Zaka 30 zapitazo, pa Epulo 1975, XNUMX, nkhondo ya US yolimbana ndi Vietnam pamapeto pake inatha ndi chigonjetso cha magulu ankhondo omasula dziko. Pambuyo pazaka zambiri zolimbana ndi kulowererapo kwa France ndi US, Vietnam idadziyimira pawokha komanso pamtendere.
Anthu mamiliyoni ambiri aku America adagwira nawo ntchito zotsutsana ndi nkhondo m'zaka za m'ma 1960 ndi kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 70. Pamodzi ndi mabungwe omenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe, zolimbikitsa izi zidasintha ndale mdziko muno. Zinapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kwa olamulira aku US kumenya nkhondo zapamtunda mpaka nkhondo za Persian Gulf. Masiku ano pamene US ikulipira nthawi imodzi ndi nkhondo zankhondo m'mayiko angapo, maphunziro a nkhondo ya Vietnam akuwukiridwa kuposa kale.
US Department of Defense ili ndi a webusaiti kukumbukira zaka 50 chiyambireni nkhondo ya Vietnam. Podzipereka ku mbiri yoyera, zolinga za webusaitiyi ndi, "kuwunikira kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo, sayansi, ndi zamankhwala zokhudzana ndi kafukufuku wankhondo zomwe zidachitika pankhondo ya Vietnam." Munthu amadabwa ngati kupita patsogolo kumeneku kukuphatikiza kupanga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito napalm, Agent Orange ndi zida zina zomwe zidapha mamiliyoni a anthu aku Vietnamese pamodzi ndi asitikali ankhondo aku US. Ankhondo a Mtendere, ndi mamembala ake ambiri omwe adamenya nawo nkhondo ku Vietnam, akulimbana ndi mbiri yokonzanso izi ngakhale kampeni idatchedwa Vietnam Yodziwika Kwambiri.
A DoD ndi ena akugwira ntchito molimbika kuti abise mbiri ya Nkhondo ya Vietnam chifukwa akufuna kutsutsa mosabisa mawu osavomerezeka a US ndikupatsa Pentagon dzanja lomasuka pomenya nkhondo zamtsogolo. Amafuna kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zathu zambiri zamisonkho pa zida zankhondo ndi zida zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pankhondo zawo. Ndi nthano zotani zomwe ufulu ukuyesera kufalitsa za nkhondo ya Vietnam?
Mkulu wa gulu lankhondo la US Air Force yemwe adatumikira ku Vietnam adauza msilikali wina wotsutsana ndi nkhondo posachedwa kuti US ikadapambana ngati ikanadzipereka kuti ipambane. Panthawi yankhondo, General Curtis LeMay adanenanso kuti US ikhoza kuphulitsa Vietnam "kubwerera m'mibadwo yamwala." Ngakhale kuti dziko la US silinagwiritse ntchito bomba la atomiki chifukwa cha kukakamizidwa kwa mayiko, lidachita zonse zochepa, kutumizira zida zamlengalenga ndi zapansi kuposa zomwe zinagwiritsidwa ntchito mu nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse.
Ngakhale kuti nkhondo ya US inali yaikulu, asilikali a Vietnamese adapambana chifukwa anali ndi chithandizo cha anthu. Kugwiritsa ntchito zida zambiri zankhondo zaku US ndi asitikali zikadatalikitsa nkhondoyo komanso kuphana, koma sizikanasintha zotsatira zake. Anthu ochita zinthu mwadongosolo komanso odzipereka kuti apeze ufulu wawo sangagonjetsedweโphunziro limene boma la United States silinaphunzirepo poyendetsa ntchito zake zapadziko lonse.
Shibboleth ina ya ufulu ndikuti US idachita nkhondo "yolemekezeka" ku Vietnam ndikuphwanya ufulu wachibadwidwe wa anthu monga kupha anthu ku My Lai. The Kufufuza kwa Msilikali wa Zima, yoyendetsedwa ndi Veteran ku Vietnam mu 1971, adalemba momvetsa chisoni kuchuluka kwa kupha anthu, kuzunzidwa kwa anthu wamba ndi ziwawa zina zankhondo zomwe zidachitika kwa anthu aku Vietnam.
