Kuzindikira mtundu uliwonse wa nkhondo chigawenga ndi chinyengo. Zimakhala zachilendo kumangirira kwa amuna omwe akugunda, kapena omwe akupereka malangizo achangu, kwinaku akunyalanyaza okonza mapulani ndi ochita zisankho, opereka ndalama, ndi omwe amapereka chithandizo chanzeru komanso chamakhalidwe. Ndipo ndithudi nkhondo zigawenga (military Chigawo [MD]) nthawi zonse amapezeka kumbali yotayika, pomwe nthawi zambiri pamakhala opambana pakati pa opambana. Kuzindikiritsa nkhondo zigawenga n'zovuta kuchita popanda mwaukali zomwe zimapangitsa khama lonse lokayikitsa.
Koma zachuma-zina zauchigawenga, lingaliro lomwelo ndi lonyansa kwa azungu kukhazikitsidwa, chifukwa likuloza malo omwe akuluakulu ake ali pachiwopsezo. Monga momwe Azungu (makamaka United States) adalimbana ndi kuphatikizira maufulu azachuma (ndi chikhalidwe) ngati ufulu wofunikira mu post World. nkhondo II mapangidwe a International Declaration of Human Rights, kotero lero amapewa mawu akuti "kalasi nkhondo" komanso kuthekera kwa chigawenga chokhudzana ndi ndondomeko ya zachuma ndi zochita zachuma payekha. Kukhazikitsidwa kwa kumadzulo kumathandizira modzipereka, kutanthauza "ufulu wachuma," kutanthauza kuti ufulu wa njala komanso kudziunjikira chuma.
Zikutanthauzanso ufulu wokhazikitsa ndale kuti achite ndondomeko zachuma zomwe zimasokoneza ndi kupha anthu ambiri, komanso ufulu wa akuluakulu amakampani kuti aziwombera, kuwononga, komanso kuzunza antchito mkati mwa malire (osinthika) a lamulo. Ufulu umenewu ndi wofunika kwambiri pa dongosololi, ndipo olankhulira chikapitalisti chamakono amawona chinyengo chilichonse chopangidwa ndi machitidwe ake ngati zinthu zosathawika za chilengedwe, monga kuwala kwa chilengedwe. Pamene tili mu Dongosolo Latsopano Ladziko Latsopano lamphamvu zamabizinesi, nkhondo zowopsa zamagulu, kugawiranso ndalama padziko lonse lapansi kukwera, kubwerera ku "Dickensian" ntchito, komanso kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe, lingaliro lachigawenga pazachuma ndilowopsa kwambiri. Kulowetsa kuyenera kukhala kokhazikika, ndipo ndi ntchito ya aluntha ku Cato, American Enterprise, Manhattan ndi mabungwe ena, ndi azachuma ku University of Chicago ndi kwina kulikonse, kuti awonjezere malire anzeru ndi makhalidwe abwino omwe angakhalepo.
Atolankhani ali ndi udindo wosunga malingaliro osasangalatsa ngati zachuma-upandu wosaoneka. Chaka chilichonse Oxfam imatulutsa zikalata zamphamvu pa umphawi wapadziko lonse lapansi komanso zotsatira zoyipa za mfundo za World Bank ndi International Monetary Fund (IMF) pa mabiliyoni osankhika padziko lapansi (chithunzi chabwino kwambiri ndi lipoti lake la 1995 The Oxfam Poverty Report), koma izi siziwunikiridwa konse. kapena ngakhale lipoti mu New York Times. Kuponderezedwa kofananako kapena kuchepetsedwa kumagwiritsidwa ntchito pazofalitsa ndi misonkhano ya Food First, Development Group for Alternative Policies, Global Exchange, PROBE International, ndi magulu ena osagwirizana, komanso ku kampeni ngati chaka chatha "Zaka makumi asanu Zakwanira" (kukondwerera 50th. chikumbutso cha World Bank).
