Gwero: Counterpunch
Lachisanu, Epulo 9th, Bungwe la Retail, Wholesale and Department Store Union linagonjetsedwa poyesa kukonza antchito osungira katundu ku Amazon ku Bessemer, AL. Mgwirizanowu umadzudzula Amazon chifukwa chosokoneza voti ndipo akufuna kuchita apilo.
Ngakhale zokhumudwitsa ndikugonja kwa Amazon, zikuwonetsa zina zambiri. Pa nthawi ya Zomaliza ndi kumayambiriro -20th m'zaka za zana lino, makampani akuluakulu adasokoneza magawo onse azachuma ku America pogwiritsa ntchito mitengo yachiwembu, mapangano odzipatula ndi machitidwe ena odana ndi mpikisano kuti achepetse mabizinesi ang'onoang'ono am'deralo. Ndipo sitiraka zambiri zidagonjetsedwa, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimatsogolera ogwira ntchito kuvulala, kumangidwa kapena kuphedwa.
Pambuyo pa kusokonekera kwachuma kwa 1893, anthu ambiri aku America adakayikira dongosolo la capitalist. Pakati pa 1897 ndi 1904, okwana 4,227 makampani ogwirizana kupanga mabungwe 257. Kuphatikizika kwakukulu kunaphatikiza makampani asanu ndi anayi achitsulo kuti apange US Steel. Pofika mโchaka cha 1904, makampani pafupifupi 318 ankalamulira pafupifupi 40 peresenti ya zinthu zopangidwa ndi dzikolo. Kampani imodzi idapanga zopitilira theka lazotulutsa m'mafakitale 78. Mabungwe awa adadziwika kuti "trust" - ndipo abwerera ndi kubwezera.
***
US capitalism yabwera mozungulira zaka zana zapitazi. Kukula koyambirira kwachuma chomwe chinkalamulidwa ndi chidaliro chinalimbikitsa kukwera kwa nthawi ya Progressive ndi zomwe Teddy Roosevelt adazitcha "ochita zachinyengo," mtolankhani yemwe adafufuza ndikufalitsa zosalungama zachikhalidwe ndi zachuma. Anaphatikizapo Jacob Riis, Upton Sinclair, Lincoln Steffens, Ida Tarbell ndi Ida B. Wells. Progressives ankafuna kuthetsa ziphuphu za boma, kuthandizira ufulu wa amayi, kulimbikitsa zachitukuko, kusintha ndende, ufulu wa anthu ndi kuletsa. Ena anachirikiza ufulu wachibadwidwe, ngakhale kuchirikiza kupangidwa kwa National Association for the Advancement for Colored People (NAACP).
Makamaka, ambiri a Progressives amawopa kuti mphamvu zokhazikika, zosalamulirika, zamakampani zikuwopseza boma la demokalase. Iwo ankanena kuti makampani akuluakulu angapangitse mitengo yamtengo wapatali kuti iwononge ogula ndi kusokoneza makampani ang'onoang'ono odziimira okha. Ndipo zikhulupilirozi zitha kuwongolera maboma onse a federal ndi maboma.
Izi zidapangitsa kukhazikitsidwa kwa Sherman Act ya 1890. Icho chinaletsedwa "mgwirizano uliwonse, wophatikizana mwanjira yodalirika kapena ayi, kapena chiwembu choletsa malonda." The Sherman Act inapangitsanso kukhala mlandu โkuphatikiza kapena kuchita chiwembu . . . kulamulira mbali iliyonse ya malonda kapena malonda pakati pa mayiko angapo.โ Ngakhale zinali zocheperapo, zidakhazikitsa mphamvu ya boma la federal kuwongolera kuphatikiza kwamakampani ndi mphamvu.
Kutsogolo kwachiwiri, pakati pa 1909-1913, mayiko 28 adakhazikitsa makomiti olamulira kapena adapatsa makomiti a njanji omwe adalipo ulamuliro pamakampani amafoni. Komanso, 1907-1913; kuphatikiza apo, pakati pa 1907-1913, maboma 26 adapereka malamulo ololeza mtundu wina wa kulumikizana mokakamizidwa pakati pamakampani amafoni. Mu 1910 bungwe la Interstate Commerce Commission linapatsidwa ulamuliro wolamulira makampani a telefoni monga onyamulira wamba.
***
Teddy Roosevelt anasiyanitsa pakati pa โzikhulupiliro zabwinoโ ndi โzikhulupiriro zoipa,โ ndi โzoipaโ zomwe zimatanthauzidwa ndi mayendedwe osasamala amakampani. Iye adalimbikitsa kuwongolera mabungwe "oyipa" pokomera anthu kudzera m'makomiti a boma.
