Chinachake chosangalatsa chikuchitika mumzinda wa Stuttgart, imodzi mwa nkhani zopambana za dera la Germany la Mitbestimmung, kumene ogwira ntchito ali ndi udindo woyang'anira makampani.
Chizoloลตezi chachikulu ku Germany ndi kutsimikiza mtima kukhala "vuto lamakampani," momwe mabungwe amavomereza malipiro ochepa komanso kuwonjezeka kwa maola, mwachiwonekere kuti apulumutse ntchito. Koma m'malo opangira zinthu kumwera kwa Germany, mosiyana, mabungwe a zamalonda akulimbikira kuti ogwira ntchito azikhala ndi mphamvu zenizeni pamikhalidwe ndi maola ogwira ntchito - komanso cholinga chantchito yawo.
M'ntchito zaboma ku Stuttgart, mgwirizano wa Verdi waphatikiza nkhondo yolimbana ndi malipiro ndi mikhalidwe ndi kampeni yabwino komanso yotchuka yopititsa patsogolo ndikuteteza ntchito zaboma. Poyankha, boma la mzindawo - mgwirizano wa SPD, Green, Die Linke ndi chipani chapafupi Stuttgart รkologisch Sozial - likukonzanso ntchito zingapo zomwe boma lakale la CDU lidagulitsa.
Pakadali pano, pakati pa ogwira ntchito 20,000 ku mafakitale a Daimler Mercedes, gulu lalikulu mu mgwirizano wa IG Metall likuyang'ananso kupyola kukambirana za mtengo wantchito, m'malo mwake kudikirira maola ochepa ogwira ntchito komanso malingaliro ena amtsogolo amakampani amagalimoto. "Tili ndi nzeru zambiri pafakitale iyi," akutero membala wa khonsolo yantchito Tom Adler, membala wachangu wa Stuttgart รkologisch Sozial. "Sizikupitirira mphamvu ya opanga ndi mainjiniya athu kuganiza mopitilira galimoto." Malingaliro ake ndi ochepa, koma ochepa awa - omwe amasindikiza nyuzipepala ya fakitale, Njira-adatha kupambana 25 peresenti ya mavoti a bungwe la ntchito.
Kusemphana kwa Zoyembekeza
Zomwe ogwira ntchito ku Stuttgart adachita pakuwonongeka kwa ntchito za anthu komanso kupotoza kwa mgwirizano kumasonyeza kuti njira zowonongeka zikubwera motsutsana ndi cholowa cha nthawi ziwiri za kusintha kwa demokarasi ndi mgwirizano. Yoyamba ndikumanganso pambuyo pa nkhondo, kuphatikiza boma lazaumoyo. Chachiwiri ndi dongosolo la mgwirizano, lomwe linalimbikitsidwa poyankha zigawenga za m'ma 1960 ndi 1970.
Komabe, kukaniza tsopano ku Stuttgart, monganso kwina kulikonse ku Ulaya, sikuli kokha chifukwa cha kukokoloka kwa mabungwe opangidwa mโnyengo zokonzanso โpambuyo pake, kukokoloka kumeneko kwakhala kukuchitika kwa zaka zosachepera khumi. Ndikukangana kwakukulu komanso kosatsimikizika kwa zikhalidwe, zoyembekeza komanso, mochulukirachulukira, zochitika. Zoyembekeza za anthu, kapena malingaliro ovomerezeka, ndizofanana pachikhalidwe komanso kupita ku kufanana pazachuma ndi ntchito watanthauzo ndi zolemekezeka zomwe zikugwirizana ndi zaka zambiri zakukula kwa maphunziro apamwamba.
