Ndiloleni ndiyambe ndi kuulula: Sindinawerengenso nkhani za m’nyuzipepala zokhudza nkhondo ya ku Ukraine. Patapita zaka kulemba za nkhondo ndi wozunzikirapo, ndafika polekezera. Masiku ano, sindingathe kusanthula mwatsatanetsatane za zoopsa zomwe zikuchitika kumeneko. Ndizochititsa manyazi, koma sindikufuna kudziwa mayina a akufa kapena kuyang'ana zithunzi zojambulidwa ndi ojambula olimba mtima a nyumba zomwe zaphulika theka, kufotokoza zambiri - nsapato, mpando, chidole, zinthu zina zowonongeka - za miyoyo yotayika. , pamene ndikukhalabe wotetezeka komanso wofunda ku San Francisco. Mochulukira, ndimapeza kuti sindingathe kupirira.
Ndipo kotero ndimayang'ana mitu yankhani ndi ndime zotsegulira, ndikungotenga zokwanira kuti ndizindikire mawonekedwe ankhondo yowopsa ya Vladimir Putin: kuphulitsa kwa anthu wamba ngati. misika ndi nyumba zogona, ndi kuukira gulu lamagetsi la anthu wamba, ndi kupha kotheratu anthu okhala m'mizinda ndi matauni ogwidwa ndi asitikali aku Russia. Ndipo izi sizikusokoneza pankhondo yomwe imachitika mwalamulo. Ayi, akuimira njira yadala yauchigawenga, yolinganizidwa kufooketsa anthu wamba m’malo mogonjetsa gulu lankhondo la adani. Izi zikutanthauza kuti, nawonso ndi milandu yankhondo: kuphwanya malamulo ndi miyambo yankhondo monga tafotokozera mwachidule mu 2005 ndi International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC).
The ulamuliro woyamba wa nkhondo, monga momwe ICRC inafotokozera, imafuna kuti mayiko omenyana nawo asiyanitse pakati pa zolinga zankhondo (zololedwa) ndi (zoletsedwa) za anthu wamba. Chachiwiri limati kuti "zochita kapena ziwopsezo zachiwawa zomwe cholinga chake ndikufalitsa ziwopsezo pakati pa anthu wamba" - chidule cha zomwe zidachitika ku Russia m'miyezi 10 yapitayi - "ndizoletsedwa." Kuphwanya lamulolo ndi mlandu.
Kupatulapo Kwakukulu
Kodi zigawenga zankhondo ziyenera kuyankha bwanji pa zochita zawo? Kumapeto kwa Nkhondo Yadziko II, Ogwirizana opambanawo adayankha funsoli ndi milandu ya akuluakulu a Germany, ndi Japan. Odziwika kwambiri mwa ameneŵa anachitikira mu mzinda wa Nuremberg ku Germany, kumene oimbidwa mlandu oyambirira 22 anali akuluakulu aboma akale, akuluakulu a asilikali, ndi anthu ofalitsa mabodza a muulamuliro wa chipani cha Nazi, komanso wosunga mabanki amene anamanga zida zake zankhondo. Onse kupatula atatu adapezeka olakwa ndipo 12 adapachikidwa.
Omanga a mayesero a Nuremberg - oimira United States, Soviet Union, United Kingdom, ndi France - ankafuna kuti iwo akhale chitsanzo cha kuyankha pa nkhondo zamtsogolo. Opambana mwa amuna amenewo (ndipo ambiri aiwo anali amuna) adazindikira mangawa awo ku tsogolo lawo ndipo adadziwa kuti akukhazikitsa chitsanzo chomwe tsiku lina chikhoza kuchitidwa motsutsana ndi mayiko awo. Woimira boma pa milandu ku United States, Robert H. Jackson, ikani izo motere: “Sitiyenera kuiŵala kuti cholembedwa chimene tikuweruza oimbidwa mlandu lerolino ndicho cholembedwa chimene tidzaweruzidwa mawa.”
Zowonadi, oweruza a Nuremberg amayembekeza kuti bungwe latsopano la United Nations likhazikitsa khoti losatha komwe zigawenga zomwe sizingawazengerezedwe m'maiko awo. Pamapeto pake, zinatenga zaka zoposa theka la zaka kuti akhazikitse International Criminal Court (ICC). Mu 1998 kokha pamene mayiko 60 analandira chikalata chokhazikitsa ICC, Rome Statute. Masiku ano, mayiko 123 asayina.