Nthawi yoyambirira ya 20th m'zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chiwiri, panali kutsutsana kwakukulu pa kusiyana pakati pa "kukhulupirira" ndi "cartel". Mu 1910, katswiri wa zachuma wa Marxist Rudolf Hilferding lofalitsidwa Finance Capital kuti umafuna kusiyana kotere:
Chikhulupiliro chili ndi mwayi kuposa cartel pakukonza mitengo. Cartel imakakamizika kuyika mtengo wake wokhazikika pamtengo wopangira wopanga okwera mtengo kwambiri pakati pamakampani omwe ali mamembala ake, pomwe pakukhulupirira pali mtengo umodzi wokha wopangira momwe mtengo wazinthu zogwira ntchito bwino komanso zocheperako zimakwera. kunja. Chikhulupilirocho chikhoza kukhazikitsa mtengo womwe umamulola kuti awonjezere kutulutsa kwake ndikupanga phindu lake laling'ono pa unit ndi kuchuluka kwa zomwe agulitsa. Kuphatikiza apo, chidalirocho chimatha kutseka zovuta zopanda phindu mosavuta kuposa momwe cartel ingachitire.
Komabe, iye anati, โmabungwe ochita zinthu mwadongosolo angachepetse ufulu wa mabizinesi amene akutenga nawo mbali mpaka kufika pamlingo wosiyana kwambiri ndi kukhulupirirana.โ
Standard Oil, pofika 1880, idapeza pafupifupi 100 zoyenga mafuta zodziyimira pawokha, motero amalamulira pafupifupi 90 peresenti ya bizinesi yamafuta yaku US. Mu 1882, Rockefeller adapanga Standard Oil Trust ngati njira yobisira mafuta a Standard Oil ngati okha. Makampani a njanji, opanga ndudu ndi malo oyenga shuga, pakati pa ena, anatsatira zomwezo ndipo analinganiza zikhulupiriro zawozawo.
Dipatimenti Yachilungamo ya Roosevelt idakhazikitsa masuti 44 odana ndi kukhulupilira, kutsutsa njanji, ng'ombe, mafuta ndi fodya. Henry Clay Frick, chitsulo chachitsulo anadandaula, "Tinagula mwana wa chiwewe kenako sanagule."
Mu 1902, kuyitanidwa kwapadziko lonse kwa "kukhulupirirana" kudatsogolera TR's Justice Dept. kuti apereke suti pansi pa Sherman Act motsutsana ndi chikhulupiriro chachikulu cha njanji mdziko muno, JP Morgan's Northern Securities Company.
Mu 1904, Khoti Lalikulu Kwambiri linagamula mlandu wa kumpoto. M'malingaliro odabwitsa, Justice John Marshall Harlan analengeza kuti "kuphatikiza kulikonse" (aka trust) komwe kumathetsa mpikisano wapakati kunali koletsedwa. Khotilo linaphatikizapo makampani opanga zinthu ndi njanji. Khotilo linapeza kuti olamulira onse ankakonda kuletsa malonda komanso โkulepheretsa anthu kupeza zabwino zomwe zimabwera chifukwa cha mpikisano waulere.โ Khotilo linalamula kuti bungwe la Northern Securities ligawike kukhala njanji zodziyimira pawokha zopikisana.
Suti yotchuka kwambiri yotsutsa kukhulupilira idaperekedwa mu 1907 motsutsana ndi Rockefeller's Standard Oil Company chifukwa - ndi mabungwe ake - amalamulira 85 peresenti ya msika. Ofufuza a Dipatimenti Yachilungamo chipenyere ndalama zachinsinsi zomwe kampaniyo inalandira kuchokera ku njanji za njanji ndipo anamaliza kunena kuti Standard Oil inali ndi โulamuliro wolamulira . . . kuchokera pachitsime cha wopanga mpaka pakhomo la wogula. Boma linatenga zaka zisanu kuti lipambane mlanduwo mโKhoti Lalikulu ndipo pamapeto pake, Standard Oil inagawika mโmakampani 34 osiyanasiyana; mwa makampani atsopano anali Chevron, ConocoPhillips ndi Exxon Mobil.
Chaka chotsatira, boma linasumira kampani ya ku America ya Fodya ya Sherman yomwe inkalamulira pafupifupi 90 peresenti ya ndudu, fodya, fodya wotafuna ndi mapaipi aku US. Monga Standard Oil, American Fodya idapeza opikisana nawo oposa 200, nthawi zambiri amagulitsa ndudu zotsika mtengo kuti awononge opikisana nawo.