Zoyambitsa zachuma zoyendetsedwa ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi zachilengedwe tsopano zikuchokera m'malo osiyanasiyana-kupitilira magwero omwe amadziwika bwino ndi machitidwe azachuma. Amapanga mndandanda wautali, kuphatikiza ogwira ntchito kusonkhana pafupipafupi kuti apange ma co-op m'malo movomereza zomwe mabanki akulamula. Ogwira ntchito ndi ogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zongowonjezwdwa mofananamo akusankha mgwirizano kuti agwirizane ndi luso kuti akwaniritse zosowa pamaziko a zikhalidwe zogawana. Palinso maukonde ofalikira a ma hackers odziyimira pawokha ndi ma geek omwe amapanga mapulogalamu otseguka, osagwirizana ndi eni ake - ndikupanga gawo lofunikira kwambiri lachitukuko cha anthu masiku ano ngati ma digito. Ndipo mndandandawu ukuphatikizanso mabungwe ogwirira ntchito omwe akugwira ntchito yokonzekera zabwino zonse kuti apititse patsogolo ntchito zaboma kapena kukankhira kampani yawo ku ntchito zanyengo. Kukonzekera kwachuma kukuwonekeranso pakati pa anthu omwe akugwira nawo ntchito pamayendedwe a mabwalo ndi Occupy, omwe ma convergences a mkwiyowa akhalanso nsanja zomwe zimawathandiza kuti agwirizane ndikupanga kapena kulimbikitsa njira zina zachuma. Mitundu yonse ya ma co-ops ndi zikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu zatuluka kapena kulimbikitsidwa ndi kuphatikiza uku kwa kukana ndi kulenga.
Kupanga Mgwirizano
Chomwe chimakhala chofanana ndi ntchito zosiyanasiyanazi ndikuti zimatengera luso logwirizana: luso lomwe silili eni eni, lopanda chilolezo kapena logwirizana ndi katundu wamba. Zonsezi zimaphatikizapo mitundu ya ntchito zomwe sizingamvetsetsedwe mofanana ndi mgwirizano wa malipiro wamba-njira yomwe, pakalipano, ogwira ntchito amasiyanitsidwa ndendende ndi luso lawo, akugulitsa kwa omwe ali ndi njira zopangira.
Amapereka chitsanzo cha mmene ntchito ingakhalire yodzilinganiza yokha, malinga ndi mmene anthu amayendera malinga ndi cholinga chake, kagwiritsidwe ntchito kake, kapena nkhani yake.
Kufalikira kwa chidziwitso, chidziwitso, ndi njira zamakono zoyankhulirana sizimangopangitsa kuti luso lachidziwitso ndi chidziwitso chothandizira kugawidwa pamlingo wosaganiziridwa kale, komanso kumapanga zida zothandizira mgwirizano ndi kudzigwirizanitsa nokha kwa njira zovuta kwambiri, zamagulu ambiri, zapadziko lonse.
Zochitika zonsezi zikuwonetsanso kufunika kwa demokalase-kuchita poyera, kupanga zisankho zogawana nawo, kuzindikira ndi njira zogawana zinthu zambiri zachidziwitso - maziko a chuma chatsopano. Wophunzira ku Wisconsin Joel Rogers amatcha "demokalase yopindulitsa."
The Melting Chess Board
Munkhaniyi, nkhani za "ndondomeko yamafakitale" tsopano ili ndi lingaliro lopanda moyo, chess board: wothandizila m'modzi wosintha (boma), zidutswa zomwe zili m'malo mwawo (makampani apadera); boma ndi chidule, kuwatsogolera ku cholinga chomaliza cha GDP yayikulu. Koma kwenikweni, chess board ikugwedezeka. Njira ndi zolinga zikufunsidwa. Zidutswa zachikhalidwe zikusungunuka-zimawoneka ngati zithunzi za Salvador Dali. Ndipo palibe amene anganenedwe, ngati akanatha, kuti afotokoze mwachidule.
Zingatanthauze chiyani kuganiza za ndondomeko za mafakitale osati cholinga chofuna kukakamiza mabungwe kuti agwiritse ntchito ndalama, koma makamaka momwe angatulutsire, kukulitsa ndi kukulitsa luso la anthu ogwira ntchito m'njira zambiri? Momwe mungakulitsire ndi kulimbikitsa demokalase yopindulitsa? Momwe mungakulitsire luso la anthu omwe njira yawo yokha yopangira ndi kuthekera kwawo kopanga โ ndi mgwirizano wamagulu momwe angapangire ndikuzindikira kuthekera kumeneku? Demokalase yopindulitsa komanso mgwirizano wantchito ukutenga mitundu yambiri yosakanizidwa yomwe ikuyamba kulumikizana. Gawo loyamba la ndondomeko zamakampani okhudzana ndi ntchito ndikufufuza ndikumvetsetsa zomwe zingatheke, malire ndi zosowa za njira zomwe, pochita, kulingaliranso kwa ntchito kukuchitika kupyola mgwirizano komanso m'magulu angapo omwe amawoneka ngati osiyana.
