Pa Ogasiti 28th, Wachiwiri kwa Mlembi wa Chitetezo Kathleen Hicks adasankha nthawi ya msonkhano wamasiku atatu wokonzedwa ndi National Defense Industrial Association (NDIA), gulu lalikulu kwambiri lazamalonda la zida zankhondo, kuti. kulengeza "Replicator Initiative." Mwa zina, ziphatikiza kupanga "ma drones" omwe amatha kugunda anthu masauzande ambiri ku China posachedwa. Itchani kukhazikitsidwa kwathunthu kwa techno-war.
Zolankhula zake kwa opanga zida zankhondo zomwe zidasonkhana zinali chizindikiro chinanso chosonyeza kuti Purezidenti wa gulu lankhondo ndi mafakitale (MIC) Dwight D. Eisenhower adatichenjeza za zaka zoposa 60 zapitazo akadali ndi moyo, ali bwino kwambiri, ndipo akutenga njira yatsopano. Itchani MIC yazaka za digito.
Hicks akufotokozedwa Cholinga cha Replicator Initiative motere:
"Kuti titsogolere [ku China], tipanga luso latsopano ... kugwiritsa ntchito machitidwe ovomerezeka, odziyimira pawokha m'magawo onse omwe ndi otsika mtengo, amaika anthu ochepa pachiwopsezo, ndipo amatha kusinthidwa, kukwezedwa, kapena kuwongolera. Tidzalimbana ndi a PLA [People's Liberation Army's] ndi unyinji wathu, koma zathu zikhala zovuta kukonzekera, zolimba kugunda, komanso zovuta kuzigonjetsa."
Ganizirani izi ngati luntha lochita kupanga (AI) limapita kunkhondo - ndipo oh, mawu oti "ovomerezeka," mawu omwe samatuluka pa lilime kapena kutanthauza chilichonse kwa okhometsa msonkho wamba, ndi Pentagonese yoyera kwa okonzeka komanso okonzeka. mofulumira m'malo mwa machitidwe otayika mu nkhondo. Tiyeni tifufuze pambuyo pake ngati Pentagon ndi makampani a zida zankhondo amatha kupanga mitundu yotsika mtengo, yogwira ntchito, yosinthika mosavuta machitidwe ankhondo ankhondo a Hicks omwe adanenedwa m'mawu ake. Choyamba, ndiloleni ndiyang'ane pa cholinga cha kuyesayesa koteroko: kulimbana ndi China.
Cholinga: China
Komabe wina amayesa kulakalaka kwa China pankhondo yankhondo - m'malo modalira kwambiri zida zake zamphamvu zandale ndi zachuma - Pentagon ikupereka malingaliro okonzekera zankhondo ndi mafakitale pazovuta zomwe Beijing adayambitsa. Monga momwe amalankhulira Hick kwa opanga zida zankhondo akuwonetsa, njira yatsopanoyi idzakhazikitsidwa pamaziko ofunikira: kuti tsogolo lililonse. mpikisano wa zida zamakono adzadalira kwambiri maloto omanga zida zotsika mtengo, zokhoza kupitilira apo potengera kukula kwachangu kwa njira zolumikizirana pompopompo, luntha lochita kupanga, komanso kuthekera kotumiza zida zotere posachedwa.
Masomphenya a Hicks omwe amatsogolera NDIA ndikuti, mwina mwazindikira kale, osakhudzidwa ndi chikhumbo chofuna kuyankha mwaukadaulo kapena ndale pazovuta za Beijing ngati mphamvu yayikulu yomwe ikukwera. Zilibe kanthu kuti mosakayikira izi zitha kukhala njira zothandiza kwambiri zothetsera mkangano wamtsogolo ndi China.
Njira yosakhala yankhondo yotereyi ingakhale yokhazikika pakubwerera momveka bwino kwa nthawi yayitali ya dziko lino. Ndondomeko ya "One China".. Pansi pake, a US angasiye lingaliro lililonse lakuzindikirika kwa ndale kwa chilumba cha Taiwan ngati dziko lapadera, pomwe Beijing ikanadzipereka kuti ichepetse njira zamtendere zoyesayesa zake zotengera chilumbachi.