Zikhulupilirozi zidapangitsa kuti ziphatikizidwe zosawerengeka ndikuchotsa mpikisano pakati pa mamembala awo. Iwo anaikanso maganizo awo pa kulamulira chuma cha dziko mโmanja mwa anthu ochepa olanda achifwamba, mamiliyoni ambiri monga Rockefeller, Cornelius Vanderbilt, Henry Ford ndi Andrew Carnegie.
***
Pamene Standard Oil Trust idakhazikitsidwa mu 1882, idapanga mafuta ambiri a nyale padziko lonse lapansi, okhala ndi mapaipi opitilira 4,000 mailosi ndipo adalemba antchito 100,000. Rockefeller anali ndi gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu azinthu za Standard Oil zokwana $20 miliyoni (zofanana ndi $557 miliyoni m'madola a 2021) ndipo - monga achifwamba masiku ano - nthawi zambiri amalipira malipiro apamwamba kwa antchito ake, koma adatsutsa mwamphamvu zoyesa zilizonse kujowina mabungwe ogwira ntchito.
Nthawi ya zikhulupiliro, za ndale za Progressive ndi utolankhani, inalinso nthawi ya anthu ambiri - ndipo nthawi zambiri achiwawa - kunyalanyazidwa ndi zionetsero za ogwira ntchito, zomwe ambiri mwa ogwira ntchito ndi olimbikitsa anataya. Mwa zina mwa chochititsa chidwi kwambiri kumenyedwa kwa nthawi isanayambe WW-I ndi:
Great Railroad Strike ya 1877 - kunachepetsedwa chifukwa malipiro kwa ogwira ntchito panjanji ya B&O adadulidwa kwambiri; ogwira ntchito adatseka njanji ku Pennsylvania ndi West Virginia kwa sabata.
Haymarket Zipolowe za 1886 - kunachitika pakati pa msonkhano wa ogwira ntchito ku Chicago pamene wina adawombera apolisi, zomwe zinayambitsa chipolowe chomwe chinachititsa kuti anthu asanu ndi atatu aphedwe; mlandu wotsatira unapangitsa kuti anthu asanu ndi awiri omenyera ufulu wa ogwira nawo ntchito aphedwe ndipo m'modzi akhale m'ndende zaka 15.
Kumenya Kwanyumba kwa 1892 - ogwira ntchito pafakitale yachitsulo ya Carnegie adagalukira chifukwa chazovuta komanso malipiro osakwanira, ndipo kampaniyo idabweretsa ophwanya ndi Pinkerton kuti aletse; Kuwomberana mfuti kunachititsa kuti anthu ambiri aphedwe ndi omenyera nkhondo.
Pullman Strike ya 1894 - Ogwira ntchito panjanji ya Pullman adagunda panthawi yamavuto azachuma omwe adasokoneza magalimoto anjanji ku Midwest; idakhala nthawi yoyamba kuti lamulo la boma la federal ligwiritsidwe ntchito kuphwanya aamenye.
Coal Strike ya 1902 - 145,000 United Mine Workers of America m'malo a malasha a anthracite kum'mawa kwa Pennsylvania adagunda pafupifupi miyezi 5 kuti alandire malipiro apamwamba, masiku ochepera antchito komanso oyimira mabungwe; ogwira ntchito m'migodi anapambana, kulandira 10 pa kuwonjezereka kwa malipiro ndi kuchepetsa masiku ogwira ntchito kuchokera ku maola khumi mpaka asanu ndi anayi.
Mkate ndi Roses kugunda kwa 1912 - lamulo latsopano la boma litachepetsa kuchuluka kwa ntchito kwa sabata kuchokera pa maola 56 mpaka 54, eni mafakitale adayankha pofulumizitsa kupanga ndikuchepetsa malipiro a antchito; Ogwira ntchito ku 10,000 osamukira kumayiko ena adagunda - mothandizidwa ndi IWW - ndipo, pambuyo pamisonkhano yapagulu ya Congress, ogwira ntchitowo adapambana, ndikupeza kukwera kwa malipiro a 15%, kuwonjezeka kwa malipiro owonjezera omwe adalonjeza kuti asabwezere.
Paterson Silk Strike ya 1913 - Ogwira ntchito za silika 25,000 adatseka mphero 300 za silika ndi nyumba zopaka utoto ku Paterson, NJ, kwa pafupifupi miyezi isanu, koma pamapeto pake adagonjetsedwa; ogwira ntchito adakantha zofuna za tsiku la ntchito ya maola 8 ndikuwongolera mikhalidwe yogwirira ntchito ndipo, motsogozedwa ndi IWW, omenyera 1,850 adamangidwa ndikutsekeredwa m'ndende.