Choyamba, zimachokera ku zovuta zosiyanasiyana zomwe mabungwe ogwira ntchito akukumana nawo poteteza ntchito popanga komanso ntchito za anthu.
Tikayang'ana m'mbuyo, titha kuwona "ndondomeko ina yopangira zinthu zothandiza pagulu" yodziwika bwino yomwe idapangidwa ndi oyang'anira masitolo ku Lucas Aerospace chapakati pa zaka za m'ma 1970 - monga chitsanzo choyambirira cha njira ina yochokera kwa ogwira ntchito omwe akukumana ndi vuto. njira zodzitchinjiriza za chikhalidwe cha anthu ogwira ntchito.
Pankhani ya Lucas zinali zotsatira za kuzindikira malire a nthawi yayitali a ntchito, paokha, monga njira yopewera kuchotsedwa ntchito-ndipo panthawi imodzimodziyo kutsimikiza mtima kuti asawone luso lawo ndi mibadwo yamtsogolo ikuwonongeka pamene pali. Zolinga zambiri zothandiza pagulu zomwe zitha kuyikidwa. Chidziwitso ichi, kuphatikizapo chithandizo choyambirira cha ndale, chinatsogolera oyang'anira sitolo kuchitapo kanthu pa ubwino wa chidziwitso chawo, ndikugwiritsanso ntchito luso la bungwe la Combine Committee yawo (kusonkhanitsa ogwira ntchito kuchokera kufakitale ndi msinkhu uliwonse mu kampani) kugawana nawo. chidziwitso ndikupanga njira ina yamakampani. Izi ndiye zinali zongoyang'ana pazokambirana zamagulu ndi kampeni yandale kuti apeze ntchito zothandiza.
Chinali chitsanzo cha zomwe zikadakhala kuti demokalase yopindulitsa ikanakhala kuti boma la Labor panthawiyo linkathandizira ndondomeko za mafakitale zomwe zimafuna kumasula luso la ogwira ntchito. Zinali, m'njira zambiri, zopangidwa ndi bungwe lolimba la sitolo ndi mphamvu zamalonda zomwe tsopano sizikupezeka muzinthu zomwe zatsala. Koma zimatipatsa chithunzithunzi cha zomwe zingatheke.
Posachedwapa, pakhala vuto loteteza ntchito za boma zomwe zidapangitsa kuti mabungwe azigawo azikonzekera zolinga ndi phindu la ntchito yawo. Pali zitsanzo zambiri pano: mgwirizano pakati pa mabungwe, ndale, ndi mamenejala aboma zomwe zasintha maboma ku Norway, ndikupangitsa kukhala pafupifupi malo omasuka; zokumana nazo zakusintha kotsogozedwa ndi mgwirizano mu khonsolo ya mzinda wa Newcastle (monga zalembedwa m'buku langa Kusintha kwa Ntchito Zaboma Koma Osati Monga Tikudziwira).
Zochitika izi, ndi zina zambiri, zimachitira umboni za ntchito yamagulu monga dalaivala wa zokolola za anthu, osati zandalama, zachifundo. Ndi m'magulu a anthu kuti mabungwe ogwira ntchito azikhala ndi mphamvu zokambirana, mabungwe ochuluka, komanso mwayi wopita kuntchito ndi zolinga za anthu kuti athe kukhala ndi zotsatirapo.
Gawo lachiwiri la kulingaliranso kwa ntchito yakhala kudzera mwa kukonzanso kayendedwe ka mgwirizano. Ndipo chitukuko chachitatu ndi njira yamphamvu komanso yosamvetsetseka yomwe idatsegulidwa ndi ukadaulo watsopano kumitundu yatsopano yogwirizana pakati pa anzawo, zogawidwa zogawidwa komanso zofananira za digito, monga tafotokozera kale.
Momwe izi zimagwirizanirana kuti zikhale gwero lolimbikitsana komanso kuphunzira monga mabungwe odzidalira okha pazachikhalidwe cha anthu ndi gawo lofunikira kwambiri polimbana ndi zovuta zomwe timakumana nazo komanso zovuta zomwe timagawana.