Palinso zinthu zina zambiri zomwe mgwirizano pakati pa mayiko awiriwa ukhoza kusuntha US ndi China kuchoka pamalingaliro otsutsana kupita ku mgwirizano, monga tafotokozera m'nkhani yatsopano. pepala ndi mnzanga Jake Werner wa Quincy Institute: โ1) chitukuko ku Global South; 2) kuthana ndi kusintha kwa nyengo; 3) kukambirananso malamulo apadziko lonse a malonda ndi zachuma; ndi 4) kukonzanso mabungwe apadziko lonse lapansi kuti akhazikitse dongosolo lapadziko lonse lapansi lotseguka komanso lophatikiza. Kukwaniritsa zolinga zotere padziko lapansi pano kungawoneke ngati dongosolo lalitali, koma njira ina - zolankhula za bellicose ndi mitundu yaukali yampikisano yomwe imawonjezera chiopsezo chankhondo - iyenera kuonedwa ngati yowopsa komanso yosavomerezeka.
Kumbali ina ya equation, omwe amalimbikitsa kuchulukitsa kwa ndalama za Pentagon kuti athane ndi zoopsa zomwe zikuyembekezeka chifukwa chakukwera kwa China ndi akatswiri a kuopseza kukwera kwa mitengo. Amaona kuti n'zosavuta komanso zokhutiritsa kukokomeza zonse zankhondo za Beijing komanso zolinga zake zapadziko lonse lapansi kuti zitsimikizire kuti gulu lankhondo ndi mafakitale lizilipirira ndalama zambiri mtsogolo.
Monga Dan Grazier wa Project on Government Oversight adanenera mu Disembala 2022 lipoti, pamene dziko la China lapita patsogolo kwambiri pa zankhondo mโzaka makumi angapo zapitazi, njira yake ndi โyodzitetezera mwachibadwaโ ndipo sikuopseza United States mwachindunji. Pakadali pano, Beijing ili kumbuyo kwa Washington modabwitsa pankhani ya ndalama zonse zankhondo komanso kuthekera kofunikira, kuphatikiza kukhala ndi zida zazing'ono (ngakhale zikuwononga mosakayikira) zida zanyukiliya, gulu lankhondo lankhondo losakwanitsa, komanso ndege zazikulu zochepa. Palibe mwa izi, komabe, chomwe chingakhale chodziwikiratu ngati mutangomvera otsutsa ku Capitol Hill ndi m'maholo a Pentagon.
Koma monga Grazier akunenera, izi siziyenera kudabwitsa aliyense popeza "kukwera mitengo kwachiwopsezo kwakhala chida chothandizira kuwononga ndalama kwazaka zambiri." Izi zinali, mwachitsanzo, makamaka kumapeto kwa Cold War ya zaka zana zapitazi, Soviet Union itapasuka, pomwe anali Wapampando wa Joint Chiefs of Staff Colin Powell. anati: โGanizirani mozama. Ndikuthawa ziwanda. Ndikuthawa oyipa. Ndili pansi kwa [Fidel wa ku Cuba] Castro ndi Kim Il-sung [wolamulira wankhanza waku North Korea].
Mosakayikira, izi zidayika chiwopsezo chachikulu ku chuma cha Pentagon ndipo Congress idaumirizadi kuchepetsa kukula kwa magulu ankhondo, kupereka ndalama zochepa kuti agwiritse ntchito zida zatsopano mzaka zingapo zoyambirira za Cold War. Koma Pentagon idafulumira kuwunikira zatsopano zomwe zimawopseza mphamvu zaku America kuti zitsimikizire kubweza ndalama zankhondo pakukwera. Popanda mphamvu zazikulu zomwe zimawoneka, idayamba kuyang'ana m'malo mwake kuopsa kwa maulamuliro am'madera monga Iran, Iraq, ndi North Korea. Idawonjezeranso kwambiri mphamvu zawo zankhondo pakufuna kwawo kuti alandire ndalama zopambana osati mikangano ikuluikulu iwiri yachigawo nthawi imodzi. Njira iyi yosinthira ku ziwopsezo zatsopano zomwe zikuwopseza gulu lalikulu lankhondo zidagwidwa modabwitsa mu 1995 a Michael Klare. buku Rogue States ndi Nuclear Outlaws.
