Pamene antchito 70 adachoka kumadzulo
Oakland recycling malo pa Ogasiti 21, amangofuna kukwezedwa. Koma kuchuluka
Kunyanyala kowawa kwa East Bay kuwululidwa, osati nkhanza zogwirira ntchito komanso malipiro aumphawi,
koma de facto chilango cha municipalities cha thukuta la zinyalala, chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwa zaka zambiri
kuphwanya pangano lake mzinda.
As
atanyanyala, kafukufuku adawonetsa kuti ogwira ntchito adaberedwa malipiro kwa zaka zambiri,
pamene makhansala a mzindawo analandira masauzande a madola mu zopereka za kampeni. Kupanga
Choyipa chachikulu, David Duong, mwini wake wa California Waste Solutions, adalemba ganyu
ophwanya malamulo ndipo anayesa kuyambiranso ntchito, pamene akuluakulu a mzindawo amapereka zifukwa kapena
anabwerera mumzinda umene antchito amadzitamandira chifukwa cha ndale.
Pomaliza,
patadutsa milungu isanu, kunyanyala ntchito kunathetsedwa pomwe ogwira ntchito adachita manyazi otuluka
Meya Elihu Harris ndi makhansala ena amzindawu kuti alowererepo pofuna kukakamiza
Duong. Koma mkanganowo sunathetse funso loti chifukwa chiyani, mu mzinda womwe uli ndi chilungamo
adalandira lamulo lamalipiro amoyo, mgwirizano wofananawo ukhoza kutsatiridwa
osayang'aniridwa kwa zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri.
Zamgululi
imagwira ntchito kuchokera panyumba yayikulu ya konkriti yomwe ili pamtunda wa mzinda womwe uli pafupi ndi Pine Street
West Oakland, kuchokera ku 10 mpaka 11th Streets. Ogwira ntchito makumi asanu ndi asanu ndi limodzi amasankha zinyalala zobwezerezedwanso pamalopo
malo. Kuphatikiza apo, kampaniyo imayendetsa magalimoto khumi ndi awiri kudutsa Oakland akunyamula atatayidwa
pulasitiki, mapepala, zitsulo, ndi galasi.
The
chipwirikiti ku California Waste Solutions chinayamba masika, pomwe antchito ake, pafupifupi
anthu ochokera ku Mexico, adaganiza zopanga mgwirizano. Sitinali osangalala
za malipiro,” akufotokoza motero Santos Valladares, mtsogoleri pakati pa osankha.
Pafupifupi aliyense pano amapanga $6.00 pa ola. Ochepa chabe amalipidwa pang'ono
Zambiri."
ogwira
anadandaulanso za mikhalidwe pa mzere zinyalala. Palibe chitetezo chokwanira chamaso
motsutsana ndi fumbi ndi grit kuchokera ku zipangizo zobwezerezedwanso, amati, kapena mpweya wabwino kuchotsa
kununkha zinyalala. Ngakhale kampaniyo imapereka magolovesi, ogwira ntchito amadulidwabe. Pa
, Francisco Hernandez adawonetsa kuphulika kwakukulu m'chala chake chimodzi. “Pamene a
botolo lagalasi linakakamira pamzere, lidadula glovu yanga pomwe ndimayesa kulitenga
kumasuka,” adatero. Ogwira ntchito ena adawonetsanso mabala ofanana, mikwingwirima, ndi kutupa m'maso
iwo anati chifukwa cha ntchito yawo.
Early
mu 1998, Santos ndi ogwira nawo ntchito adasaina makhadi amgwirizano ndi Local 6 ya International
Longshore ndi Warehouse Union, ndipo adapempha chisankho choyimira. Malinga ndi
Valladares ndi antchito ena, komabe, Duong adalonjeza kuti kampaniyo ikweza malipiro
ngati adavota motsutsana ndi mgwirizanowu. Wokonza malo 6 Alfredo Flotte akuwonjezera kuti mphekesera za
kuukira kwa anthu olowa m'mayiko ena kudafalikiranso.
David
Duong anakana kufunsidwa mafunso ndipo mafoni ku ofesi ya kampani sanabwezeredwe.
Liti
chisankho chinachitika mu May, mgwirizanowo unatayika. Pambuyo pake, akutero membala wa bungwe Ruben Antonio
Rivas, Duong adatengera antchito ku nkhomaliro kumalo odyera akomweko ngati mphotho.