Kuchitira umboni pamaso pa Congress pa Epulo 22, 1971, John Kerry, yemwe anali woimira VVAW, analankhula za โmilandu yankhondo yomwe inachitika ku Southeast Asia, osati zochitika zapadera, koma zolakwa zomwe zimachitika tsiku ndi tsiku ndikuzindikira kwathunthu kwa apolisi m'magulu onse ankhondo. lamula.โ Iye anapitiriza kufotokoza umboni wa asilikali anzake omwe ankamenyana nawo nkhondo, omwe, โankagwiririra, kudula makutu, kudula mitu, mawaya a mafoni a mโmanja kupita ku maliseche a munthu ndi kutulutsa mphamvu, kudula miyendo, kuphulitsa matupi, kuwomberedwa mwachisawawa. kwa anthu wamba, midzi yowonongeka m'mafashoni monga Genghis Khan, kuwombera ng'ombe ndi agalu kuti asangalale, chakudya chakupha, ndipo nthawi zambiri anawononga midzi ya South Vietnam kuphatikizapo kuwononga nkhondo, komanso kuwononga kwachibadwa komanso makamaka komwe kumachitika. ndi mphamvu yophulitsa mabomba ya dziko lino.โ
Ndi Nick Turse buku lolembedwa bwino pofotokoza zankhanza zaku US ku Vietnam, Iphani Chilichonse Chimene Chimangoyamba: Nkhondo Yeniyeni ya ku America ku Vietnam ndi nkhani yaposachedwa ya milandu yankhondo yomwe Kerry adachitira umboni. Bukuli mosadabwitsa lawukiridwa ndi akatswiri azamalamulo.
Zogwirizana ndi kuyeretsedwa kwa milandu yankhondo yaku US ndikukana momwe kusankhana mitundu ku US kudayambitsira nkhondo ku Vietnam. General William Westmoreland, wamkulu wa nyenyezi zinayi yemwe anali woyang'anira ntchito zonse zankhondo zaku US kuyambira 1964 mpaka 1968, adati, "Oriental samayika mtengo wokwera pa moyo ngati waku Western. Moyo ndi wochuluka. Moyo ngwotsika mtengo kumaiko a Kummaลตa.โ
Anthu a ku Vietnam adatchulidwa ndi "zigawenga" zatsankho ndipo kupha anthu wamba kunali koyenera ndi "lamulo lokhalokha" lomwe linanena kuti imfa ya munthu aliyense wa ku Vietnam, kuphatikizapo amayi ndi ana, inali yolondola. Masiku ano, tsankho lomwe limachitikira Aluya ndi Asilamu m'maiko omwe US โโakuukira ndikulanda ndipo kunyumba kwawo kumafanana ndi tsankho monga momwe apolisi amapha amuna akuda m'mizinda ya US.
Mwina chotopa kwambiri pa nthano zonse zomwe ufulu ukuyesera kupitiriza ndikuti zochita za otsutsa nkhondo zimanyoza asilikali a US. Izi zikugwirizana ndi nthano yakuti asilikali a US omwe ankabwerera kuchokera ku Vietnam ankalavuliridwa nthawi zonse ndi otsutsa nkhondo. Asilikali omwe amamenya nawo nkhondo zosaloledwa ndi zachiwerewere amapindula kwambiri ndi magulu odana ndi nkhondo (omwe nthawi zambiri amawatsogolera pobwerera). Kuthetsa nkhondo za US kulowererapo kumapulumutsa miyoyo ya anthu kunja komanso miyoyo ya asilikali athu.
Asilikali omwe abwera kuchokera kunkhondo zaku US samanyozedwa ndi mayendedwe odana ndi nkhondo, koma ndi kunyalanyaza mosasamala za ubwino wawo wosonyezedwa ndi boma la US lomwe limakana kupereka chithandizo chokwanira, kukonzanso ndi ntchito. Kuwonongeka kwa chiwawa cha nkhondo zopanda chilungamo kumawonekeranso patapita nthawi yaitali nkhondoyo itatha ndipo kuposa magulu ankhondo ndi mabanja awo. Seymour Hersh, mtolankhani yemwe adalemba za kuphedwa kwa My Lai, adauza Amy Goodman wa Democracy Tsopano pamene iye analankhula ndi mayi amene mwana wake wamwamuna anachita nawo mbandayo, iye anamuuza kuti, โNdinawapatsa iwo mwana wabwino, ndipo anandibwezera ine wakupha.โ
Phunziro lomaliza lomwe likusokonezedwa ndi okonzanso ndikutsutsa kwawo kuti nkhondoyi yatha kalekale ndipo ndi mbiri yakale. Ndipotu nkhondo sizidzatha mpaka amene anavulazidwa nazo atalandira chilungamo ndi malipiro. Nkhondo yaku Vietnam idapha anthu mamiliyoni anayi aku Vietnamese ndi 58,000 aku America. Koma nkhondo ikupitilizabe mwa omwe akuvutikabe ndi cholowa chake chosaphulika komanso Agent Orange, chida chamankhwala chodzaza ndi dioxin.
