[Zopereka kwa Reimagining Society Project yolembedwa ndi ZCommunications]
Pang'ono ndi pang'ono chidwi cha atolankhani, okhulupirira nthano, opanga mfundo, ndi nzika zodziwa akhala akupereka malingaliro atsopano osiyanasiyana m'zaka zaposachedwa. Ndizotheka kusonkhanitsa zinthu zofunika kwambiri pamalingaliro oyambira omwe akupita patsogolo, ndi pulojekiti ndi kukulitsa zina, kufotokozera zomangira za "chitsanzo" cha demokalase pazachuma cha demokalase chomwe chili chosiyana m'njira zoyambira ku capitalism yachikhalidwe komanso mitundu yambiri. za chikhalidwe cha Socialism.
ABC ikunena kuti tikukumana ndi zovuta zanthawi yayitali (komanso zosanjika bwino), osati zovuta zandale. Malinga ndi mbiri yakale, zochitika za nthawi yayitali ndizowopsa: tsopano pali umboni wochuluka wosonyeza kuti kwa zaka zambiri anthu aku America akhala akukhala osafanana, opanda ufulu, komanso olamulira tsogolo lawo. Ngakhale titha kukhala ndi nthawi kwakanthawi kofunikira kukonzanso, ABC amatsutsa kuti nyengo yomwe ikubwerayi ndi imene mfundo zofunikadiโkufanana, ufulu, demokalase yatanthauzo, kusungika kwachilengedweโzonsezi zikungolepheretsedwa mowonjezereka ndi zochitika zenizeni zapadziko lapansi. Poganizira zopinga zomwe zikubwera pazandale zachikhalidwe, zikuwonetsa kuti kusintha kwakukulu kowongoka komanso kusamala kwenikweni kungalephereke. Kuwonjezera pa kukula kwa ululu wa chikhalidwe ndi zachuma komanso kuyambiranso kwachuma kwakukulu, chifukwa cha kulephera kwa nthawi yaitali zokhudzana ndi kufanana, ufulu ndi mphamvu za demokalase, zimasonyeza kuti tikuyamba kulowa mu nthawi yokhazikika yomwe zinthu zapamwamba za a zovuta zovomerezeka zikuwoneka kuti zikubwera pang'onopang'ono.
Chimodzi mwazofunikira kumvetsetsa ndikuti gulu la ogwira ntchito ku America lakhala likuyenda kwanthawi yayitali osati kutsika kokha, koma kuchepa kwakukulu. Izi, pamodzi ndi kugawikana kwachilendo kwa America pakati pa mitundu ndi mafuko, ndi chifukwa chachikulu chomwe bukuli likuweruza (pambuyo polola zodziwikiratu zodziwika bwino monga chisamaliro chaumoyo) kuti malingaliro ambiri opita patsogolo ademokalase otengera zomwe zachitika ku Europe ndizosatheka kukwaniritsidwa mopitilira malire. njira ku United States. Ngakhale ndingakonde chilichonse chomwe chingachitike, ABC amatsutsa kuti chiyembekezo chamwambo cha kukonzanso ukapitalizimu mwachisawawa potsatira mkhalidwe wabwino koposa waufulu waufulu ndi machitidwe amakampani sichingachitike.
Mtsutso wapakati wa bukhuli wakhazikikanso pachigamulo choti tikukumana ndi zovuta zomwe sizimafotokozedwa mosavuta m'mawu odziwika bwino kapena odziwika bwino: Dongosololi mwina silingathe kusintha zinthu; koma sichingagwerenso. Zomwe tayamba kukumana nazo, ABC Izi zikusonyeza kuti, ndi njira yowola pang'onopang'ono, yotsatiridwa ndi mavuto azachuma omwe nthawi zambiri amakumana ndi zovuta zazachuma - zomwe zimabweretsa kupindula kwapang'onopang'ono, koma mayendedwe anthawi yayitali akukula kwa kusalingana, kusokonekera kwachuma, kulephera kuyankha kwa demokalase, umphawi wakukulirakulira, kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe, kuwukira kwakukulu kwaufulu. (ndi kukula kwa ndende, makamaka kwa anthu ochepa) akupitiriza kutsutsa pang'onopang'ono komanso mwakachetechete chikhulupiriro cha mphamvu ndi makhalidwe abwino a dongosolo lonse ndi akuluakulu ake olamulira. Kafukufuku akuwonetsa kuti pomwe zaka makumi anayi zapitazo atatu mwa anayi amakhulupirira kuti boma limachita zomwe nzika zimakonda, pafupifupi atatu mwa anayi akukhulupirira kuti limachita zomwe olemera, mabungwe, komanso zofuna zapadera zimalimbikitsa.
