayosizi ya Youngstown, Bambo James Malone. Pambuyo pa ndawala yathu yamphamvu koma kugonja kwa khoti mโkhoti lachigawo, a Steelworkers anakana kupereka ngakhale mnzawo wa khoti chidule cha chidule chochirikiza apilo yathu ku Federal Sixth Circuit. Tsopano bungwe ladziko lonse likulankhula mosangalatsa za kugula kwa antchito, kupitirira zaka makumi atatu mochedwa kwambiri.
3. Packard Electric, yomwe tsopano imadziwika kuti Delphi Packard, inali ndi antchito pafupifupi 12,000 pamene tinasamukira ku Youngstown mu 1976. Pamodzi ndi kapena pafupi ndi GM Lordstown anali olemba ntchito wamkulu m'dera la Youngstown. M'derali poyamba anali mbali ya UE ndipo panali ndime m'malamulo a mgwirizano wa m'deralo ponena kuti kusintha kulikonse kwa mgwirizano kuyenera kuvomerezedwa mu referendum ya umembala. Pamene anthu akumaloko anaswa lamulo limeneli mwa kuvomereza chinenero chatsopano cholola masiku 10 kapena 12 popanda chivomerezo cha umembala, tinapita kukhoti lamilandu ndi kupambana. Kampaniyo ndi mabungwe adakankhira njira yovomerezera mu chifunga cha mabodza osokeretsa omwe sitinathe kukana. Panopa pali antchito osakwana 1,000 ku Delphi ku Youngstown komanso ku Mexico oposa 40,000.
Utsogoleri wa mayiko wa mabungwe akuluakulu amenewa unali kumbuyo kwanthawi zonse maganizo a mamembala.
Komanso: Munatchula zoyesayesa zosapambana za ogwira ntchito zachitsulo kuti atenge ulamuliro wa mphero zotsekedwa ku Youngstown zaka 35 zapitazo. Mโmalo ambiri, mwina makamaka ku Argentina, komanso ku Republic Windows ndi Doors ku Chicago, zoyesayesa zotero zakhala zopambana ndithu. Kodi kuyang'anira malo otsekedwa ndi chinthu chomwe mabungwe, kuphatikiza madera ndi akuluakulu aboma, ayenera kuyesetsa kuchita zambiri ndipo ngati ndi choncho, zingatheke bwanji?
Lynd: Ili ndilo vuto limene mu Youngstown ndi Pittsburgh tinalitcha, โsocialism in one steel mphero.โ M'mbuyomu, makampani ambiri omwe ali ndi nkhawa omwe ayesa kukhala umwini wa ogwira ntchito kapena ogwira nawo ntchito alephera kapena m'kupita kwa nthawi adakhalanso mabizinesi a capitalist. Munthu amakumana ndi mavuto osiyanasiyana.
Ku Youngstown, tinkaona kuti kungakhale njira yankhanza kwakanthawi kugula mphero zotsekedwa popanda kuzipanga kukhala zamakono. Kugula chabe kutha kutengera $20 miliyoni. Kusintha kwamakono kofunikira kuti m'malo mwa malo otseguka akale kukanatengera ndalama zina pafupifupi $200 miliyoni, kuwirikiza kakhumi kuposa. Izi zinali panthawi yomwe thumba la ngongole lotsimikizika, lopangidwa ndi boma la US kuti lithandizire makampani m'dziko lonselo, linali $100 miliyoni zokha.
M'makonzedwe a "umwini" wa antchito monga ku Weirton Steel, ndalama zoyambira zatsopano nthawi zambiri zimatengedwa podula malipiro a ogwira ntchito ndikulowetsa katundu wamba wa kampaniyo. Akatswiri a penshoni amachenjeza makamaka za penshoni yomwe imatsindika kwambiri kampani iliyonse. Dziwaninso kuti Weirton adalangizidwa ndi a Lazard Freres,[10] ndikuti ngakhale ogwira ntchito amakhala ndi katundu wambiri saloledwa kudzaza mipando yambiri pagulu la oyang'anira kampani "ya antchito". .