Social Bargaining
Chimodzi mwazofunikira kwambiri pakulumikizana ndikupitilira "ntchito zanyengo." Tawona kale kukula kwa ma co-operative omwe amapanga ndikugawa mphamvu zongowonjezwdwa. Kuwonongeka kwakusintha kwanyengo kukupangitsa mabungwe ena azamalonda kufuna kuti ogwira ntchito, kaya pakali pano alibe ntchito kapena olembedwa ntchito m'mafakitale otulutsa mpweya wambiri, aloledwe kugwiritsa ntchito luso lawo lopanga makina opangira makina opangira magetsi, zotenthetsera madzi adzuwa, ndi mbali zina za zomangamanga. chuma chochepa cha carbon.
Ku South Africa, mwachitsanzo, bungwe la ogwira ntchito zachitsulo la Numsa lakhazikitsa magulu ofufuza ndi chitukuko omwe amaphatikizapo oyang'anira masitolo ochokera kumadera onse, a makampani opanga magetsi, kuti asonkhanitse chidziwitso chawo ndi cha madera awo (omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zowotchera madzi a dzuwa). Izi zidzagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zokambirana ndi kampeni yokakamiza olemba anzawo ntchito ndi boma kuti akwaniritse kudzipereka kwawo ku njira yochepetsera mpweya m'njira yomwe imapanga mamiliyoni a ntchito zabwino.
Ku UK kulinso chimodzimodzi. Kugwira ntchito kwa ogwira ntchito pafakitale yamagetsi yamagetsi ya Vestas mu 2009 kudakhala kofunikira pakulumikizana kwa mabungwe ogwira ntchito ndi olimbikitsa zachilengedwe, kulimbikitsa kampeni yantchito zanyengo yomwe ikukulirakulira ndipo ikubweretsa pamodzi mabungwe ogwira ntchito ndi mgwirizano.
Chinthu chinanso chomwe chingathe kulimbikitsana mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya demokalase yopindulitsa ndi mizinda. Potsatira mtundu wa makampeni ndi kusintha kwa mfundo zomwe zikuwonekera ku Stuttgart ndi kwina kulikonse, kodi mabungwe aboma angasinthidwe munjira ya demokalase, yotseguka komanso yofanana motsutsana ndi mphamvu zamalonda? Ngati ndi choncho, itha kukhala yothandiza kwambiri pazachuma, makamaka m'matauni, yokhala ndi mphamvu zokambilana ngati makontrakitala, olemba anzawo ntchito, komanso oyambitsa njira zatsopano zolumikizirana.
Mwezi watha wokha, mkulu wa UN-Habitat Joan Clos adaneneratu za tsunami yakukula kwamatawuni. Pamene ogwira ntchito ndi nzika zikukonzekera kutsata zikhalidwe zogawana ndi demokalase, kuphatikiza moyo wabwino ndi ntchito m'dera lawo, mizinda imatha kukhala madera omwe ali ndi mphamvu zakukambirana. Kupatula apo, mabungwe apadziko lonse lapansi amayenerabe kuyika ndalama pamalo enaake - ndikugulitsa kwa anthu enieni okhala kwinakwake.
Ulamuliro wa Ntchito
Ndondomeko za boma zokhudza mafakitale kwa zaka 30 zapitazi zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito pamalingaliro azinthu zachinsinsi monga chofunikira pazachuma komanso kupanga chuma. Popeza kupitilira kulemera kwake kwanzeru ndi "kupambana" kwa msika waulere ku Soviet bloc, mgwirizano uwu wabizinesi wabizinesi ndi zabizinesi ndi zaluso wakhala amodzi mwa malingaliro omwe Keynes adanenanso: "Amuna odalirika, omwe amadzikhulupirira okha. kukhala omasuka ku chisonkhezero chilichonse chanzeru, kaลตirikaลตiri amakhala akapolo a katswiri wina wa zachuma amene wathayo.โ
Koma kutsindika kwa Keynes pakugwiritsa ntchito ndalama za boma kuti alimbikitse "mizimu ya nyama" ya osunga ndalama pawokha sikokwanira. Sichichita chilungamo ku magwero ofalikira azachuma omwe atulukira, ena a iwo kupitirira msika wa capitalist ndi boma, zomwe tsopano zitha kuchita bwino ndi chithandizo choyenera cha anthu.