Makasitomala amawonanso motsika kwambiri kubedwa kwakukulu kwamakasitomala akumadzulo monga Mobutu, Suharto ndi
Pothana ndi zigawenga zachuma timakumana ndi zovuta zina zomwe akatswiri ofufuza amakumana nazo pozindikira zankhondo. nkhondo zolakwa. Ndani ali "udindo" mu dongosolo lovuta la Chigawo za ntchito? Kodi timayang'ana kumbuyo kwa oyang'anira apakati ndi apamwamba kwa omwe ali ndi masheya akuluakulu ndi mabanki omwe angatchulepo? Kodi timasiya ndi atsogoleri andale omwe amapanga ndikukhazikitsa malamulo kapena timabwereranso kwa opereka ndalama pazisankho, alangizi, okonza mapulani ndi aluntha omwe amalimbikitsa ntchito zaupandu? Kuyika chizindikiro chaupandu pa anthu pawokha kumanyalanyaza zinthu zadongosolo mu izi zolakwa-zowona kuti iwo sali chabe zotsatira za momwe dongosololi limagwirira ntchito, koma kuti anthu ambiri amagawana udindo. Ndizowona kuti ena amatha kudziwika ndi mphamvu zapadera za discretionary komanso kutenga nawo mbali kwapadera nkhondo ndi zachuma nkhondo zolakwa, koma timakumanabe ndi mavuto aakulu. Zambiri pazachuma zaupandu, zomwe zimafalikira padziko lonse lapansi, ndizochepa komanso malo enieni opangira zisankho pazachuma ndi ndale ngati nthawi zambiri zimakhala zovuta kukhazikitsa. Mwachidule, kusankha kwathu kudzakhala ndi chinthu champhamvu chamwano.
Muvutikiranji pamenepo? Monga tanena kale, chifukwa chimodzi ndikuwonetsa kusakhazikika kwa kumangidwa kwa bungwe. nkhondo zolakwa kwa iwo omwe amagwirizana ndi zokondera zake ndikuyang'ana kwambiri za chiwerewere ndi nkhanza za mitundu yofunika kwambiri yazachuma. Chachiwiri ndi kutchula mayina, ndi kutchula onyoza omwe akufunsidwawo ndi dzina lawo loyenerera nkhondo chigawenga-zachuma Chigawo. Onse ndi anthu olemekezeka, olemekezeka kwambiri. Mwamuna ngati Michel Camdessus, wamkulu nkhondo chigawenga-ED yemwe amatsogolera International Monetary Fund, amadziona ngati "socialist" komanso kuchita bwino.
Economic zolakwa oyenerera chidwi amagwera m'magulu awiri: choyamba, ndi omwe amavulaza anthu ambiri pokhazikitsa ndondomeko yazachuma yomwe imathandizira anthu apamwamba padziko lonse lapansi, monga momwe amachitira ndi "mapulogalamu osintha machitidwe" a Camdessus a mayiko osauka. Mtundu wachiลตiri wa upandu ndiwo kuba kwakukulukulu, monga momwe zinachitikira Mobutu, Wachizungu anaumiriza wakuba ku Zaire, ndi Suharto ku Indonesia. Achifwamba amathandizanso kuti asamavutike, koma samachita izi mopitilira muyeso monga kuchepetsa mwachindunji GDP yomwe imapezeka kwa anthu mwakuba kwawo komanso zomwe zimachitika ndi mabizinesi akunja omwe adalipira. Chiwerengero cha nkhondo zigawenga-ED nawonso nkhondo zigawenga- MD. Mobutu ndi Suharto, kuwonjezera pa kuba, atenga nawo gawo pa kupondereza kwakukulu ndi kupha.
The Dirty Twenty
Ndithyola mndandanda wanga wa nkhondo zigawenga-ED m'magulu anayi: Atsogoleri a Boma, Oyang'anira Pakati, Amalonda, ndi Economists-Intellectuals-Advisers. Ndiphatikiza zigawenga zokha zomwe zikugwira ntchito pano, kuti a Margaret Thatcher, Carlos Salinas, Ronald Reagan ndi George Bush asaphatikizidwe, ngakhale angawonekere muakaunti ya mbiri yakale. Ndilembanso makumi awiri okha, ndi ndemanga yachidule yofotokozera, ngakhale mndandanda womwe ungakhalepo ungakhale waukulu. Ndikupempha owerenga kuti atumize zomwe awonjezera kapena zosintha pamndandanda wanga. Mwina Z Magazine iyenera kukhala ndi mndandanda wapachaka wa nkhondo zigawenga-ED, chifukwa cha kunyalanyazidwa kosayenera kwa nkhaniyi ndi ofalitsa ambiri.