Ndizotheka ndithu, ABC akuganiza kuti, njira yokhazikika yopezera phindu mwa apo ndi apo, kusokonekera kwachuma, kusokonekera kwakukulu ndi chikhulupiriro cholephera zidzangotanthauza kupitiliza kuwonongeka kwa nthawi yayitali: Roma idatsika. Nthawi.
Kuti pakhoza kukhala zotheka zina komanso lingaliro la bukhuli.
A PLURALIST COMMONWEALTH
Vuto lalikulu laluntha pamtima wa ABC ndizotheka ngakhale m'lingaliro kuti apange zomangamanga zomwe zimalola kuti demokalase ikhale yolamulira pazandale-chuma. Bukuli limayankha motsimikiza, koma likugogomezera kuti vutolo ndi lovuta kwambiri kuposa momwe anthu ambiri amaganizira. Mwa zina likunena kuti njira ziwiri zazikuluzikulu zamakapitalisti zowongolera machitidwe amakampani โ kudana ndi kukhulupirirana ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya malamulo โ zonse zidasokonezedwa kwambiri: Kuyesera kugwiritsa ntchito zakale kuli pafupifupi mbiri yoiwalika. Ndipo kafukufuku wobwerezabwereza wa "kugwidwa kwamalamulo" awonetsa kuti mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya malamulo nthawi zambiri imachepetsedwa, ndipo nthawi zambiri imasinthidwa, ndi zofuna zamakampani zomwe akufuna kuziwongolera. M'machitidwe a Socialist, maphunziro ambiri akuwonetsanso kuti m'machitidwe azachuma amphamvu nthawi zambiri amawongolera mapulani ndi njira zina zamalamulo. Machitidwe omwe amadalira umwini wa ogwira ntchito okha amakhala ndi khalidwe lopikisana ndi msika (komanso lowononga zachilengedwe) pakati pa magulu komanso kulimbikitsana ndi maubwenzi amphamvu omwe samayang'aniridwa mosavuta ngakhale ali ndi zolinga za socialist.
Ndi ndondomeko ziti zanthawi yayitali zomwe zingathe kukwaniritsa ndikusunga zikhalidwe zazikulu?
ABC amavomereza mikangano yachikhalidwe, chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi mfundo za demokalase za sosholisti kuti ulamuliro wa demokalase pamapeto pake udzafuna kukhala ndi umwini wamakampani ofunikira. Koma izi sizokwanira: Funso loyamba ndi "mtundu wanji?" Yachiwiri ndi yachitatu ndi yakuti: "Ndi chiyani chinanso chomwe chidzafunike?" Ndipo: "Kodi pali zochitika zenizeni zapadziko lapansi zomwe zikuwonetsa kuthekera ndi kuthekera kwa njira yatsopano?"
ABC akunena kuti zomwe zikuchitika "pansi" m'magawo angapo ofunikira zimaphatikizapo kukhazikitsidwa kwa zithunzi za mabungwe osiyanasiyana omwe akuwonetsa mayankho a mayankho atsopano - ndipo, kupitilira apo, njira yomwe panthawi ino yachitukuko ndi yonse. wamtendere komanso wachisinthiko. Pakatikati pa chitsanzo chomwe chikubwerachi ndi mfundo yakuti umwini wa chuma cha dziko uyenera kusinthidwa, kukhazikitsidwa, kuti anthu ambiri apindule - komanso m'njira zopezera ndi kukulitsa zomwe zikuchitika m'madera osiyanasiyana ku ntchito zazikulu ndi zowonjezereka. .