Agent Orange amayambitsa khansa ndi matenda ena komanso zilema zowopsa za kubadwa mwa ana ndi zidzukulu za omwe awululidwa. Boma la US lachita zochepa kwambiri kuti lithandizire anthu aku Vietnamese kapena aku Vietnamese-America omwe adawululidwa. Pamene asilikali a ku United States adamenyera nkhondo ndikupindula ndi chipukuta misozi kuchokera ku Veterans Administration, ana a asilikali a US omwe ali ndi zilema chifukwa cha kubadwa kwa Agent Orange samalandira chithandizo chilichonse. Pofuna kuthana ndi izi, Woimira Barbara Lee akuyambitsa Act Victims of Agent Orange Relief Act ya 2015 kuti apereke chithandizo chamankhwala, kukonzanso ndi anthu kwa mibadwo ingapo ya Vietnamese ndi America akuvutika ndi matenda ndi olumala. The Vietnam Agent Orange Relief & Udindo Wogwira Ntchito ikugwira ntchito yolimbikitsa anthu kuti athandizire thandizo la US kwa ozunzidwa kuti achize mabala ankhondo.
Progressives amalimbikitsanso nthano zankhondo. Chimodzi chomwe ena mwa ife amachirikiza ndikuwonetsa gulu lodana ndi nkhondo ngati gulu la ophunzira loyera makamaka ndi kusadziwa udindo wotsogolera wakuda ndi mayendedwe ena amtundu. Ngakhale ophunzira adachitapo gawo lofunikira, udindo wobwezera odana ndi nkhondo, omenyera nkhondo aku Vietnamese-America, komanso mayendedwe amitundu anali ofunikira.
Zolankhula za Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. mu 1967, Pambuyo pa Vietnam, inathandiza kusintha maganizo a anthu ku United States polimbana ndi nkhondo. Ngakhale Dr. King asanakhalepo, Southern Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) inatuluka motsutsana ndi nkhondo ku 1965 monga momwe Malcolm X. Muhammed Ali adataya mutu wake wolemetsa ndipo adaweruzidwa chifukwa chokana kumenyana ku Vietnam. Ngakhale kuti panali nkhani zofalitsa za kuphedwa kwa a National Guard kwa otsutsa nkhondo azungu opanda zida ku Kent State, chidwi chachikulu chinaperekedwa pa kuphedwa kwa ophunzira akuda odana ndi nkhondo ku Jackson State. Anthu aku Vietnamese-America, makamaka Union of Vietnamese ku US, adatenga gawo lofunikira pakuwunika zomwe zidachitika ku Vietnam ngakhale nthawi zambiri amatsatiridwa pamisonkhano ina kuopa kuti angadziwike kuti ndi "mdani." Gulu lankhondo lankhondo lankhondo, motsogozedwa ndi Vietnam Veterans Against the War, lidabweretsa kukhulupilika kwakukulu komanso maziko ogwirira ntchito ku gulu lodana ndi nkhondo. Kuwona ndikupereka mawu kwa iwo omwe adapangadi gulu lodana ndi nkhondo ndikofunikira ngati tikufuna kumanga gulu lamphamvu komanso lopambana lothana ndi nkhondo masiku ano.
Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. panthaลตi ina anatcha United States, โchinthu chochititsa chiwawa kwambiri padziko lonse.โ Iye ananena kuti โdziko limene limapitirizabe kuwononga ndalama zambiri chaka ndi chaka pachitetezo cha asilikali kusiyana ndi kuchita zinthu zolimbikitsa anthu, likuyandikira imfa yauzimu.โ
Pamene tikukondwerera chaka cha 40 cha mtendere ndi ufulu wodzilamulira ku Vietnam, nkofunika kuti tibweretse maphunziro osasokonezeka ndi owona za nkhondo pamene tikumanga gulu lothetsa nkhondo zachiwawa ndikuyika chuma chathu pantchito zolimbikitsa anthu.
Merle Ratner ndi co-coordinator wa Vietnam Agent Orange Relief & Udindo Wogwira Ntchito, pulojekiti ya Veterans For Peace.
Azadeh Shahshahani ndi loya wa ufulu wachibadwidwe ku Atlanta komanso Purezidenti wa National Lawyers Guild.
ZNetwork imalandira ndalama kudzera mu kuwolowa manja kwa owerenga ake.
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