Source: Mu Nthawi Izi
Kuchotsedwa kwa US ku Afghanistan, patatha zaka 20 zankhanza, ziyenera kukhala chiyambi chabe. United States iyeneranso kuthetsa "Nkhondo Yachigawenga" yowopsa, kuphatikiza kampeni yophulitsa mabomba yomwe ikulunjika ku Somalia ndi Yemen. Ndipo ikuyeneranso kuyimitsa zilango zankhanza motsutsana ndi Cuba, Venezuela, Iran ndi mayiko ena ku Global South.
Koma sikokwanira kungoyimitsa zovutazo: United States iyeneranso kukonza. Izi zikutanthauza kulipira malipiro kwa anthu a ku Iraq, Afghanistan ndi mayiko ena omwe adawalanda ndi kuwadyera masuku pamutu, ndikupereka chitetezo kwa nzika zonse za mayiko omwe akuthawa chifukwa cha chiwonongeko ndi kusokonezeka kwa United States.
Zowopsa sizingakhale zokulirapo. Mtengo wonse wankhondo waku US pazaka 20 zapitazi ndi wokwera kwambiri. Mtengo Wankhondo, a Brown University Watson Institute of International and Public Affairs project, posachedwapa anayerekezera kuti pambuyo pa 9/11 nkhondo zaku US zapha anthu pakati pa 897,000 ndi 929,000 ku Afghanistan, Pakistan, Iraq, Syria, Yemen ndi mayiko ena kuyambira 2001. Chiwerengero chenicheni chingakhale chokwera kwambiri: Phunziro limodzi Opinion Research Group akuyerekeza kuti ma Iraqi opitilira 1 miliyoni amwalira chifukwa cha nkhondo ya Iraq kuyambira pomwe US โโidawukira ku 2003.
Kuphulitsa mabomba
Mu 2007, Purezidenti wakale George W. Bush adayambitsa kampeni yowombera ndege ku Somalia, ndipo kuyambira pamenepo osachepera 254 adalengeza kuti US yachitika mdzikolo. Airwars, yomwe idatenga ntchito yojambulira ma airstrikes kuchokera ku Bureau of Investigative Journalism mu 2019, ziwerengero kuti paliponse pakati pa 70 mpaka 143 imfa za anthu wamba ku Somalia ndi zotsatira za 31 US zochita zosiyana pakati pa 2007 ndi 2021, 18 mpaka 21 mwa ana amenewo. Asitikali aku US amangovomereza anthu asanu mwa anthu wamba omwe adaphedwa, ena onsewo sakudziwika kapena akuti "zosatsimikizirika. "
Ulamuliro wapano wapitiliza kampeni yoopsayi. Pa Julayi 20, asitikali aku US adachita zake ndege yoyamba ku Somalia pansi pa Biden, otsatidwa ndi ndege ina masiku atatu okha pambuyo pake, chizindikiro chakuti nkhondo yosadziwika idzapitirizabe kupha miyoyo.
Ntchito za "kuthana ndi uchigawenga" zaku US zidayamba ku Yemen ku 2009 (ngakhale panali mabomba ena kale), asitikali aku US ndi CIA adayambitsa ziwonetsero mdzikolo. Kuyambira pamenepo, dzikolo lawona kuti mwina anthu opitilira 100 afa chifukwa cha ziwopsezo zandege za US zokha. Asitikali aku US amangovomereza kuti anthu 13 afa, malinga ndi Airwars.
Komabe, anthu ambiri ophedwa ku Yemen ndi zotsatira za mabomba a Saudi-coalition, omwe adayamba mu 2015 ndipo amathandizidwa ndi kuthandizidwa ndi nzeru za US, komanso kugulitsa zida. Pambuyo pa ziwopsezo za 23,470, zomwe zimakhala ndi ziwopsezo zingapo, anthu pafupifupi 10,000 adavulala ndipo pafupifupi 9,000 adafa chifukwa cha kampeni yotsogozedwa ndi Saudi.
Mu February 2021, Biden adalengeza kuti United States ithetsa kuthandizira ku Yemen komanso kuthandiza Saudi Arabia "kuteteza ulamuliro wake" ku "ziopsezo zochokera kumagulu operekedwa ndi Iran." Komabe, a kulengeza sikunabwere ndi mapulani olimba adagawana ndi Congress, ndipo olamulira a Biden alephera kugawana zambiri kapena mapulani osiyanitsa pakati pa chithandizo chokhumudwitsa ndi chodzitchinjiriza.