Ntchito ya Mariana Mazzucato-yomwe ikupereka malingaliro ndi kufotokoza za kulenga, osati kungolimbikitsa, udindo wa boma-imayenda m'njira yoyenera. Koma boma nthawi zonse limayenera kukhala ndi ogwirizana nawo opanga mkati mwakupanga. M'mbiri, kwa ma Keynesians komanso neoliberals, mosakayikira iyi yakhala bizinesi yachinsinsi.
Cholinga cha mkangano wanga pano ndikuti opanga mfundo tsopano akuyenera kuyesetsa momwe angathandizire luso lazachuma la anthu mamiliyoni ambiri, kaya ali m'malo antchito omwe alipo kapena akugwira ntchito movutikira kunja kwa msika wogwira ntchito. Pakali pano luso limeneli likuwonongeka.
Amafuna chithandizo chapadera, china chochokera ku boma ndi china kuchokera ku mabungwe omwe amagawana nawo kapena kukopeka kuti agawane zolinga zawo. Izi zingaphatikizepo mabungwe a zamalonda, kayendetsedwe ka mgwirizano, mbali zina za tchalitchi, maziko, ndi kuyesa komwe kukukulirakulira kwa ndalama zothandizira anthu ambiri, ndalama za ngongole zoyendetsedwa ndi demokalase ndi zina zotero.
Ponena za malo ogwirira ntchito omwe alipo, tikufunika kuti mayiko asamangobwezeretsa ndi kukulitsa maufulu omwe amateteza mabungwe ogwira ntchito pamavuto awo pamalipiro ndi mikhalidwe, komanso kuti apatse ogwira ntchito ufulu wowongolera cholinga cha ntchito yawo: mwachitsanzo, kuletsa kwalamulo. pa kutsekedwa kapena kuchotsedwa ntchito popanda njira zina zofufuzidwa poyera, ndipo ngati makampani akuluakulu, mafunso a anthu omwe angatumizidwe. Ntchito ndi chinthu wamba - siyenera kuwononga.
Timafunikira njira yatsopano yamakampani-yomwe idapangidwa kuti ithandizire kupanga phindu lomwe silili la ndalama zokha ndipo limafunikira kudziyimira pawokha ku zovuta za msika wantchito. Izi ziphatikizepo โndalama za nzikaโ ndi nthawi yochepa yogwirira ntchito.
Zoterezi sizimangopatsa anthu nthawi yoti azigwira bwino ntchito kunja kwa ntchito zomwe amalipiritsa - zimapanganso dongosolo lachitukuko lomwe limapereka njira yowunikiranso kufunikira kwa ntchito ndikugwiritsa ntchito nthawi ina.
Timafunikiranso ndondomeko yachigawo yomwe imapereka chithandizo chenicheni ku mizinda monga malo opititsa patsogolo chuma, kupyolera mu ntchito zachindunji za anthu komanso kudzera mu chithandizo cha ma co-ops okhudza mabanki achigawo. Izi zitha kuphunzira kuchokera ku ntchito za banki ya Mondragon ndikukhala gwero lothandizira ndi kulumikizana kwa maukonde a co-ops ndi njira zina zogwirira ntchito zolerera ndi kuzindikira luso lantchito, m'malo mogwira ntchito ngati mabanki amtundu wachikhalidwe.
Zomwe zinachitikira Mondragon ndizofunikira kuphunzira kuchokera ku mabungwe, chifukwa kupambana kwa mabungwe ake kumachokera ku ulamuliro wa ntchito monga chinthu chachikulu "chosintha chilengedwe, anthu ndi anthu okha." Kuchokera apa, tikuwona mfundo ya zachuma-ndipo kuwonjezera, mabungwe a boma-kutumikira ntchito ndi luso lake lopanga, osati mosiyana.
Izi ndi ziwonetsero za ndondomeko zamakampani zomwe zimazindikira kuthekera kwa mibadwo yopangidwa ndi ziyembekezo za kufanana kwa chikhalidwe komanso ndale ndi zachuma. Sitiyenera kupanga ntchito yokwanira, koma mikhalidwe yomwe anthu angagwirizanitse nawo kuti akwaniritse zosowa za anthu osintha komanso dziko lovuta.
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Hilary Wainwright ndi wofufuza komanso wolemba wamkulu komanso woyendetsa komanso mkonzi Tsabola wofiyira, magazini yatsopano yakumanzere yaku Britain yotchuka. Nkhaniyi idawonekera koyamba pa ZNet. Zithunzi zochokera ku chithunzi cha Marcus R.