Zoona zake n'zakuti zikwi zambiri za zoyesayesa zenizeni zapadziko lonse zomwe zimawunikira momwe mfundo zina zopezera chuma zingagwire ntchito m'madera a dziko lonse pazaka makumi angapo zapitazi. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya umwini kapena 'wamba' ikuwonetsa masomphenya a 'unyinji' ndi masomphenya okhudzana ndi anthu omwe atha kukulitsa kusiyanasiyana, kugawikana, ndi ulamuliro wa demokalase pamabungwe ofunikira azachuma ndi njira zake zonse. Ikhoza kutchedwa "Pluralist Commonwealth."
ABC akukhulupirira kuti makampani akuluakulu adzafunikanso mitundu yatsopano yamabungwe. Mavuto akuluakulu a dongosolo kuyambira kutentha kwa dziko ndi ndalama zaukadaulo mpaka kukhazikika kwa anthu amderalo ndizokayikitsa kuthetsedwa pokhapokha vuto la powerdemocratic accountability litathetsedwa. Pano bukuli limaperekanso ndondomeko yosiyana-siyana ya mabungwe. M'madera ambiri, umwini wa anthu wachikhalidwe udzakhala woyenera. Ku Medicare ndi Medicaid tili kale ndi inshuwaransi yazaumoyo yokhazikika, ndipo izi zitha kukulitsidwa. Kubwezeredwa kwaposachedwa kwamakampani opanga magalimoto kumakhudza umwini waboma ndi ogwira nawo ntchito zomwe zikuwonetsa kuthekera kochulukira kwamtsogolo (kuphatikiza, mwachitsanzo, zomwe zingachitike ngati lingaliro lingatengedwe kuti awonjezere mayendedwe ambiri ndi liwiro lalikulu ndi njanji zina, ndikupangira zopangira mabizinesi oterowo. ) Mabanki ndi makampani a inshuwaransi omwe achotsedwa posachedwapa akusonyeza kuti pali zinthu zina zofunika kuzitsatira. Zochitika zaku Europe zimaperekanso zambiri zothandiza (ndipo, maphunziro amakono akuwonetsa, imayenera) kachitidwe ka umwini wa anthu; ndipo ikugogomezera mfundo yodziwikiratu kuti kuwongolera makampani aku US si njira yokhayo yomwe ingathandizire pazachuma.
ABC (23-27, 70-80) akuwonetsa kuti pokhudzana ndi mafakitale akuluakulu enanso oyenerera a umwini ndi chinthu chofanana ndi chomwe adapereka Mphoto ya Nobel James Meade kalelo. Poyamba izi zimaphatikizapo kukhazikitsa mtundu wina wa "Public Trust" wadziko kapena bungwe lina lomwe lingakhale ndi zokonda zowongolera (pamapeto pake mwina pafupifupi masheya onse) m'mabungwe akulu kwambiri. Mkati mwa dongosolo latsopano lazachuma, magulu osiyanasiyana a oyang'anira ndalama angapikisane wina ndi mnzake poyang'anira magawo a mabungwe omwe si aboma (monga momwe oyang'anira ndalama amachitira masiku ano poyika ndalama zapenshoni zachinsinsi komanso zaboma). Njira zazikulu zazachilengedwe ndi zina zomwe sizili zachuma pakuyika ndalama zitha kukhazikitsidwa ndi matrasti a boma, m'njira yofananira ndi mitundu yomwe yakhazikitsidwa lero ku California ndi California Public Employees' Retirement System (CalPERS). Njira zoterezi, ngakhale kuti ndizochepa komanso zopanda malire pazofunikira zomwe zilipo panopa, zawonetsa mphamvu zowonjezera zogwirizanitsa bwino zachuma ndi zolinga zazikulu zandale. Amagwiritsanso ntchito njira zamsika ndi mpikisano, ndipo atha kukhazikitsa gawo lothandizirana ndi kulemera kwa gawo lomwe lili ndi dziko lonse lapansi. Chofunikira kwambiri pazaulamuliro wanthawi yayitali wa demokalase ndi kuthekera komwe amawonetsa kuti pakhale dongosolo loyankhira anthu komanso kuchita zinthu mowonekera-ndi kuchuluka kwa phindu lalikulu kwa anthu. Zitsanzo ziliponso momwe maboma aku Sweden ndi Norway amapangira gawo lalikulu la zomwe ali nazo pano. Kasamalidwe kazachuma ka "Sovereign fund" ndi mayiko ena omwe ali ndi magawo ambiri amakampani aku US akuwonetsa zina zomwe zingatheke.