Ludlow Massacre ya 1914 - ndawala yokonzekera ya migodi ya malasha 11,000 yochitidwa ndi United Mine Workers ku Rockefeller-owned Colorado Fuel & Iron Company inasanduka chiwawa pamene ogwira ntchito m'migodi anazunzidwa mwankhanza ndi Colorado National Guard ndi alonda a kampani; chiwembucho chinapha anthu 25, kuphatikizapo ana 11.
Bayonne Refinery Strikes of 1915 ndi 1916 - pafupifupi ogwira ntchito yoyenga 1,200 pafakitale ya Standard Oil ya New Jersey ndi Tidewater Refinery pa Constable Hook, Bayonne, NJ, adachita chidwi ndi zofuna kuti awonjezere malipiro ndi malo abwino ogwirira ntchito; pa sitiraka ziwirizi, anthu 4 anaphedwa ndipo 86 anavulala, ndipo zotsatira zake zinasakanizidwa ndi malipiro ena mu 1915, koma palibe chomwe chinapindula mu 1916.
Zaka zana pambuyo pake, chilichonse ndipo palibe chomwe chikuwoneka kuti chasintha. Okhulupirira abwerera ndi kubwezera. Zaka zana zapitazo, otsutsa adalimbana ndi machitidwe opanda manyazi a zikhulupiliro zamafakitale monga Standard Oil, American Fodya ndi Northern Securities omwe asintha kukhala mbadwa zawo zamakampani, kaya Amazon, Facebook, Google kapena AT&T ndi Comcast. Nthawi ino, mwatsoka, palibe TR yochitira nkhondo zabwino za anthu.
Mamiliyoni dzulo akhala mabiliyoni amasiku ano. Rockefeller, Vanderbilt, Ford ndi Andrew Carnegie adasinthidwa kukhala Elon Musk, Bill Gates, Mark Zuckerberg ndi Jeff Bezos.
Kwa onse mkati mwa Beltway amalankhula zakuphwanya 21st kukhulupirira zaka zana, sikungachitike pang'ono - makamaka pakadali pano. Ma Democrat ndi ma Republican - pamodzi ndi zida zambiri zolandirira alendo, magulu akutsogolo, osachita phindu othokoza ndi ma astroturf shill - mopanda manyazi amatumikira zofuna zandalama zazikulu zokha, komanso chisamaliro chachikulu chaumoyo, mphamvu zazikulu ndi telecom yayikulu. Kuthandizira ndale pakuphatikizana kumatsimikiziridwa ngati kuli koyenera kuthana ndi vuto la kudalirana kwa mayiko komanso kuwonetsetsa kuti America ikupikisana, zopeka zimagwedezeka pamaso pa osankhidwa chaka chilichonse kuti ziwonjezere changu chokonda dziko lako.
Ndipo ogwira ntchito amangokhalira kukhumudwa - ndipo, monga ogwira ntchito ku Amazon, zoyesayesa zokonzekera mgwirizano zimalephera. Koma monga zotsatira zosayembekezereka za kukonzanso chuma chamakampani chomwe chinabwera pambuyo pa Kukhumudwa Kwakukulu ndi WW-II, zovuta zakuzama za US ndi capitalism yapadziko lonse lapansi zitha kuyambitsa nyengo yatsopano yopatsa mphamvu antchito. Munthu akhoza kuyembekezera - ndikukonzekera!
ZNetwork imalandira ndalama kudzera mu kuwolowa manja kwa owerenga ake.
Ndalama
1 Comment
Magulu onsewa amatumikira zofuna zandalama zazikulu, chisamaliro chachikulu chaumoyo, mphamvu zazikulu, ndi zina zambiri. Koma bwanji za opanga zida zazikulu? Kodi ndichifukwa chiyani zankhondo ndi mfundo zakunja zikuwoneka kuti zili ndi gawo losiyana kapena lopitilira gawo limodzi kuchokera pazokhudza zapakhomo? MIC, zomwe Chomsky wanena kuti zikufotokozedwa moyenerera ngati mafakitale apamwamba kwambiri, akuwoneka kuti akuphatikizidwa mozama kwambiri pazachuma chathu chandale. Ndi gawo limodzi lamakampani koma mosiyana mwanjira ina - mwa zina chifukwa antchito ake ambiri amakhala ndi moyo wapamwamba. Ndikuyesera kulongosola izi, koma ambiri amavomereza kufalikira kwake komanso kusatetezedwa ku mtundu wowunikira kuposa momwe zikhulupiliro zina zimachitira, ndikuganiza kuti ndichinthu chofunikira kudziwa.