Atsogoleri a boma:
1. Bill Clinton: chifukwa chakuthandizira kwake pa "kusintha" kwazachuma, chifukwa cha mfundo zake zachuma zakukula pang'onopang'ono, ndondomeko zolimba zandalama ndi zachuma, ndi kutsika. zachuma, zomwe zapangitsa kuti kusatetezeka kuchuluke komanso kugawa ndalama kusakhale kofanana paulamuliro wake. Komanso chifukwa chothandizira Yeltsin ndi "kusintha" kwa Russia, mfundo yake yaku Iraq yogwira anthu 18 miliyoni ndikumenyedwa, komanso kutsogola kwake pazandale padziko lonse lapansi komanso dongosolo lamakampani.
2. Boris Yeltsin: chifukwa cha udindo wake wopemphapempha mamiliyoni a anthu a ku Russia, potumikira gulu lachiwembu lazachuma ndi Kumadzulo.
3. General Suharto: mmodzi wa mbala zazikulu (ndi akupha misa) m'zaka za m'ma XNUMX, amene analenga "yabwino nyengo ya ndalama" mu Indonesia, ndipo chifukwa chake ankachitira ku West "zolimbitsa" ndi "modernizer."
4. Mike Harris: Mtsogoleri wamakono wa Progressive [sic] Conservative Premier waku Ontario, yemwe amasangalala kuchotsa antchito ndi anthu osauka m'misewu; chithunzithunzi cha malingaliro olondola, okhala ndi mphamvu zowongolera.
5. Sese Seko Mobutu: mwinamwake wakuba wamkulu kwambiri wazaka za zana la makumi awiri mu chiลตerengero cha zofunkha ndi GDP, ndi chuma choyerekezeredwa choposa $5 biliyoni; kukhazikitsidwa ndi kulowererapo kwa US, mothandizidwa ndi IMF ndi Banki Yadziko Lonse, komanso kukhudzidwa kwambiri ndi zonena zangongole, ngati sizofunikira zofunika za anthu ake.
6. Ernesto Zedillo: wolowa m'malo mwa Salinas monga mutu wa PRI, yemwe ali ndi udindo woyang'anira kuchepa kwakukulu kwa chuma cha Mexican chifukwa cha anthu omwe ali pansi, kuti asungire malipiro a ngongole kwa anthu omwe ali ndi ngongole ku Mexico. Komanso ndi amene amayambitsa kuponderezedwa kwa anthu wamba ndi kwawoko.
Oyang'anira Pakati:
7. Michel Camdessus: mtsogoleri wa nthawi yaitali wa IMF, yemwe mapulogalamu ake okonza mapulani abweretsa zolemetsa zazikulu kwa osauka padziko lapansi, pamene akutumikira zofuna za mabungwe apadziko lonse ndi mabanki. Camdessus ndiye amene amachititsa kuti anthu azifa kwambiri kuposa munthu aliyense kuyambira Padziko Lonse nkhondo IIโyofanana ndi neoliberal ya Adolph Eichmann.
8. Allan Greenspan: Mtsogoleri wa Reaganite wa Fed sanangoyendetsa ndondomeko yazachuma yomwe ikuyang'ana pa kutsika kwa mitengo, kukula kwapang'onopang'ono ndi gulu lalikulu la anthu osagwira ntchito, adathandizira ku S & L debacle ndi kalata yolimbikitsa ya S & L. Charles Keating, yemwe tsopano ali m'ndende chifukwa chachinyengo.
9. James Wolfensohn: mtsogoleri wosankhidwa posachedwapa wa Banki Yadziko Lonse, yemwe akupitiriza kuchita ndondomeko zake za ngongole zowononga zachilengedwe kwa madamu, kuthandizira atsogoleri monga Zedillo, Suharto ndi Yeltsin, ndi mapulogalamu osintha machitidwe a mayiko monga Haiti-ntchito yake ndi chigawenga ndi kufunikira kwadongosolo.