Pambuyo pa ziwopsezo za 9/11, malingaliro a "maiko ankhanza" kwakanthawi, adasinthidwa ndi zoopsa za "Nkhondo Yapadziko Lonse pa Zigawenga," zomwe zidachitika molakwika pa zigawengazo. Izo zikanabala ma trilioni madola Kuwononga ndalama pankhondo ku Iraq ndi Afghanistan komanso kukhalapo kwa zigawenga padziko lonse lapansi komwe kumaphatikizapo ntchito za US ku 85 - inde, 85! - mayiko, mochititsa chidwi zolembedwa ndi Costs of War Project ku Brown University.
Mwazi wonsewo ndi chuma, kuphatikizapo mazana zikwi za kufa kwachindunji kwa anthu wamba (ndi Zambiri zambiri osalunjika), komanso zikwi za imfa za ku America ndi ziwerengero zowawa za kuvulala kwakuthupi ndi m'maganizo kwa asilikali a US, zomwe zinachititsa kuti kukhazikitsidwa kwa maboma osakhazikika kapena opondereza omwe khalidwe lawo - ku Iraq - linathandiza. khazikitsani siteji chifukwa cha kukwera kwa zigawenga za Islamic State (ISIS). Monga momwe zinakhalira, kulowererako sikunali kanthu koma "keke"Kapena maluwa a demokalase zonenedweratu ndi omenyera nkhondo ku America pambuyo pa 9/11. Apatseni ngongole zonse, komabe! Zinakhala makina opangira ndalama modabwitsa kwa anthu okhala m'magulu ankhondo ndi mafakitale.
Kupanga "Chiwopsezo cha China"
Ponena za China, udindo wake ngati chiwopsezo chambiri unakula kwambiri m'zaka za Trump. M'malo mwake, kwa nthawi yoyamba kuyambira zaka za zana la makumi awiri, chikalata chachitetezo cha Pentagon cha 2018 chinayang'ana "mpikisano waukulu wamphamvu" ngati funde lamtsogolo.
Chikalata chimodzi chodziwika kwambiri kuyambira nthawi imeneyo chinali lipoti la Congress National Defense Strategy Commission. Bungweli lidadzudzula njira ya Pentagon pakadali pano, kunena molimba mtima (popanda chidziwitso chofunikira) kuti dipatimenti yachitetezo sinakonzekere kugwiritsa ntchito. zokwanira kuti athane ndi vuto lankhondo lomwe limabwera ndi omwe akupikisana nawo mwamphamvu, makamaka makamaka ku China.
Komitiyi ikufuna kuwonjezera bajeti ya Pentagon ndi 3% mpaka 5% pamwamba pa inflation kwa zaka zikubwerazi - kusuntha komwe kukanapangitsa kuti izi zitheke. $ 1 zankhaninkhani, kapena zambiri mโzaka zingapo. Lipoti lake likadatchulidwa kwambiri ndi Pentagon omwe amawononga ndalama ku Congress, makamaka omwe kale anali Wapampando wa Komiti ya Senate Armed Services a James Inhofe (R-OK), yemwe ankakonda kutero. gwedezani izo pa mboni pamilandu ndikuwafunsa kuti azilumbirira zokayikitsa zomwe adapeza.