Pafakitale yonyamula nyama ya anthu ogwira ntchito, pulezidenti wa bungweli anakhala membala wa bungwe la oyangโanira. Pokhapokha m'mbuyo momwe zidawonekera kuti dongosololi lidayambitsa kusagwirizana.
Dziwaninso kuti sizikudziwika kwa ine kuti Republic Windows ndi Doors zapambana. Ndikukhulupirira kuti yadutsa makonzedwe angapo a umwini.
Ndikuganiza kuti palibe chomwe chingalowe m'malo mwa umwini wa anthu "pamwamba kwambiri" pazachuma. Mkati mwa nkhondo yathu ya Youngstown, oimira ogwira ntchito zachitsulo a ku Sweden anatichezera. Zinali ngati nthano! Ku Sweden, pamene fakitale inalinganizidwa kutsekedwa, mapepala osindikizira a ntchito zopezeka anali kuikidwa tsiku lililonse pansi pashopu. Wogwira ntchito aliyense analandira malipiro a chaka chimodzi, ndipo mwamuna ndi mkazi wake analandira ndalama ndi boma kuti apite ku malo atsopano amene akanatha. Ndipo thandizo la anthu lidapitilira "phindu". Dziko la Sweden linali ndi mphero zitatu zosiyana zachitsulo: imodzi kumpoto kwenikweni, kumene chitsulo chinali chochuluka; wina kumtunda, kumene anathira chitsulo; ndi wina m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Alendo athu anatiuza kuti boma linaumirira kuti agwirizane kukhala kampani imodzi.
Ndinagwira ntchito kwa zaka zoposa 15 pakampani ina ya boma, Legal Services, yomwe inkapereka thandizo lazamalamulo kwa anthu amene sakanatha kupeza loya wamba. Inali ntchito yogawidwa kwambiri, ndipo inagwira ntchito.
Ndidakali, monga momwe ndakhalira kwa zaka 70 zapitazi, wa Socialist.
Komanso: Munatenga nawo gawo mu Occupy Youngstown ndipo mwafananiza kufanana kwa zochitika za Occupy ndi zigawenga zotsogozedwa ndi achinyamata mu 1905 Russia ndi 1956 Hungary zomwe zidaphatikizidwa ndi ogwira ntchito ndipo zidakhala zigawenga. Kodi izi zikusiyana bwanji ndi malingaliro achikhalidwe okhudza kusintha kwachisinthiko ndipo zingagwire ntchito bwanji ku United States makamaka ndi magulu odana ndi austerity, anti-imperialist padziko lonse lapansi?
Lynd: Pali magulu osiyanasiyana ndi timagulu tating'ono mumgwirizano uliwonse womwe ungaganizidwe wa Rainbow Coalition pakusintha kwakukulu. Ndikaganizira mozama, ndikukhulupirira kuti palibe asilikali kapena akaidi amene angathandize kuti zinthu zisinthe. Chifukwa chake nโchakuti palibe gulu limene limakhala lachikhalire. Akaidi amamasulidwa mmodzimmodzi kumsewu, ndipo nthawi zambiri amabwerera kumudzi wakale. Amavutika kuti apulumuke komanso kuti asamangidwenso. Asilikali nawonso mwachiyembekezo abwera kunyumba.
Ophunzira ndi gulu losiyana koma iwonso ndi osakhalitsa. Ku Oberlin College, ophunzira okhudzidwa ndi chilungamo chaupandu adasunga nkhawayi kwa mibadwo iwiri kapena itatu ya ophunzira, koma kenako idatha.
Potero munthu amabwerera kumapeto kwa antchito. Apanso pali magawano ndi ting'onoting'ono. Stan Weir ankakonda kutsindika momwe zinalili zosokonekera chifukwa cha mashopu osakhazikika omwe adapangidwa m'zaka za m'ma 1930 pamene anthu omwe adalembetsa nawo nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse adawachotsa, mmodzimmodzi, ndikuphwanya timagulu. Mapulofesa owonjezera amayimira kuthekera kwa kusintha komwe sikunadzikonzekerebe pomwe mapulofesa okhazikika omwe ali ndi udindo sangakhale othandiza, osachepera ambiri.