ABC amatsutsa kuti m'mafakitale ambiri palibe njira yozungulira china chake ngati mtundu wa Public Trust wokhala ndi umwini ngati chiyerekezo choyamba. Komabe, zikusonyeza kuti ngakhale njira yoteroyoโkufanana pangโono kwa makampani ena akuluakulu osagwirizana ndi dziko la anthu ena amtundu wa 'masosholisti am'misika'โsizingakhale zokwanira kukwaniritsa udindo wademokalase. Mphamvu zamabizinesi akuluakulu - komanso msika - zitha kupitilizabe kulamulira ngakhale dongosolo lodziwika bwino la umwini potengera "zapawiri" za umwini wamtundu ndi Public Trust.
Kulimbana ndi mphamvu zosapeลตeka zamakampani akuluakulu, ABC imagwira, pomaliza, imafunikira mwachizolowezi chitukuko cha zochitika za demokalase m'deralo ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu chomwe chimadutsa mabungwe azachuma omwe amakhudzidwa kwambiri (kuphatikizapo ogwira ntchito, ovomerezeka, ndi achinsinsi - zonsezi zimakonda kukulitsa zofuna zawo ndi maubwenzi amphamvu.). ABC amagogomezera kwambiri mikangano yaukadaulo ya akatswiri akale monga de Tocqueville ndi John Stuart Mill, komanso akatswiri amalingaliro amakono monga Jane Mansbridge, Steven Elkin, ndi Benjamin Barber, omwe amakhulupirira izi kwa nthawi yayitali pokhapokha ngati pali demokalase yamphamvu komanso yogawana nawo. imaleredwa pamlingo wakumaloko ndi kuthekera kolimba ndi kutengapo gawo pakuwongolera demokalase mudziko lonse.
Chofunikira pakumanganso demokalase ndi anthu amdera, komabe, ndikukhazikika kwachuma. Mbali ina kuti akwaniritse zolinga zotere-komanso pazifukwa zazikulu kwambiri-chitsanzochi chikugogomezera kufunikira kokhazikitsa mabungwe atsopano a umwini, kuphatikizapo ogwira ntchito, ma municipalities, ndi makampani ena opindulitsa m'deralo. Chofunika kwambiri ndi mabizinesi omwe ali othandiza, okhazikika kwanuko, komanso omwe amasintha kusalingana mwachindunji kapena kugwiritsa ntchito phindu pazolinga zapagulu kapena zongofikira anthu onse (kapena zonse ziwiri). Makampani omwe ali ndi antchito, ma co-ops, mabungwe oyandikana nawo, komanso mabizinesi osiyanasiyana am'matauni ndi anthu, pamodzi ndi mabungwe azachuma ndi maboma, ali m'gulu la mabungwe akuluakulu a "Pluralist Commonwealth" omwe afotokozedwa mu ABC. Mitundu yatsopano yotengera chitsanzo cha Mondragon ngati chomwe chikupangidwa ku Cleveland, Ohio, chimapereka njira zina zophatikizira ma cooperative angapo mkati mwa ambulera yothandiza anthu amdera komanso yokhazikitsa bata.