3% mpaka 5% kukula kwenikweni anagwira ndi nkhanu zodziwika mu Congress ndipo, mpaka chipwirikiti chaposachedwa mu Nyumba ya Oyimilira, ndalama zomwe zidagwiritsidwa ntchito zidakwaniradi momwemo. Zomwe sizinakambidwe zambiri ndi kafukufuku ndi Project on Boma Kuyang'anira kuwonetsa kuti bungwe lomwe lidalemba lipotilo ndikulimbikitsa kuchuluka kwa ndalama zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito zinali zolemetsa kwambiri kwa anthu omwe ali ogwirizana ndi zida zankhondo. Wapampando wake, mwachitsanzo, adatumikira m'gulu la opanga zida zazikulu Northrop Grumman, ndipo ambiri mwa mamembala ena anali kapena anali alangizi kapena alangizi pamakampaniwo, kapena amagwira ntchito m'matangi oganiza omwe amathandizidwa kwambiri ndi mabungwe oterowo. Chifukwa chake, sitinalankhulepo za kuwunika kocheperako kwa zosowa za "chitetezo" cha US.
Chenjerani ndi Pentagon "Techno-Enthusiasm"
Kuti palibe amene angaphonye mfundo mukulankhula kwake kwa NDIA, Kathleen Hicks yowonjezeredwa kuti kusintha komwe kukufuna kupanga zida poganizira zankhondo yamtsogolo kunali kolunjika ku Beijing. "Tiyenera," adatero, "kuwonetsetsa kuti utsogoleri wa PRC umadzuka tsiku lililonse, ndikuwunika kuopsa kwa ziwawa ndikumaliza, 'lero si tsiku' - osati lero, koma tsiku lililonse, kuyambira pano mpaka 2027, 2035, tsopano ndi 2049, ndi kupitiriraโฆ Innovation ndi momwe timachitira izi.
Lingaliro lakuti luso lapamwamba la usilikali likhoza kukhala njira yothetsera mavuto ovuta a chitetezo amatsutsana mwachindunji ndi mbiri yeniyeni ya Pentagon ndi makampani a zida zankhondo pazaka makumi asanu zapitazi. M'zaka zimenezo, machitidwe atsopano "osintha" monga F-35 ndege zankhondo, Army's Future Combat System (FCS), ndi Navy Littoral Combat Ship akhala akuvutitsidwa kwambiri ndi kuchulukirachulukira kwamitengo, kuchedwa kwa nthawi, zovuta zogwirira ntchito, ndi zovuta zosamalira zomwe zachepetsa kwambiri kuthekera kwawo kwankhondo. Ndipotu, Navy ili kale akukonzekera kupuma pantchito angapo a Littoral Combat Ships oyambirira, pamene pulogalamu yonse ya FCS inali adachotsedwa mwachindunji.
Mwachidule, Pentagon tsopano ikubetcha pakusintha kwathunthu momwe imagwirira ntchito ndi makampani muzaka za AI - kuwombera kwanthawi yayitali, kuziyika mofatsa.
Koma mutha kudalira chinthu chimodzi: njira yatsopanoyi ikhoza kukhala mgodi wa golide kwa opanga zida zankhondo, ngakhale zida zomwe zidatuluka sizikuyenda movutikira monga momwe zalengezedwa. Kufuna kumeneku sikudzakhala kopanda zovuta zandale, makamaka kupeza mabiliyoni ambiri a madola ofunikira kuti akwaniritse zolinga za Replicator Initiative, pamene akulepheretsa kukakamiza opanga zinthu zomwe zilipo kale monga zonyamulira ndege, mabomba, ndi ndege zankhondo.
Mamembala a Congress atero kuteteza machitidwe am'badwo wamakonowa amalimbikitsa kwambiri kuti zida zankhondo zipitirire kwa makontrakitala akuluakulu amakampani komanso m'maboma akuluakulu a Congress. Njira imodzi yothetsera mikangano yomwe ingakhalepo pakati pa kupereka ndalama kwa machitidwe atsopano omwe apangidwa ndi Hicks ndi mapulogalamu amtengo wapatali omwe tsopano akudyetsa akuluakulu a makampani a zida zankhondo: onjezerani bajeti yaikulu ya Pentagon ndikupita pachimake cha madola thililiyoni, chomwe chingakhale chapamwamba kwambiri. kuchuluka kwa ndalama zoterezi kuyambira Nkhondo Yadziko II.