Atsogoleri amalonda:
10. Jim Bob Moffett: wapampando wa Freeport-McMoRan, kampani transnational migodi, tsopano wotchuka chifukwa cha kuwononga chilengedwe ndi nkhanza za anthu mbadwa ku West Papua, New Guinea (mu ulamuliro wa Indonesia, kampani mothandizidwa ndi asilikali Indonesian. ); komanso m'modzi mwa omwe akuwononga kwambiri ku North America.
11. M. A. Van den Bergh, Mtsogoleri Woyang'anira Royal-Dutch-Shell: chifukwa cha udindo wake ndi Shell monga wothandizira nthawi yaitali ndi ulamuliro wankhanza wa Nigeria; wakhala akuzunza madera a anthu a Ogoni kwa zaka zambiri, kuwasunga mothandizidwa ndi asilikali a ku Nigeria.
12. Donald Fites: Mtsogoleri wamkulu wa Caterpillar wakhazikitsa muyezo mu kusokoneza mgwirizano, ndi kupambana kwake pa UAW muzaka zinayi.
13. Al Dunlap: ngwazi yochepetsa kuchepa kwa saizi, Dunlap adachita ntchito yayikulu kwa ogwira ntchito ku Scott Paper, ndipo tsopano wabweretsedwa kuti aphe ntchito m'malo mwa osunga masheya ku Sunbeam Corporation.
14. Charles Hurwitz: wowononga makampani, yemwe adawonongera okhometsa msonkho $ 1.6 biliyoni mu zotayika za S & L, ndi wotchuka kwambiri monga bwana wa Pacific Lumber, mwiniwake wa Headwaters Grove, nkhalango yaikulu yotsiriza yakale ya redwood ku California. Pacific Lumber yakhala yodziwika bwino pakudula mopanda chisoni kwa California redwoods.
15. William Simon: mpainiya mu njira yopezera ndalama zogulira ndalama, zomwe zinatsogolera ku nyengo ya Reagan yogula-kuphatikizana chipwirikiti; komanso wotsogolera wamkulu komanso wothandizira pazabodza za neoliberal ndi rightwing monga mutu wa Olin Foundation.
Economists ndi aluntha:
16. Jeffrey Sachs: Harvardโs and the neoliberal worldโs lead therapist of shocking, amene anachititsa chiwonongeko cha anthu ku Bolivia, Poland ndi Russia. Zolephera zilizonse pazamankhwala odabwitsawa zidachitika chifukwa cha liwiro losakwanira komanso kumveka bwino, osati kusamvetsetsa kwa Sachs za mabungwe, zikhalidwe, ndi zachuma yokha.
17. Arnold Harberger: Mkulu wa Sukulu ya Chicago yemwe anali mtsogoleri wa anyamata a ku Chicago ku Chile, ndipo amanyadira kuti anabweretsa misika yaulere kudziko limenelo (kuposa zikwi zambiri za matupi ophedwa).
18. Robert Bartley: mkonzi wa Wall Street Journal, wothandizira wokonda mbali yopereka chithandizo zachuma ndi magulu onse opha anthu ofunikira kuti izi zitheke pano ndi kunja.
19. Charles Murray: mlembi wa buku la antiwelfare classic Losing Ground and the tsac classic The Bell Curve, Murray wakhala patsogolo pa luntha poukira osauka, ofooka ndi akuda.
20. Thomas Sowell: Hoover Institution economist, mmodzi wa atatu asayansi akuda chikhalidwe cha anthu (ena: Walter Williams ndi Shelby Steele) amene apatsa Charles Murray slant kuti affirmative action ndi ubwino boma ndondomeko za boma. Sowell adapambana mpikisano wapakati pa atatuwo.
Kusankhidwa uku kungatsutsidwe; omwe angakhale oyenerera amafika zikwizikwi. The Dirty Twenty ndi onse "abwino" (ie, onyoza), koma mwanjira ina iwo ndi oimira ophiphiritsa a gulu lalikulu lachigawenga.