Zamgululi
antchito ankafuna zambiri kuposa chakudya chamasana, komabe. Adayamba kukakamiza Duong kuti akwaniritse
malonjezo ake owonjezera malipiro. Kenako Oakland adapereka lamulo la malipiro amoyo
chilimwe, kufuna kuti makontrakitala a mzinda azilipira antchito awo $ 8.00 / ora, kuwonjezera pa
ndalama zothandizira zaumoyo. “Tinapitanso kwa iye. Anati sizikutikhudza,”
Rivas adakumbukira. Pokhumudwa, ogwira ntchito adatuluka pa August 21.
Chani
ogwira ntchito samadziwa panthawiyo, komabe, ndikuti Duong adasaina pangano ndi
mzinda mu 1992, zomwe zidamukakamiza kuti asamangolipira $8.00/ola pa ntchito zonse zomwe adazichita.
mzinda, koma kupereka chithandizo chamankhwala ndi zina.
osati
chokhacho, koma mzindawu unali utakhazikitsa Duong mu bizinesi, kumupatsa ngongole ya
$350,000 “pacholinga chogula magalimoto… kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito
kuchitapo kanthu kwa mgwirizanowu. ” Pulogalamu yobwezeretsanso m'mphepete mwa Oakland, yakhazikitsidwa
ku 1992 asanapatsidwe mgwirizano wake, adapatsa Duong gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a Oakland ngati a
gawo lotolera zinyalala ndikuzisankha kuti zibwezerenso.
Duong
anatenga ngongole, nagula magalimoto, nayamba kutolera zinyalala zobwezerezedwanso, ndikuyamba zomwe zidakhala
kuchuluka kwamphamvu komanso kukula. Koma sanagwiritsepo ntchito zitsimikizo za malipiro ndi phindu
kwa ogwira ntchito a CWS. Kamodzi sitiraka
idayamba, idakopa chidwi cha mzinda
akuluakulu, ndi City Councilmember Larry
Reid ndi Meya Elihu Harris adadzipereka mwachangu kuti athetse yankho. Pamsonkhano ku
Ofesi ya Reid's City Hall pa Ogasiti 26, Duong adavomera kuzindikira mgwirizanowu, kutengera
zitsimikizo kuchokera kwa Reid ndi Meya kuti ambiri mwa antchito ake asayina mgwirizano
makadi.
Kukambirana
anayamba pa contract ndi kugonja. Komabe, patapita masiku angapo, anaima
pamalipiro ndi mapindu. Bungweli linkafuna kuti antchito awonjezedwe ndalama zambiri, ndipo
kampaniyo idangowonjezera 50 ¢, mpaka $ 6.50 / ola.
pamene
atayima, kampaniyo idayamba kulemba ganyu ophwanya malamulo kuti aziyendetsa
magalimoto. "Tidakhumudwa kwambiri titawona a Duong akulemba ntchito pafupifupi anthu aku Africa-America
ogwira ntchito kuti aphwanye sitiraka. Sanalembe ntchito aliyense wa anthu aku Africa-America
zisanachitike, "atero wothandizira bizinesi wa Local 6 Roberto Flotte. “Kwa ife, zimenezo nzosankhana mitundu
ndale.”
Omenyera nkhondo
adatsutsidwa ndikutola makontena atatu akuluakulu otumizira ku Port of Oakland, odzazidwa ndi
zinyalala zapulasitiki, pamene zinali pafupi kukwezedwa m’sitima yopita ku Asia. Liti
ogwira ntchito padoko, omwenso ndi a ILWU, adawopseza kuti atuluka m'sitimayo, padoko
Akuluakulu adauza a Duong kuti atenge makontena ake kwina.
Union
okambirana adakhumudwa pomwe adalandira kopi ya mgwirizano wa CWS ndi a
mzinda, ndipo adapeza kuti pakufunika CWS "kulipirira munthu aliyense wolembedwa ntchito
kugwira ntchito motsatira mgwirizano” molingana ndi ndondomeko yokhazikitsidwa yamalipiro
ndi ubwino. Ndondomekoyi imatchula malipiro a $ 8.00 kwa osintha, ndi zina zowonjezera
$ 2.60 / ola pazopindula zachipatala, kuchokera ku 5 mpaka 41cents / ola la penshoni, maholide asanu, asanu
masiku odwala, kuyambira milungu iwiri mpaka inayi yatchuthi pachaka, ndi mitengo ya owonjezera pambuyo pa maola asanu ndi atatu
pa tsiku kapena maola 40 pa sabata.