MOSAIC WATSOPANO WOPHUNZITSA
ABC amathera nthawi yochuluka pa nkhani yothandiza. Monga tawonera, ikugogomezera kuti mfundo zazikuluzikulu zomwe zikuwonetsa zina mwazomwe dongosolo latsopano lingafunike ndizomwe zimadziwika kale muzochita zaku America - ngati munthu atenga nthawi kuyang'ana. ABC imapereka chidziwitso pamakampani 11,000 omwe ali ndi antchito omwe tsopano akugwira ntchito ku United States, pa ma co-ops (mamembala opitilira 120 miliyoni), m'mabungwe oyandikana nawo (4,600), komanso pamabizinesi ang'onoang'ono amtundu wa anthu ndi mabizinesi am'tauni (kuphatikiza 2,000 aboma. magetsi), ndi zina zotero. Zikusonyeza kuti izi ndi zoyesayesa zofananira nazo, kuphatikizapo njira zoyendetsera ndalama za boma ndi matauni, zikupereka kale maziko othandiza kulimbikitsa kukula kwa gawo lachitukuko, la anthu, la anthu, ndi-pamodzi ndi thumba la penshoni. kasamalidwe - pophunzira mfundo ndi zochita za ntchito zazikulu za boma zomwe zingapitirire pazimenezi pakapita nthawi. Kukula mwakachetechete kwa mabungwe osiyanasiyana kukuwonetsa kuthekera kwa chisinthiko chomwe, ngati chitalikitsidwa ndi kukonzedwa, chimaloza motsatira ndondomeko ya anthu ambiri yokonzedwa motsatira mfundo yakuti umwini wa chuma cha dziko uyenera kusamutsidwa, mwadongosolo, amapindulitsa ambiri. Kukula kwa maboma ndi komweko zaka zisanachitike ngozi ya 1929 idapereka zoyambira ndi mfundo zazikuluzikulu pazoyeserera zambiri za New Deal national pomwe nthawi yoyenera yandale idafika - ndipo, ABC amatsutsa, zomwe zikuchitika pansi pano zili ndi kuthekera kochita chimodzimodzi mwanjira yamphamvu kwambiri m'mene nthawi ikupita.
Makampani Ogwira Ntchito
Zoti anthu azigwira ntchito molimbika, bwino, komanso ndi chidwi chachikulu akakhala ndi chidwi ndi zotsatira zake zimadziwikiratu. Funso lodziwikiratu ndilakuti: chifukwa chiyani mabizinesi ambiri sakukonzedwa motsatira mfundo imeneyi? Yankho ndi: pafupifupi 11,000 ali. Zowonadi, anthu aku America 11.2 miliyoni tsopano akugwira ntchito m'mafakitale omwe ali ndi antchito ena kapena onse, mamiliyoni atatu kuposa omwe ali m'mabungwe abizinesi (Bureau of Labor Statistics 2008, Table 3; National Center for Employee Ownership 2008).
Appleton (Co.) ku Appleton, Wisconsin (mtsogoleri wapadziko lonse pakupanga mapepala apadera) adakhala wantchito pomwe kampaniyo idagulitsidwa ndi Arjo Wiggins Appleton, bungwe lamayiko osiyanasiyana lomwe linali nalo - ndi 3,300. ogwira ntchito adaganiza kuti ali ndi ufulu wogula ngati wina aliyense (Appleton Ideas 2006, Dresang 2001). Reflexite, kampani ya optics yochokera ku New Avon, Connecticut, idakhala ya antchito mu 1985 pambuyo poti 3M idapempha kampaniyo ndipo eni ake, okhulupirika kwa antchito awo ndi tawuni, adasankha kugulitsa kwa antchito m'malo mwake (Mlandu wa 1992). ). WL Gore-opanga zovala za Gore-Tex-ndiyemwe, kuyambira 1974, ndi (pakali pano 8,000) ogwira ntchito m'malo 45 padziko lonse lapansi (WL Gore and Associates, 2008).
Ngakhale pali 300-500 ogwira nawo ntchito azikhalidwe, mabizinesi ambiri omwe ali ndi antchito amapangidwa kudzera mu "Mapulani a Ogwira Ntchito Ogwira Ntchito" (ESOPs). Mwaukadaulo ESOP imakhudza "Trust" yomwe imalandira ndikusunga katundu m'malo mwa antchito ake. Chomwe chili chabwino pamakinawa ndikuti amapereka phindu lalikulu lamisonkho popanga makampani ambiri omwe ali ndi antchito, makamaka ngati mwiniwake wakale wapuma pantchito ndikusankha kugulitsa kwa antchito. Choyipa ndichakuti ngakhale pali zosiyanitsa, makamaka mawonekedwe a ESOP pakadali pano sanapangidwe mwademokalase.