Pali kuthekera kwa kusintha kosinthika mkati mwa gulu la ogwira ntchito, ndipo, ndikumaliza, pamenepo. Manny Ness akunena kuti antchito ambiri anthawi zonse tsopano ali ku Global South, ndipo, monga ku India ndi South Africa, asonkhezeredwa kuti atsegule zigawenga, osati kwa olemba ntchito okha koma motsutsana ndi mabungwe osachita chilichonse.
Makamaka mโchuma chonga cha United States, cholandidwa zopangapanga, โogwira ntchitoโ ayenera kufotokozedwa mofala. Komanso, mwachiwonekere zidzasintha kwambiri kaya ogwira ntchito akulimbikitsidwa kuyang'ana phindu lakuthupi la munthu payekha, kapena, mogwirizana, pa zofuna zofanana.
Pamene amayi ayamba kugwira ntchito mokwanira komanso pa maudindo a utsogoleri ndimakhulupirira kuti mgwirizano udzakhazikika.
Komanso: Mwalemba zambiri za Kuperekeza komanso za chisankho chanu cha m'ma 1970 "kuperekeza" monga loya, wolemba mbiri komanso wolemba m'malo mopeza ntchito yachigayo kapena fakitale. Kodi mungalankhulepo pang'ono za zomwe Kuperekeza kumatanthauza ndi zomwe munganene kwa munthu amene wamaliza maphunziro awo kukoleji posachedwapa kapena katswiri yemwe akufuna kuthandizira gulu la ogwira ntchito lomwe takhala tikukambirana?
Lynd: Ndikupitiriza kukhulupirira (onani Mapeto a bukhu langa Motsatana ndi [11] kuti anthu omwe ali ndi madigirii akukoleji atha kuthandizira bwino kwambiri osati ngati antchito amanja, koma ngati akatswiri omwe aphunzitsidwa kuti akhale, polumikizana ndi tsiku ndi tsiku, ndikuthandizira, antchito amitundu ina. M'malo mochita ntchito yaukatswiri m'maphunziro apamwamba kapena opeza ndalama zapakati, munthu amene amapeza ziyeneretso kuti akhale katswiri wothandiza - mphunzitsi, dokotala kapena namwino, loya, ndi zina zotero - ayenera kuganizira zopeza ndikuyika mizu pa. adiresi yomwe imapatsa anthu osauka ndi ogwira ntchito mosavuta kwa iye. Mwina nditha kufotokoza bwino zomwe ndikutanthauza pofotokoza zomwe zandichitikira.
Nditalandira digiri ya maphunziro a mbiri yakale, ntchito yanga yoyamba yophunzitsa inali ku Spelman College, sukulu ya atsikana a ku America Achimereka (omwe anaphatikizapo wolemba mabuku wopambana wa Pulitzer, Alice Walker). Tinkakhala pasukulu, pafupi ndi ngodya ya Howard Zinn ndi banja lake. Zotsatira zake ndidakwanitsa kuchita semina yaulemu mchipinda chathu chochezera. Zikadakhala zovuta, ku Atlanta yopatukana ya m'ma 1960, kuchita izi kunja kwa sukulu.
Pamene ndinali ku Mississippi monga wogwirizanitsa Masukulu a Ufulu mโchilimwe cha 1964, ndisanayambe kuphunzitsa ku Yale, Alice anatipezera nyumba ku New Haven, mโdera la anthu olandira ndalama zochepa pafupi ndi sukulu yabwino ya boma. Mamembala a faculty ya Yale adamufunsa kuti, "N'chifukwa chiyani ukufuna kukhala pafupi ndi yunivesite kotero kuti zikhale zosavuta kuti ophunzira azikuchezera?"