Pentagon yakhala ikupanga njira zake mozungulira zodabwitsa zaukadaulo monga "bwalo lankhondo lamagetsiโ mโnthawi ya Vietnam; "kusintha kwa zinthu zankhondo,โ chotchulidwa koyamba kumayambiriro kwa zaka za mโma 1990; ndi zida zotsogozedwa bwino zomwe zidayamikiridwa kuyambira nkhondo ya 1991 ya Persian Gulf. Zilibe kanthu kuti zida zodabwitsa zoterezi sizinachitikepo monga momwe amalengezera. Mwachitsanzo, Office Accountability Office yatsatanetsatane lipoti pa kampeni yophulitsa mabomba ku Gulf War adapeza kuti "zonena za DOD [Dipatimenti ya Chitetezo] ndi makontrakitala a cholinga chimodzi, bomba limodzi la zida zotsogozedwa ndi laser sizinawonetsedwe pankhondo yamlengalenga pomwe, pafupifupi, 11 matani a zida zotsogozedwa ndi matani 44 a zida zopanda zida adaperekedwa pa chandamale chilichonse chomwe chidawonongeka.
Zida zotsogola zotere zikapangidwa kuti zigwire ntchito, pamtengo wokulirapo mu nthawi ndi ndalama, nthawi zonse zimatsimikizira kuti ndizochepa, ngakhale kwa adani omwe alibe zida (monga ku Iraq ndi Afghanistan m'zaka za zana lino). China, mdani wamkulu wamphamvu wokhala ndi mafakitale amakono komanso zida zokulirapo za zida zapamwamba, ndi nkhani ina. Kufuna kupambana kwakukulu kwankhondo ku Beijing komanso kutha kupambana nkhondo yolimbana ndi zida za nyukiliya kuyenera kukhala (koma sikuli) kuonedwa ngati chinthu chopusa, chomwe chingathe kuyambitsa nkhondo kuposa kuyiletsa, zomwe zingakhale zoopsa kwa onse. okhudzidwa.
Mwina zoopsa kwambiri kuposa zonse, kuthamangitsa kupanga zida zonse za AI kudzangowonjezera mwayi woti nkhondo zamtsogolo zitha kumenyedwa moyipa kwambiri popanda kulowererapo kwa anthu. Monga Michael Klare adanena mu a lipoti kwa bungwe la Arms Control Association, kudalira machitidwe otere kudzakulitsanso mwayi wolephera luso, komanso zisankho zolakwika zoyendetsedwa ndi AI zomwe zingapangitse kuphana kosakonzekera ndi kupanga zisankho popanda kulowererapo kwa anthu. Kusokonekera koopsa kwa machitidwe odzilamulira oterowo kungangowonjezera kuthekera kwa nkhondo yanyukiliya.
Zingakhale zotheka kulimbikitsanso chidwi cha Pentagon techno-chidwi mwa kuchepetsa chitukuko cha mitundu ya machitidwe omwe akufotokozedwa m'mawu a Hicks, pamene akupanga malamulo apadziko lonse amsewu okhudza chitukuko chawo chamtsogolo ndi kutumizidwa. Koma nthawi yoti tiyambirenso kukankhira mmbuyo motsutsana ndi "techno-revolution" ina yolakwika tsopano, nkhondo yodzidzimutsa isanachitike ikuwonjezera ngozi yapadziko lonse lapansi. Kugogomezera zida zatsopano pazokambirana zaukadaulo ndi zisankho zanzeru zandale ndi njira yobweretsera tsoka m'zaka zikubwerazi. Payenera kukhala njira yabwinoko.
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