Russia ndiyosiyana kwambiri, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti nzika zake sizingazengedwe ku ICC pamilandu yankhondo ku Ukraine. Ndipo izi zikuphatikizanso mlandu womwe bwalo lamilandu la Nuremberg lidadziwika kuti ndilo gwero la milandu yonse yankhondo yomwe a Nazi adachita: kuyambitsa nkhondo yankhanza, yosayambitsa.
Tangoganizani ndi mphamvu zina ziti zomwe sizinasayinepo ICC? Nazi malingaliro angapo:
- Bajeti yake yankhondo ya 2021 chosachedwa ya maiko asanu ndi anayi otsatirawo pamodzi ndipo inali kukula kuŵirikiza ka 1.5 kukula kwa mayiko ena 144 a padziko lapansi okhala ndi ndalama zoterozo anathera pa chitetezo chaka chimenecho.
- Purezidenti wake watero tangosaina $ 1.7 thililiyoni yogwiritsa ntchito ndalama mu 2023, yoposa theka la zomwe zimaperekedwa pa "chitetezo" (ndiponso, ndi gawo chabe la dzikolo. bajeti yonse yachitetezo cha dziko).
- It ntchito pafupifupi 750 adavomereza poyera mabungwe ankhondo m'maiko osachepera 80.
- Mu 2003, izo anayamba nkhondo yaukali, yopanda chiwopsezo (ndi yowopsa) mwa kuukira dziko lomwe lili pamtunda wa mailosi 6,900.
Upandu pa Nkhondo? Ayi, Zikomo
Inde, United States ndiye Kupatulapo Kwakukulu ku malamulo ankhondo. Pamene, mu 2000, m'masiku ochepa a pulezidenti wake, Bill Clinton anachita kusaina Lamulo la Roma, Senate sinavomereze izi. Kenaka, mu 2002, pamene bungwe la Bush likuyambitsa "nkhondo yapadziko lonse yowopsya," kuphatikizapo kulanda kwawo koopsa ku Afghanistan ndi pulogalamu yachizunzo yapadziko lonse ya CIA, United States inangosiya siginecha yake. Mlembi wa chitetezo Donald Rumsfeld ndiye anafotokoza chifukwa chotere:
"...[T] Magawo a ICC amati ali ndi mphamvu zotsekera ndikuzenga nzika zaku America - asitikali aku US, oyendetsa sitima, airmen ndi Marines, komanso akuluakulu aboma komanso amtsogolo - ngakhale United States sinavomereze kumangidwa ndi boma. pangano. Pangano la ICC likadzayamba kugwira ntchito m'chilimwe chino, nzika zaku US zitha kukhala pachiwopsezo choimbidwa mlandu ndi khothi lomwe silingayankhe kwa anthu aku America, ndipo siliyenera kulemekeza ufulu wa nzika zathu. "
Ogasiti ameneyo, ngati lingaliro la US silinadziwike kwa aliyense, Congress idadutsa, ndipo Purezidenti George W. Bush adasaina, American Servicemembers Protection Act ya 2002. Monga Human Rights Watch inanena pa nthawiyo, "Lamulo latsopanoli limavomereza kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zankhondo kumasula America kapena nzika iliyonse ya dziko logwirizana ndi US yomwe ili m'bwalo la [International Criminal] Court, lomwe lili ku The Hague." Chifukwa chake, dzina lake lotchulidwira: "Hague Invasion Act." Dongosolo lodziwika pang'ono linalolanso United States kuchotsa thandizo lankhondo kudziko lililonse lomwe likuchita nawo ICC.
Lingaliro lomwe linapangidwa mu kufotokozera kwa Rumsfeld linali lakuti panali chinachake chapadera - ngakhale chapadera - chokhudza nzika za US. Mosiyana ndi dziko lonse lapansi, tili ndi "ufulu Wamalamulo," zomwe mwachiwonekere zimaphatikizapo ufulu wochita ziwawa zankhondo popanda kulangidwa. Ngakhale nzika itapezeka kuti ndi yolakwa pamilandu yotere ku khothi la US, ili ndi a mwayi wabwino za kulandira chikhululukiro cha pulezidenti. Ndipo ngati munthu woteroyo atakhala m'modzi mwa "akuluakulu apano ndi amtsogolo" Rumsfeld adawatchula, mwayi wake wokokedwa kukhothi ungakhale wofanana ndi wanga wosankhidwa kukhala mlembi wa chitetezo.