Kumene Kuperekeza si funso la kumene mukukhala, koma za amene mumtumikira. Ndinachotsedwa ntchito ndi kampani yaikulu ya zamalamulo ku Youngstown chifukwa chothandiza anthu ogwira ntchito omwe sankagwirizana ndi mabungwe omwe anali makasitomala aakulu a kampaniyo. Liti Lamulo la Ntchito la Udindo ndi Filer linasindikizidwa, ine ndi Alice tinakangana ngati tingapereke bukulo kwa bwana. Tinaganiza zochita zimenezo. Ndinachotsedwa ntchito 10 koloko mโmaลตa mwake.
Mwamwayi, ndinali nditayamba kale kukhala membala wa akuluakulu a ofesi ya Legal Services. Ndinaimbira foni mkulu wa boma, ndipo pasanathe mlungu umodzi kuchokera pamene ndinachotsedwa ntchito ndinali kugwira ntchito monga loya wa Legal Services. Nthaลตi ndi nthaลตi, maloya akumaloko mโmakampani abizinesi amandifunsa pamene ndiyenera kupita ku โmchitidwe weniweniโ wa zamalamulo. Ndinayankha kuti ndinali wokondwa ngati nkhumba mumatope ku Legal Services.
Chiyambireni ntchito, ine ndi Alice takhala maloya odzifunira a ACLU yaku Ohio. Kuyambira 1978 mpaka pano, zaka 36, โโndatha kuchita zamalamulo kwa makasitomala osowa omwe ofesi ya Legal Services kapena ACLU idawatumikira popanda malipiro!
1.Pa zaka zambiri za Lynd monga wotsutsa, onani Kukhala Mkati mwa Chiyembekezo Chathu: Malingaliro Okhazikika Okhazikika Pakumanganso Gulu. ndi Staughton Lynd (ILR Press, 1997); Alice ndi Staughton Lynd Steping Stones: Memoir of a Life Together (Lexington Books, 2009); The Admirable Radical: Staughton Lynd ndi Cold War Dissent, 1945-1970 ndi Carl Mirra (Kent State University Press, 2010); ndi Mbali ndi Mbali: Alice ndi Staughton Lynd, Zaka za Ohio Wolemba Mark Weber ndi Stephen Paschen akubwera kuchokera ku Kent State University Press mu Okutobala 2014.
2.Lucasville: Nkhani Yosaneneka ya Zipolowe za Mndende (Temple University Press, 2004). Zigawo za Chisalungamo, kabuku kolembedwa ndi Lynd mwachidule nkhani ya Lucasville ndikuibweretsa mpaka pano, ikupezeka kuchokera kwa iye $5. Tumizani imelo ku: [imelo ndiotetezedwa].
3. Lynd walemba zolemba za ntchito Radical America, Liberation, The Industrial Worker, Labor Notes ndi zofalitsa zina zambiri. Pakati pa mabuku ake antchito, kuwonjezera Solidarity Unionism ndi zomwe zikubwera Kuchita Mbiri Kuchokera Pansi, onse otchulidwa pamwambapa, ali Udindo ndi Fayilo: Mbiri Zaumwini ndi Okonza Makalasi Ogwira Ntchito (Beacon Press, 1973) ndi Udindo Watsopano ndi Fayilo (ILR Press, 2000), onse adasinthidwa ndi mkazi wake Alice, komansolatsopano, kope lokulitsidwa la Udindo ndi Fayilo (Haymarket Books, 2011) momwe zokambirana zisanu ndi zitatu zochokera Udindo Watsopano ndi Fayilo awonjezeredwa ku mbiri yonse yapakamwa mโkope loyambirira; Kulimbana Ndi Kutsekedwa: Chigayo Chachitsulo cha Youngstown Chatsekedwa (Singlejack Books, 1982); ndi Lamulo la Ntchito pa Udindo & Filer (PM Press, 2008) ndi Daniel Gross.
