M'buku lake la 2001, Ogwira Ntchito Pakhomo: Kukwera kwa 'Mlendo Wosaloledwa' ndi Kukonzanso kwa malire a US-Mexico (Routledge), a Joseph Nevins adayang'ana kwambiri zoyeserera za Clinton Administration zokulitsa chitetezo kumalire a U.S.-Mexico.
Bukuli likuwonetsa momwe cholinga chochepetsera anthu osamukira kudziko lina US pokankhira anthu osamukira ku “makonde a m’tauni” kupita kumadera akutali kunangopangitsa kuwolokako kukhala kowopsa, motero kunathandizira kufa kosafunikira kwa anthu osauka a ku Mexico ndi ku Central America. Zinawonetsanso kuti m'mbuyomu mpaka 1970s, kuyenda pakati Mexico ndi US sinali nkhani ya dziko.
Buku latsopano la Nevins, Kufa Kuti Ukhale ndi Moyo: Nkhani ya U.S. Immigration In An Age of Global Apartheid(City Lights Publishers, 2008), akupitiriza kufufuza kwake koyambirira kwa ndondomeko zamalire, koma amawunikira umunthu wake poyang'ana nkhani yomvetsa chisoni ya bambo wina wabanja, Julio Cesar Gallegos, yemwe anamwalira ndi amuna ena asanu ndi mtsikana m'modzi mu 1998. ku Southern California's Imperial Valley Desert.
Julio, ngakhale kuti mwaukadaulo “wosaloledwa,” anali kukhala ndi kugwira ntchito East Los Angeles kuyambira 1993. Banja lina mwadzidzidzi linachititsa kuti Julio abwerere kumudzi kwawo kuchigawo chapakati Mexico; anali kuyesa kubwerera kuchokera kumeneko kwa mkazi wake wa ku L.A., a US nzika, ndi mwana wawo wamng’ono, pamene anamwalira iye ndi anzake omwe ankayenda nawo. Pamene mtembo wake unapezeka unali utayikidwa mumming'oma unkawoneka ngati wapsa.
Kufa Kukhala ndi Moyo Zolumikizana mozama za mbiri yakusamuka ku Mexico kupita ku US ndi nkhani ya zovuta za banja la Gallegos. Nevins akuwonetsa mbiri yakuzunza kwatsankho komanso kuzunza anthu aku Mexico ku Mexico. US, ndikugogomezera gawo lomwe lidakhala gawo la zigawo khumi (Texas, Arizona, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Wyoming, Colorado, Kansas, Utah, Nevadandipo California) idaphatikizidwa mu US pambuyo pokha Washington kuukiridwa ndi kukhala Mexico City.
Nevins akuwulula ziwanda zotentha za alendo zomwe zakhala zikulamulira US ndale kuyambira pa September 11, 2001 kuukira kwa Al Qaeda. Mwa mawu osokoneza omwe atchulidwa ndi mawu a 2006 ochokera kwa Congressman Tom Tancredo wa Colorado (yemwe adapikisana nawo pa chisankho chapurezidenti waku Republican wa 2008): "Ambiri omwe amadutsa malire ndi antchito. Koma pakati pawo pali anthu amene akubwera kudzapha iwe ndi ine ndi ana ako.
Chowonadi ndi chakuti anthu omwe akuphedwa ndi anthu osauka a ku Latino. Kuyambira pakati pa zaka za m’ma 1990, mitembo yoposa 5,000 ya anthu osamukasamuka yapezedwa m’malire a U.S.-Mexico.
Mosiyana ndi zomwe Fox News adachita, anthuwa sanali kubwera US ngakhale. Anali kuthawa dongosolo lazachuma limene linawapusitsa. Pomwe Clinton adathandizira Pangano la Ufulu Wamalonda ku North America (NAFTA) idagulitsidwa m'zaka za m'ma 1990 ngati mgwirizano wolimbikitsa kukula womwe "ukhoza kukweza mabwato onse," nthawi yasonyeza kuti phindu NAFTAzopangira mabizinesi akuluakulu sizinapezeke kwa anthu osauka ndi apakati kumbali zonse za malire.
M’mafunso aposachedwapa, Nevins anatchulapo kafukufuku wa Carnegie Endowment for International Peace omwe anapeza kuti “pakati pa zaka 1994 ndi 2002, alimi pafupifupi 1.3 miliyoni a ku Mexico kapena ogwira ntchito m’mafamu anasamutsidwa m’nyumba zawo chifukwa cha kusoŵa kwa malonda komwe kunadzetsa kwambiri. NAFTA. "
Nevins anafunsa kuti, “Kodi anthuwa amapita kuti? Chabwino, iwo akhoza kuyesa kupita ku mizinda ya Mexico, koma lonjezo la NAFTA kukulitsa kwambiri kukula kwa mafakitale Mexico sanawonekere. Kufikira momwe zinakhalira kulikonse, zinali m'madera amalire, koma sizinapangidwe mokwanira. Ndipo nthawi yomweyo, ambiri mwa maquiladoras awa, mafakitale, akusamukira China, kotero amatha kubwera kumalo ngati New York City, Oakland, California kapena madera akumidzi a Wisconsin. "
Mawu a Nevins akuphatikizidwa ndi zithunzi zamphamvu za Mizue Aizeki, zomwe zimatsindika umunthu wofunikira wa anthu osauka omwe akukhudzidwa ndi xenophobic. US ndondomeko zankhondo zamalire. Bukhuli ndi njira yabwino yothetsera mawu a chidani omwe amamveka usana ndi usiku pa wayilesi yakumanja ya AM. Ikuwonetsa mwaluso kufunikira kwa mgwirizano ndi anthu osauka omwe amalipira mtengo wopangira mabizinesi m'zaka zapakati. NAFTA ndi mapangano ena olakwika otchedwa “free trade”.
###
Kufa Kukhala ndi Moyo: Nkhani ya US Immigration mu Age of Global Apartheid
by Joseph Nevins, kujambulidwa ndi Mizue Aizeki
Tsegulani Mabuku a Media Series/ City Lights
zolemba zomwe zalembedwa apa: http://www.citylights.com/book/?GCOI=87286100601600
www.citylights.com
ZNetwork imalandira ndalama kudzera mu kuwolowa manja kwa owerenga ake.
Ndalama