Kuphulika kwa mabomba ku Somalia ndi Yemen ndi nsonga chabe ya madzi oundana. Kutengera ndi chidziwitso chankhondo chaku US, Airwars adatsimikiza kuti United States yachita zosachepera 91,340 airstrikes kuyambira pamenepo 9/11 mu โWar on Terrorโ yapadziko lonse lapansi. Chiwerengero chonse cha anthu wamba omwe amwalira chifukwa cha ziwopsezo za ndege zaku US akuti ndi 22,679 koma atha kukwera mpaka 48,308. Zomwe zasonkhanitsidwa kuchokera ku ntchito za US ku Afghanistan kuyambira 2006, Iraq kuchokera ku 2003 mpaka 2013, Iraq ndi Syria kuchokera ku 2014 mpaka 2021, Libya kuyambira 2012, komanso kampeni yachinsinsi ya drone ku Pakistan, Somalia ndi Yemen. Chiwopsezo chambiri cha anthu wamba ndichokwera kwambiri chifukwa cha zomwe zachitika chifukwa cha kuphulitsa kwa mabomba ku US ndi zochitika zina zankhondo m'maderawa.
Bajeti yowonongeka
Ngakhale atachotsa asitikali ku Afghanistan, bajeti yankhondo yaku US ikupitilizabe kukula. Gulu la alonda Zolemba za Public Citizen kuti olamulira a Biden adapemphadi chiwonjezeko cha 1.7% cha ndalama zonse zankhondo - pamtengo wokwanira $753 biliyoni, chiwonjezeko chomwe chikufanana ndi kukwera kwa mitengo. Ngakhale mamembala ena a Congress amakana kuwononga ndalama zambiri zankhondo, 14 House Democrats posachedwa idagwirizana ndi aku Republican kuti awonjezere pempholi pafupifupi. $ 25 biliyoni. Chifukwa chachikulu chowonongera ndalama zambiri ndi kusamvana komwe kukuchulukirachulukira China.
Sara Kate Baudhuin wa Public Citizen adazindikira kuti bajeti yomwe idafunsidwa ya dipatimenti yachitetezo ikhala yokulirapo kuposa bajeti yamaofesi a State, Justice, Health and Human Services, Education, Transportation, and Environmental Protection Agency. kuphatikiza. Pamutu wandalama zachitetezo, polojekiti ya Brown University ya Costs of War idanenanso Pentagon yawononga $ 14 thililiyoni za ndalama za boma kuyambira 2001 mpaka 2021. Gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu mpaka theka la chiwerengerochi linapita ku makampani asanu a zida: Lockheed Martin, Boeing, General Dynamics, Raytheon ndi Northrup Grumman. Investments mu chitetezo katundu ndi tsopano ofunika pafupifupi 10 nthawi zomwe zinali pamene nkhondo ya ku Afghanistan inayamba. Public Citizen idanena izi kuti ndi chiyani, Kunena kuti ""Wopambana" yekha pa nkhondo ya Afghanistan anali mafakitale ankhondo.
Bajeti yomwe a Biden akufuna idapereka $ 15.2 miliyoni pa "Njira Yodzidzimutsa Yoyenda Panyanja," chida chanyukiliya Biden mwiniwakeyo adachitcha "lingaliro loyipa" panthawi ya kampeni yake. Zolingazo ndi zotsalira za kayendetsedwe ka Trump ndipo, ngakhale a Biden akanatha kuimitsa, olamulira ake asankha kusunga ntchitoyi ndikuwonjezera zomwe Kingston Reif, mkulu wa ndondomeko zochepetsera zida ndi kuchepetsa ziwopsezo ku Arms Control Association, akufotokoza kuti Asilikali aku US"zida za nyukiliya zomwe zikukula kale.โ Center for Arms Control and Non-proliferation kuyitana polojekiti"njira yotsika mtengo yothetsera vuto lomwe silinakhalepo." Zinali kuchotsedwa ndi Komiti Yachigawo ya House Defense Appropriations.
Bajeti yokhazikika ndikupitilira ndalama zonse zankhondo pa "War on Terror." The Institute of Policy Studies adawunikiranso zambiri za Office of Management ndi Budget zomwe zikupezeka pagulu, ponena kuti United States yawononga $21 thililiyoni pankhondo zakunja ndi zapakhomo, kuyang'anira, ndi kuponderezana pakati pa zaka za federal za 2002 mpaka 2021.
Ufumu wapadziko lonse
Panthawiyi, United States imasunga magulu ankhondo padziko lonse lapansi.
Mamapu ankhondo aku US sapezeka mosavuta ndipo maziko ambiri amasungidwa mwachinsinsi. Palinso malo ambiri ogwirizana ndi asitikali omwe amakhala ndi zida zaku US, koma samatengedwa ngati "maziko aku US". David Vine, katswiri wa chikhalidwe cha anthu ku American University, anati United States ikhoza kukhala ndi "malo ankhondo 800 m'maiko opitilira 70 ndi madera akunja."