United States si membala wa ICC, koma, momwe zimachitikira, Afghanistan ndi. M’chaka cha 2018, woimira boma pamilandu m’khotilo, a Fatou Bensouda, anapempha kuti atsegulire mlandu wokhudza nkhondo zomwe zinachitika m’dzikolo. The New York Times inanena kuti "kufufuza kwa Bensouda kumangoyang'ana kwambiri milandu yayikulu yolimbana ndi anthu wamba zomwe zimachitidwa ndi gulu lankhondo la Taliban ndi Afghanistan." Komabe, idzayang'ananso "zankhanza za CIA ndi zankhondo zaku America m'ndende ku Afghanistan mu 2003 ndi 2004, komanso m'malo aku Poland, Lithuania, ndi Romania, zomwe zikupangitsa khothi kuti lisemphane ndi United States."
Bensouda adakonzekera ulendo wokatenga umboni ku United States, koma mu Epulo 2019, olamulira a Trump adamuchotsa visa, kumulepheretsa kufunsa mboni iliyonse pano. Kenako zinatsatira zilango zachuma pa Bensouda ndi woimira boma ku ICC, Phakiso Mochochoko.
Ma Republican monga Bush ndi Trump siali apurezidenti okhawo omwe angakane kugwirizana ndi ICC. Kutsutsana ndi ulamuliro wake kwakhala kosagwirizana kwambiri. Ndizowona kuti, mu Epulo 2021, Purezidenti Joe Biden kuchotsedwa Kukanikiza kwa Bensouda ndi Mochochoko, koma kutsindika kutsutsa kwapadera kwa dziko lino ku ICC monga malo oyenera oyesera anthu aku America. Mawu oyamba a dongosolo lake la utsogoleri akuwonetsa kuti
"United States ikupitiriza kutsutsa zomwe Khothi Ladziko Lonse la International Criminal Court linanena kuti liyenera kulamulira anthu omwe si a mayiko monga United States ndi ogwirizana nawo omwe sanavomereze kapena kutumizidwa ndi United Nations Security Council ndipo adzateteza mwamphamvu United States yomwe ilipo komanso yomwe kale inali United States. ogwira ntchito pa zoyesayesa zilizonse zokhala ndi ulamuliro wotere. ”
Ngakhale a Donald Rumsfeld kapena a Donald Trump sakanatha kunena momveka bwino.
Ndiye milandu yaku Afghanistan ija ili kuti lero? Woyimira pamlandu watsopano, Karim Khan, adatenga udindo pomwe 2021 idatha. Adalengeza kuti kafukufukuyu apita patsogolo, koma zomwe US ndi ogwirizana nawo ngati United Kingdom sizingawunikidwe. M'malo mwake amangoyang'ana zochita za a Taliban ndi mphukira ya Afghanistan ya Islamic State. Zikafika pamilandu yomwe ingachitike pankhondo, United States ikadali Yosiyana Kwambiri.
M'mawu ena, ngakhale dziko lino silili membala wa khothi, lili ndi mphamvu zambiri kuposa mayiko ambiri omwe ali. Zonsezi zikutanthauza kuti, mu 2023, United States siili bwino pankhani yoimba mlandu Russia chifukwa cha ziwawa zoopsa zankhondo ku Ukraine.
Kodi Dickens ndi chiyani?
Ndimadzudzula zaka makumi asanu ndi awiri za moyo wanga chifukwa cha momwe malingaliro anga tsopano akugwedezeka. Kwa ine, "zosiyana kwambiri" zimandikumbutsa mbiri yakale ya Charles Dickens Zoyembekeza Zambiri. Mabuku ake anavumbula zenizeni za nkhanza za moyo pakati pa osauka mu Great Britain yotukuka, ndi chisamaliro chapadera ku ululu wa ana. Ngakhale anthu omwe burashi yokha ndi Dickens anali kuwerenga Oliver Twist kapena kuyang'ana The Muppets Khrisimasi Carol dziwani tanthauzo la mawu akuti "umphawi wa Dickensian." Ndi umphawi ndi kupotoza kowonjezera kwa nkhanza - mtundu womwe mtundu waku America wa capitalism wapitirizira bwino.