4.Marty Glaberman (1918-2001) anali wolemba mbiri komanso wolemba mbiri yantchito. omwe amakhala ku Detroit, adaphunzitsa ku Wayne State University ndipo adalemba zambiri za UAW. Lynd adalemba zolemba zake mu Kutulutsa & Zolemba Zina (Charles H. Kerr Publishing, 2002) komwe adalemberanso Mawu Oyamba. Stan Weir (1921-2001) anali mtsogoleri komanso wolemba komanso wolemba, ena mwa omwe zolemba zake zimasonkhanitsidwa Singlejack Solidarity lolembedwa ndi George Lipsitz (University of Minnesota Press, 2004). Ed Mann (1928-1992) anali wogwira ntchito zachitsulo komanso wapolisi wanthawi yayitali ku Youngstown komweko ku Steelworkers Union. Zolemba zochokera m'kabuku ka mbiri ya munthu wa Mann zimawoneka ngati zowonjezera m'makope oyamba ndi omwe akubwera a Lynd's. Solidarity Unionism.
5.Onani, mwachitsanzo, Tonse Ndife Atsogoleri: Alternative Unionism of the Early 1930's, Staughton Lynd, mkonzi (University of Illinois Press, 1996).
6.Udindo ndi Fayilo, masamba 67-88.
7.Onani Charles K. Morris, Blue Eagle Pantchito: Kubwezeretsa Ufulu Wademokalase Pantchito (ILR Press, 2005).
8.Udindo ndi Fayilo, masamba 111-129
9.Cletus Daniel, ACLU ndi Wagner Act: Kufufuza Pamavuto a Era-Era a Liberalism yaku America. (ILR Press, 1980)
10.Lazard ndi kampani yapadziko lonse yazachuma ndi upangiri yomwe ili ku New York yomwe imagwira ntchito zamabanki ndi kasamalidwe kazinthu.
11. Kuperekeza: Njira Zosinthira Pagulu ndi Staughton Lynd (PM Press, 2013)
Andy Piascik ndi wolemba kwanthawi yayitali komanso wopambana mphoto yemwe amalembera Z, Counterpunch ndi zolemba zina zambiri ndi mawebusayiti. Iye akhoza kufikiridwa pa [imelo ndiotetezedwa].
ZNetwork imalandira ndalama kudzera mu kuwolowa manja kwa owerenga ake.
Ndalama
2 Comments
Ndikufuna kuti Lynd afotokoze zambiri za ndemanga zake pazaulamuliro wa anthu ambiri ndi kuyimilira molingana mu zisankho za migwirizano.
Zikuwoneka kwa ine kuti kupangidwa kwa mabungwe osiyana opangidwa ndi anthu ochepa m'malo antchito kapena mafakitale kungakhale ndi zotsatira zochepetsera mphamvu zamalonda kwa ogwira ntchito onse kuntchito kapena mafakitale. M'zaka zoyambirira za New Deal, lamulo la Wagner Act lisanachitike, atsogoleri abizinesi nthawi zambiri amakhetsa misozi ya ng'ona chifukwa cha kupanda chilungamo kokakamiza ogwira ntchito kulowa nawo bungwe losankhidwa ndi antchito anzawo ambiri ngakhale sakufuna kulowa nawo. Zowona, atsogoleri abizinesi sanasamale za ufulu wosankha, adafuna kupititsa patsogolo mfundo yoyimira molingana kuti agawanitse ogwira ntchito m'mabungwe osiyanasiyana ndikuchepetsa mphamvu zokambilana za ogwira ntchito. Mgwirizano pakati pa mabungwe osiyanasiyana ogwira ntchito ungathe kusweka popereka chipukuta misozi mowolowa manja ku bungwe limodzi kuti lipangitse kusachita zinthu mogwirizana ndi mabungwe ena (pamalo ogwirira ntchito omwewo). Nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito kuyimira molingana kuti akhazikitse mgwirizano wamakampani pakati pa gawo la antchito awo.
Ndikumvetsa kuti zomwe akufotokoza monga chitsanzo cha CIO zingathe kuchepetsa ogwira ntchito kuti azikhala opanda chidwi ndikuyika mphamvu zonse mu kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka ntchito ndi mabwana a mgwirizano. Koma zikuwoneka kwa ine kuti mabungwe ang'onoang'ono m'malo antchito ali ndi chiwopsezo chachikulu ngati safuna kuchulukitsa antchito ambiri.
Staughton ali ndi nzeru zambiri zomwe angasinthire kuchokera ku moyo wodzipereka!