Mfundo zingapo zikusonyeza kuti ulamuliro wademokalase wa ESOPs ukhoza kuchitika: Choyamba, makampani ambiri a ESOP - oposa 25 peresenti malinga ndi lipoti lina (Wirtz 2007) -ndipo kale ndi antchito ambiri. Mwa izi, National Center for Employee Ownership ikuyerekeza kuti 40 peresenti yadutsa kale ufulu wovota pokonzekera omwe atenga nawo mbali.. Chachiwiri, pamene ogwira ntchito akuwunjika masheya gawo lawo la umwini limakula. Kafukufuku wapachaka wa mamembala a ESOP Association akuwonetsa kuti mu 1982 20 peresenti yokha yamakampani omwe ali mamembala a ESOP Association anali makampani ambiri a ESOP; pofika chaka cha 2000, chiwerengerochi chinali 68 peresenti (Democracy Collaborative 2005: 59). Ndizomveka kuti pamene ma ESOP akuchulukirachulukira akukhala eni ake ambiri, ogwira ntchito azingonyalanyaza mfundo yoti ena ali ndi mphamvu zochepa. Kumbali ina, kuthekera kowonjezereka-monga momwe Business Week inawonera mu 1991-ndikuti pamapeto pake ogwira ntchito "omwe ali ndi gawo lalikulu lamakampani awo adzafuna kumveka bwino pa kayendetsedwe ka makampani." Ku Ohio kafukufuku womalizidwa mkatikati mwa zaka za m'ma 1990 adapeza kuti umwini wa ogwira ntchito ukuyamba kukhala wademokalase pakapita nthawi, pomwe makampani ogwiriridwa kwambiri amadutsa katatu mwaufulu wovota kwa omwe adatenga nawo gawo la ESOP monga momwe zidachitikira mu kafukufuku wam'mbuyo wa 1985-86 (Business Week). 1991, Logue ndi Yates 2001).
Makampani a Municipal
Palinso zoyeserera zamatauni zam'deralo zophatikiza mfundo zokhudzana ndi chuma cha Pluralist Commonwealth. Chimodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri pantchito ndi chitukuko cha nthaka. Kumayambiriro kwa chaka cha 1970 mzinda wa Boston unayamba mgwirizano ndi Rouse Company kuti akhazikitse Fanueil Hall Marketplace (malo ogulitsa mtawuni). Boston adasunga malowo pansi pa umwini wa tauni. Kafukufuku wina akuti m'zaka khumi zoyambirira za polojekitiyi, mzindawu udatenga ndalama zokwana 40 peresenti kuposa zomwe zikanasonkhanitsidwa kudzera mumisonkho wamba (Frieden ndi Sagalyn 1989: 169). Makonzedwe a "malonda ochita nawo ntchito" ogwiritsira ntchito katundu wa boma tsopano ali ofala. Alhambra, California, mwachitsanzo, amapeza ndalama zokwana $1 miliyoni pachaka kuchokera ku maekala asanu ndi limodzi omwe akugwira nawo ma lendi kwa amalonda (Williamson, et al. 2002: 158).
Bwalo lomwe likukula mwachangu la zochitika zatsopano limakhudza intaneti ndi ntchito zina. Ku Glasgow, Kentucky ntchito yomwe ili ndi ma municipalities imapatsa anthu magetsi, chingwe, matelefoni, komanso intaneti yothamanga kwambiri - zonse pamtengo wotsika kuposa omwe akupikisana nawo payekha. Mzindawu ulinso ndi mwayi wopeza 'intranet' yomwe imalumikiza maboma, mabizinesi, malaibulale, masukulu ndi oyandikana nawo (Glasgow Electric Plant Board 2007). Tacoma, network ya Broadband ya Washington "Dinani!" imaperekanso intaneti ndi chingwe cha anthu ndi makampani apadera; monga Cedar Falls, Iowa (Cedar Falls Utilities 2008; Dinani! Network 2007). Mabungwe opitilira 700 aboma akonzekeretsa madera awo ndi maukonde otere (American Public Power Association 2008).