Mu 2007, United States idakhazikitsa US Africa Command (AFRICOM). Kuyambira pamenepo, Kupezeka kwa asitikali aku US ku kontinentiyi kudawonjezeka kuchokera pa anthu 2,600 kufika pa 7,000 pofika chaka cha 2019. Kukhalapo kwa asilikali kudzera m'malo ovomerezeka ndi osavomerezeka kumadutsa kontinenti kuchokera kumphepete mwa nyanja kupita kumphepete mwa nyanja. The Pewani, akunena mbiri ya Pentagon, idawulula kuti, pofika chaka cha 2019, panali maziko 29 otsimikizika kudutsa mayiko 15 kapena madera osiyanasiyana mkati mwa "dera laudindo" la AFRICOM, lomwe limakhudza mayiko onse kudera lonselo kupatula Egypt.
Mu 2017, zidawululidwa kuti ma commandos aku US akugwira nawo ntchito zankhondo, ngakhale AFRICOM imati amangopereka "upangiri ndi chithandizo."
US Indo-Pacific Command (INDOPACOM), yomwe ili ndi "dera laudindo" kumadera ambiri aku East Asia ndi Pacific Island, idafunsa Congress. kwa $27 biliyoni mu ndalama zowonjezera pakati pa 2022 ndi 2027. Ndalamazo zimayenera "kulimbikitsa chitetezo ku China," monga News Defense ikani izo, ndi zida zatsopano zoponya, chitetezo cha ndege, ma radar, malo osungira katundu, magawo oyesera, ndi zina zambiri. Madera aku Pacific Ocean ndi akuvutikabe kuchokera ku zotsalira za kuyesa kwa zida za nyukiliya za US, pamene United States ikupitirizabe kulimbana ndi China.
Maukonde a maziko a kutsidya kwa nyanja sikuti amangopanga kukhalapo kovulaza, komanso mwachangu kumapangitsa kuti mikangano ndi nkhondo zitheke. Katswiri wina dzina lake David Vine, mโbuku lake United States of War, akufotokoza kuti nkhondo yachiลตiri ya padziko lonse itatha, dziko la United States lakhala ndi โmphamvu zankhondo zosayerekezereka ndi gulu lankhondo losayerekezeka ndi dziko lonse lapansi.โ Asilikali atumizidwa padziko lonse lapansi m'malo abwino, okonzeka kupititsa patsogolo zofuna za US zachuma, ndale ndi zankhondo poopseza ziwawa.
Zosankhidwa
Pakadali pano, dziko la United States likupitilizabe kumenya nkhondo zamtundu wina monga zilango zomwe zikulimbana ndi Cuba, Venezuela, Iran ndi mayiko ena ku Global South.
Zilango za US motsutsana ndi Cuba zidayamba mu 1960s. Mu 1992, ndi Torricelli Act, apurezidenti a US adapeza mphamvu zoletsa mayiko omwe adathandizira Cuba ndikuletsa mabungwe akunja amakampani aku US kuchita malonda ndi Cuba. Mu June 2021, chiwerengero cha Maiko 184 adavota mokomera za chigamulo chofuna kutha kwa kutsekeka kwachuma ku US ku Cuba - ndi United States ndi Israel zokha zomwe zidavotera. Kuperewera kwa zakudya ndi mankhwala kuli ponseponse; izi zathandizira kuti chipwirikiti chikuphulika dziko lonse. Chilumbachi chakumana nacho kusowa kwa chakudya koipitsitsa mu zaka 25. Kampani yaku Cuba yolowetsa zakudya, yomwe ndiyofunikira chifukwa imatumiza 70% mpaka 80% yazakudya zake, inanena kuti idataya $45 miliyoni chifukwa siyikanatha kuchita nawo malonda achindunji ndi mabanki aku US. Ngakhale United States imalola mwaukadaulo kugulitsa chakudya ku Cuba, kukhwimitsa zilango zachuma kulepheretsa Kutha kwa Cuba kupeza chakudya chokwanira.
Akuluakulu aku US nthawi zambiri amanena kuti thandizo lothandizira anthu silingalandire chilango. Komabe, kukhululukidwa kothandiza anthu sikuthandiza kwenikweni. Ngakhale mankhwala ndi zida zamankhwala zitha kuloledwa mwaukadaulo kuti zitumizidwe ku Cuba, zoletsa zambiri ndi zotchinga zapangitsa "kuletsedwa kwenikweni kwachipatala ndi chithandizo china," chowonadi ndi chakuti American Association for World Health anafotokoza mu 1997 zomwe zikupitilira mpaka lero. Mikhalidwe yomwe imayang'anira njira yoperekera ziphaso, panthawiyi, kupanga kutumiza kunja kumakhala kovuta kwambiri.