Pankhani ya umphawi pakati pa ana, United States ndi yapadera, ngakhale pakati pa mayiko 38 omwe amapeza ndalama zambiri. Bungwe la Kugwirizana Kwachuma ndi Chitukuko (OECD). Pofika chaka cha 2018, avareji yaumphawi wa ana m'maiko a OECD inali 12.8%. (Ku Finland ndi ku Denmark, zinali 4 peresenti yokha!) Komabe, ku United States, kumene kuli chuma chambiri padziko lonse, chinali. 21%.
Kenako panachitika chinthu china chochititsa chidwi. M'chaka chachiwiri cha mliri wa Covid, Congress wadutsa Bungwe la American Rescue Plan, lomwe (mwazigawo zina) linakulitsa ngongole ya msonkho wa ana kuchoka pa $2,000 kufika pa $3,600 pa mwana. Ndalamazo zinkabwera pang'onopang'ono pamwezi ndipo, mosiyana ndi Earned Income Credit, banja silinkafunika kukhala ndi ndalama kuti liyenerere. Chotsatira? Pafupifupi 40% kuchepa kwa umphawi wa ana. Tangoganizani zimenezo!
Chifukwa cha kupambana koteroko, mungaganize kuti kusunga ngongole yowonjezera ya msonkho ya ana kungakhale kusuntha koonekeratu. Kupulumutsa ana ang'onoang'ono ku umphawi! Koma ngati ndi choncho, mwalephera kulabadira kudzipereka kwakukulu kwa chipani cha Republican kuti mukhalebe ndi chikhalidwe chapadera chaku America. Chimodzi mwazinthu zomwe oyimilira chipanichi adakwanitsa kuchotsedwa pabilu yolandirira $ 1.7 thililiyoni 2023 inali ngongole yamisonkho ya ana yomwe idakulitsidwa. Zikuoneka kuti nkhanza kwa ana inali mtengo wa chipani cha Republican pothandizira ntchito za boma.
Charles Dickens akadazindikira kuti mwapadera - komanso wopanda pake - wankhanza.
Bili yomweyi, mwa njira, komanso chifukwa cha okambirana ku Republican, idathetsa ndalama zapasukulu zapasukulu zapagulu, zomwe zidakhazikitsidwa pazaka zoyipa kwambiri za mliri. Ndipo mungaganize kuti nkhawa yaku Republican ndi (kukula) umphawi udatha ndi ana omwe akuvutika ndi njala, biluyo ilolanso mayiko kuti ayambirenso kuthamangitsa anthu ku Medicaid (zachipatala zoperekedwa ndi boma kwa anthu omwe amalandila ndalama zochepa) kuyambira mu Epulo 2023. Kaiser Family Foundation. ziwerengero kuti mmodzi mwa anthu asanu a ku America adzataya mwayi wolandira chithandizo chamankhwala chifukwa cha zotsatira zake.
Zoyembekeza zazikulu za 2023, ndithudi.
Ndife Opatulapo!
Ndipotu, pali njira zambiri zomwe dziko lino lilili lapadera. Nazi zochepa chabe mwa izo:
- ana kuphedwa ndi mfuti chaka chilichonse. Ku US ndi 5.6 pa 100,000. Ndiko kuwirikiza kasanu ndi kawiri kuposa dziko lotsatira lalitali kwambiri, Canada, pa 0.8 pa 100,000.
- Nambala yofunikira masiku olipidwa pachaka. Dzikoli ndi lapadera panonso, ndipo palibe masiku ovomerezeka opuma komanso maholide 10 pachaka. Ngakhale Mexico imalamula masiku asanu ndi limodzi olipidwa atchuthi ndi maholide asanu ndi aŵiri, ku chiwonkhetso cha 13. Kumalekezero ena a sikelo, Chile, France, Germany, South Korea, Spain, ndi United Kingdom onse amafunikira chiwonkhetso chophatikizana choposa 30 cholipidwa. masiku osapuma pachaka.
- Chiyembekezo cha moyo. Malinga ndi 2019 deta, zaposachedwa kwambiri kuchokera ku World Health Organisation m'maiko 183, Avereji ya moyo waku US pakubadwa kwa amuna ndi akazi ndi zaka 78.5. Osati shabby kwambiri, chabwino? Mpaka mutazindikira kuti pali mayiko 40 omwe ali ndi zaka zambiri za moyo kuposa zathu, kuphatikizapo Japan pa nambala 84.26 yokhala ndi zaka XNUMX, osatchula Chile, Greece, Peru, ndi Turkey, pakati pa ena ambiri.