Matauni nawonso akhala akusunga ndalama zogulira ndalama, akusunga masheya omwe ali ndi anthu m'mabizinesi omwe ali ndi chiyembekezo pachuma chamzindawu. Kafukufuku yemwe adachitika mu 1996 adapeza kuti opitilira gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a maboma amtawuni omwe adayankha adalengeza zoyeserera zamtundu wina (Clarke ndi Gaile 1998: 72, 79-86). M'zaka za m'ma 1990 bungwe la New York Power Authority lomwe linali ndi anthu onse ndi makampani awiri abizinesi adapanga ndalama zokwana $60 miliyoni zomwe zidapereka $175 miliyoni pakutha kwa zaka zisanu zoyamba kugwira ntchito. (Brodoff Communications 2000). Mizinda ing'onoing'ono yambiri yapanga ndalama zamalonda zomwe zimapanga ndalama zokwana madola 500,000 mpaka $ 2 miliyoni (Bowman 1987: 4; Clarke ndi Gaile 1998: 84).
Magulu amasewera omwe ali ndi ma tauni nawonso ali ponseponse. Madera omwe ali (kapena omwe ali nawo) magulu a baseball baseball ang'onoang'ono akuphatikiza Indianapolis, Indiana; Rochester, New York; Franklin County (Columbus), Ohio; Chigawo cha Lucus (Toledo), Ohio; Harrisburg, Pennsylvania; Lackawanna County (Scranton), Pennsylvania; ndi Visalia, California (Mahtesian 1996: 42-5; Imbroscio 1998: 239-40). Pamlingo waukulu wa ligi, a Green Bay Packers ndi a bungwe lopanda phindu lomwe eni ake ake amakhala makamaka okhala mumzinda.
Zina mwazinthu zatsopano zimaphatikizapo ntchito zaumoyo ndi kayendetsedwe ka chilengedwe. Denver Health ndi bizinesi yamatauni yomwe yadzisintha kuchoka ku bungwe lopanda ndalama zamzinda ($ 39 miliyoni mungongole mu 1992) kukhala njira yopikisana, yothandizira anthu onse (ndalama zokwana $ 54 miliyoni mu 1997) yopereka ndalama zoposa $ 2.1 biliyoni pakusamalira a osatetezedwa pazaka khumi zapitazi (Moore 1997; Denver Health 2008). Denver Health imagwiritsa ntchito satellite ya 8 malo osamalira anthu oyambirira ndi zipatala za sukulu za 12 ndipo amagwiritsa ntchito anthu ena a 4,000 a Denver (Denver Health 2008; Nuzum, et al. 2007).
Mazana a ma municipalities amapezanso ndalama kudzera mu ntchito zobwezeretsa gasi zodzaza nthaka zomwe zimatembenuza mpweya wowonjezera kutentha wa methane (yopangidwa ndi kusungirako zinyalala) kukhala mphamvu. Riverview, Michigan, imodzi mwazochitika zazikulu kwambiri zochiritsira zoterezi, ikuwonetsa zomwe zikuchitika. Kugulitsa gasi kwa Riverview popanga magetsi kumathandizira kupanga magetsi okwanira kuti azitha kupitilira nyumba zopitilira 5,000. Ndalamazo zinalipira ndalama zoyamba za ntchitoyi m'zaka ziwiri zoyambirira zogwirira ntchito ndipo tsopano zikuwonjezera ndalama zoyendetsera mzindawu. (DTE Biomass 2007; EPA 2007)
Gulu Lomanga: Oyandikana nawo ndi Opanda Phindu okhala ndi Mishoni
Bungwe la Community Development Corporation (CDC) limaphatikiza ntchito yothandiza anthu m'bungwe lopanda phindu ndi luso lopanga chuma komanso kukhala umwini wabizinesi yazachuma. CDC ndi bungwe lodzithandizira losakanizidwa lomwe limagwira ntchito pomanga anthu ammudzi komanso pazachuma, ndipo likuwonetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mfundo zazing'ono za Pluralist Commonwealth.