Ponena za Venezuela, chiletso chamafuta chinayikidwa pansi lipenga ndi kusungidwa pansi Biden, zakhala zovulaza kwambiri, popeza dzikolo limalandira 90% ya ndalama zake kuchokera kumakampani amafuta. Monga Cuba, Venezuela zochokera kunja Chakudya chake chochuluka, komanso kugwa kwamafuta amafuta kwadzetsa kutsika kwandalama komanso kuchepa kwa chakudya chochokera kunja. Kuchepa kwa zakudya zochokera kunja chifukwa cha zilango zapangitsa kuti kuperewera kwa zakudya m'thupi kuchuluke m'zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi zapitazi, ndi Anthu 2.5 miliyoni aku Venezuela akusowa chakudya.
Dziko la United States lakhala likuikanso zilango zachuma ku Iran, mosiyanasiyana, kuyambira 1979. Mu 2018, olamulira a Trump adakoka dziko la United States mosagwirizana ndi mgwirizano wa nyukiliya wa Iran, wotchedwa Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA). , ndipo adakhazikitsanso zomwe adazitcha "maximum pressure" chilango ku Iran. Ulamuliro mwachinsinsi avomerezedwa kuti zilangozo zidapangitsa kuti anthu azivutika kuyambitsa ziwonetsero. Zilango zambiri za nthawi ya Trump zidakalipobe.
Ngakhale zilango zaku US sizimachotsa mankhwala ndi zida zamankhwala, kuopa zilango zachiwiri kwasiya mayiko ambiri omwe amapanga mankhwala ofunikira ku Iran atalephera kupeza mabanki omwe ali okonzeka kuvomereza kuti zinthu zipite ku Iran. Zilango zolimba kwambiri pazachuma ku Iran zakwanitsa pafupifupi zosatheka kugulitsa zinthu izi. Ngakhale dziko la Iran limapanga 97% yamankhwala omwe amafunikira, 3% yomwe idatumiza kale kumayiko ena imaphatikizapo chithandizo chofunikira cha matenda akulu ngati khansa. Covid-19 yawononganso dzikolo, ndipo anthu opitilira 115,000 afa kuchokera February 2020 mpaka pakati pa Seputembara 2021, ndipo madotolo aku Iran achenjeza kuti zilango zapangitsa kuti zotsatira zake zikhale zovuta kwambiri.
Natasha Hakimi Zapata, kulemba chifukwa Mu Nthawi Zino, ikudzudzula dziko la United States chifukwa choika zilango ku mayiko khumi ndi awiri "kuchokera ku Balkan kupita ku Zimbabwe" kuyambira 2021. Boma la Biden lasungabe zilango zokhwima ku Nicaragua, Venezuela, Sudan, ndi Ukraine kuyambira nthawi ya Trump, zilango zowonjezera ku Cuba, Iran, China, Syria ndi Russia, komanso zilango zatsopano ku Balkan, Belarus ndi Burma.
Ngakhale kuchotsedwa kwa asitikali aku US ku Afghanistan ndi gawo loyamba lofunikira pothetsa ziwawa zaku US, zambiri sizikudziwikabe za kuchuluka kwa kuukira kwa US komanso kukhala kwa zaka 20.
Malalai Joya, womenyera ufulu wa amayi ndi ufulu wachibadwidwe komanso phungu wakale wa Nyumba Yamalamulo ku Afghanistan, adauza Demokarase Tsopano! mu Julayi, "Kwa zaka zambiri ndakhala ndikuyitanitsa kuti ntchito zakunja zichoke m'dziko lathu ... mtengo kwa iwo.โ
Kuphatikiza pa kufunafuna chitetezo kwa omwe akuthawa kuti apulumutse miyoyo yawo ndikubwezera anthu aku Afghanistan komanso Iraq, ndi nthawi yothetsa nkhondo zonse zaku US, kutseka mabwalo onse ankhondo aku US, ndikuthetsa zigawenga zaku US ndi zilango zomwe zimakhudza anthu ambiri. anthu ku Global South. Tikufuna gulu lolimbikitsidwa lolimbana ndi nkhondo lomwe limatsogozedwa ndikutsatira malangizo kuchokera kwa anthu amitundu ndi omwe akuvulazidwa mwachindunji ndi nkhondo zaku US komanso zankhondo. Anthu aku Global South sangakwanitsenso kumenya nkhondo ndi ziwawa zaku US. Zili pa ife kuyimitsa.
[AZADEH SHAHSHAHANI ndi mkulu wa zamalamulo ndi zolimbikitsa anthu ku Project South komanso pulezidenti wakale wa National Lawyers Guild. Iye tweets @ashahshahani]
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