- Kusafanana pazachuma. Banki Yadziko Lonse chiwerengero a Gini wokwanira wa 41.5 ku United States mu 2019. Gini ndi muyeso wa 0-to-100-point of kusalingana, ndi 0 kukhala wofanana kwambiri. Banki Yadziko Lonse imatchula chuma cha US kukhala chosiyana kwambiri kuposa cha mayiko ena 142, kuphatikiza malo osauka monga Haiti ndi Niger. Ndalama zimakhala zotsika m'mayiko amenewo, koma mosiyana ndi United States, mavutowa amafalikira mofanana kwambiri.
- Ufulu wa amayi. United States inasaina Mgwirizano wa United Nations Wothetsa Mitundu Yonse ya Tsankho kwa Akazi mu 1980, koma Senate sichinavomerezepo izo (zikomonso, Achi Republican!), kotero ilibe mphamvu yamalamulo pano. Chaka chatha, Khothi Lalikulu lamapiko akumanja lidapereka thandizo ku Senate ndi zake chisankho in Dobbs v. Bungwe la Jackson Women's Health Organisation kugubuduza Roe v. Wade. Kuyambira pamenepo, mayiko angapo nyumba zamalamulo adathamangira kulowa nawo mafuko ochuluka zomwe zimaletsa kuchotsa mimba konse. Nkhani yabwino ndiyakuti ovota m’maboma kuyambira ku Kansas kupita ku Kentucky avomereza ufulu wodzilamulira wa amayi pokana mfundo zoletsa kuchotsa mimba.
- Kutulutsa mpweya wowonjezera kutentha. Chabwino, kulira! Sitirinso oyamba mgululi. China yapitirira ife mu 2006. Komabe, tipatseni mbiri yonse; ndife amphamvu yachiwiri ndi kukhalabe mbiri mpweya wowonjezera kutentha kwambiri wa nthawi zonse.
Pangani 2023 kukhala Chaka Chapadera (chochepa).
Kodi sizingakhale zabwino tikadakhala ocheperako pang'ono? Mwachitsanzo, ngati, m'chaka chatsopanochi, tikadasamutsa ena mwa mabiliyoni mabiliyoni a Congress ndipo olamulira a Biden angodzipereka kuti alemeretse opanga zida zamagulu, kwinaku akukhazikitsa zida zankhondo zosakhazikika, pazosowa zenizeni zankhondo. Achimerika? Kodi sizingakhale bwino ngati ndalama zochepazo zikangoikidwa mu ngongole yatsopano ya msonkho wa ana?
Zachisoni, sizikuwoneka bwino chaka chino, kupatsidwa Congress momwe, ngakhale pang'ono komanso wamisala, a Republican amalamulira Nyumba ya Oyimilira. Komabe, kaya zingakhumudwitse bwanji, sindimadana ndi dziko langa lino. Ndimakonda - kapena ndimakonda zomwe zingakhale. Ndangokhala miyezi inayi pamizere yakutsogolo yandale zaku America ku Nevada, ndikuwonera ena a ife pa zabwino zathu mfuti zowopsa, agalu, komanso anthu okonda kusankhana mitundu kuti apeze mavoti a senator wa Democratic.
Ndimakumbukira mawu a wolemba ndakatulo Lloyd Stone omwe ndidayimba ndili wachinyamata motengera nyimbo ya Sibelius. Finlandia nyimbo:
“Miyamba ya dziko langa ndi yabuluu kuposa nyanja yamchere
Ndipo kuwala kwa dzuwa kumawalira pa cloverleaf ndi paini
Koma maiko ena ali ndi kuwala kwa dzuwa, nawonso, ndi clover,
Ndipo thambo lili penapake labuluu ngati langa.
Imvani pemphero langa, inu milungu ya amitundu onse
Nyimbo yamtendere ya maiko awo ndi anga”
Chifukwa chake, palibe ziyembekezo zazikulu mu 2023, koma titha kuyembekezerabe zochepa, sichoncho?
ZNetwork imalandira ndalama kudzera mu kuwolowa manja kwa owerenga ake.
Ndalama