Bungwe la Bedford-Stuyvesant Restoration Corporation (BSRC) -CDC yopangidwa m'ma 1960 ndi thandizo la magawo awiri a Senators Robert F. Kennedy ndi Jacob Javits-anathandizira kukhazikitsa mfundo za bungwe lomwe tsopano likupezeka m'madera masauzande ambiri: M'zaka zake 15 zoyambilira BSRC inapanga magawo 3,000 a malo okhala ndi malonda ndikupereka ndalama zoyambira ndi thandizo lina ku mabizinesi am'deralo opitilira 125, ndikusunga thumba langongole lokhazikika. CDC inayambitsanso chitukuko chachikulu cha malonda (Restoration Plaza) - kuphatikizapo malo owonetserako 214, zokopa zamalonda ndi malo a ofesi - komanso kampani yoyang'anira katundu, ndi zomangamanga (Pratt Center 1994).
Chitsanzo china chotsogola ndi New Community Corporation (NCC) ku Newark, New Jersey-CDC yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito anthu oyandikana nawo 2,300 ndipo imapanga pafupifupi $200 miliyoni pantchito zachuma chaka chilichonse. Phindu limathandizira kuthandizira masana ndi mapulogalamu a kusukulu, malo osungira okalamba, ndi malo anayi osamalira ana okalamba (Rusch 2001: 5; Guinan 2003). NCC imayendetsanso Youth Automotive Training Center; achinyamata omwe amamaliza maphunziro awo ndi ntchito zotsimikizika zopatsa $20,000-kuphatikiza malipiro oyambira (Rusch 2001).
Kuyambira zaka za m'ma 1960 ma CDC ozungulira 4,600 akhala m'madera aku America. Ambiri si aakulu komanso otsogola monga atsogoleri, koma onse amagwiritsa ntchito mfundo zokhudzana ndi chuma kuti athandize "anthu ang'onoang'ono" m'madera omwe amadziwika. Katundu omwe amakonda kupanga amakhala pamwamba pa zonse zanyumba, koma ambiri amakhalanso ndi mabizinesi ogulitsa ndipo, nthawi zingapo, mabizinesi akuluakulu (National Congress for Community Economic Development 1999: 3; Sirianni and Friedland 2001: 59).
Mabungwe ena osapindula adatengapo mfundo zoyambira zachitukuko (Emerson 2003; Massarsky ndi Beinhacker 2002). Chitsanzo chotsogolera ndi Pioneer Human Services (PHS), ku Seattle, Washington. Poyambilira ndi zopereka ndi thandizo, PHS tsopano ikungodzithandiza yokha. PHS ikupereka nyumba zopanda mankhwala ndi mowa, ntchito, maphunziro a ntchito, uphungu, ndi maphunziro kwa omwerekera ndi omwerekera. Bajeti yake yapachaka yogwira ntchito pafupifupi $60 miliyoni ndi 99 peresenti yothandizidwa ndi chindapusa cha ntchito kapena kugulitsa zinthu. Mabizinesi osiyanasiyana a PHS amalemba ntchito anthu pafupifupi 1,000 ndipo akuphatikizapo opanga zitsulo zopepuka omwe amagwiritsa ntchito anthu osagwira ntchito, omwe amapanga zida za Boeing ndi makasitomala ena; Ntchito Yogula Chakudya yomwe imagawa chakudya kumabungwe ena osachita phindu; ndi malo odyera awiri (Pioneer Human Services 2005, Dubb 2006).
A Mbiri ya Philanthropy Kafukufuku akuyerekeza kuti ndalama zoposa $ 60 biliyoni zinapezedwa kuchokera kuzinthu zamalonda ndi 14,000 osapindula kwambiri mu 1998. Ndalama zochokera ku malipiro, zolipiritsa, ndi zochitika zamalonda zokhudzana ndi bizinesi zikuyerekezedwa m'maphunziro ena kuti zakula kuchoka pa 13 peresenti ya mabungwe osapindula. ndalama mu 1977 mpaka 43 peresenti mu 1996 (Lipman and Schwinn 2001; Salamon 1999: 177; Strom 2002).
State ndi National Innovators
ZNetwork imalandira ndalama kudzera mu kuwolowa manja kwa owerenga ake.
Ndalama