On
July 15, 1997, Duong ngakhale anasaina chachiwiri, zaka zisanu pangano ndi mzinda umene
munalinso malipiro omwewo kwa osankha. Koma akhala akulipira pafupifupi ndalama zonse
okonza $ 6 / ola, "adatero wokonza za Local 6 Alfredo Flotte. "Kampani siili
kulipira $2.60/ola pa dongosolo lake lachipatala, ndipo antchito ambiri akuti akufunika kugwira ntchito
maola owonjezera pamitengo yanthawi zonse ya ola lililonse.”
pakuti
Wogwira ntchito aliyense wolembedwa ntchito ndi kontrakiti ya mzinda pa $ 6.00 / ola, ndalama zochepera $ 2 / ola
mpaka $4,000 pachaka poganizira za malipiro okha - ngongole yomwe ingabwezere $28,000 pa
munthu kuyambira pangano loyambirira la 1992 lidasainidwa. Kulipira pang'ono kwa inshuwaransi yachipatala,
nthawi yowonjezera ndi zopindulitsa zina zingapangitse kuti biluyo ikhale yokwera kwambiri.
The
bungwe la mzinda lomwe limayang'anira kukhazikitsa mgwirizano, bungwe la Oakland Public Works Agency, likuwoneka
mosadetsa nkhawa ndi kuphwanya koopsa. Terry Roberts, wa bungweli
director, sanathe kufotokoza njira yomwe idagwiritsidwa ntchito pokakamiza, kapena kufotokoza chifukwa chake ayi
kuyang'anira kunachitika kwa zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri. “Sizinachitike mmene ziyenera kukhalira,” iye
ndemanga laconically.
Roberts
adauza khonsolo yamzindawu kuti adapempha zambiri za malipiro kuchokera ku Duong, ndipo adayamba
kugwira ntchito ndi Mark Wald, loya wa mzinda, kuti adziwe zilango zomwe zingatheke
kusamvera. Koma pamsonkhano wa khonsolo womwe wayitanitsa pachimake cha kunyanyala ntchito, onyanyala ntchito ndi
otsatira awo mwa omvera anakhala agape pamene Roberts anapereka chilinganizo, osati
khazikitsani mgwirizano ndikubweza ndalama zomwe zili ndi ngongole kwa mzinda ndi ogwira ntchito, koma kuti
kuchepetsa kwambiri.
Roberts
adapereka njira yowerengera ngongole ya Duong yomwe ingapulumutse kampaniyo
mazana masauzande a madola. Mkati mwa malo osankhidwa, iye anati, zinyalala kuchokera
Oakland imasakanikirana ndi yomwe imasonkhanitsidwa m'mizinda ina yakomweko, kuphatikiza Sacramento,
Alameda ndi Clayton. Ogwira ntchito amasonkhanitsa zinyalala zonse pamodzi. Ngakhale zitha kuwoneka ngati zonse
Chifukwa chake akugwira ntchito pa zinyalala zomwe zasonkhanitsidwa pansi pa mgwirizano wa mzindawu, Roberts
ananena kuti popeza zinyalala zina zikuphatikizidwa, ogwira ntchito amangofunika kulipidwa $8/ola
gawo limenelo la ntchito yochitidwa mwachindunji pa zinyalala za mzindawo. Ngati 20 peresenti ya zinyalala ndizo
kuchokera ku Oakland, akuganiza, m'malo mwa $ 2 / ola yobweza ngongole kwa wogwira ntchito aliyense, a Duong's.
udindo ukhoza kukhala wochepera 40¢.
Roberts ku
Mkhalidwe wosasamala pa kukakamiza ndi kusonkhanitsa zilango kunakulirakulira
ndi mawu a meya. Meya Elihu Harris adayesanso kuchepetsa kuthekera kwa Duong
kubweza ngongole. “Ndikumvetsa kuti zikungofanana ndi pafupifupi 10
ogwira ntchito" omwe akugwira ntchito mwachindunji pansi pa mgwirizano wa mzinda, adatero poyankhulana.
In
Kuphatikiza apo, meya ndi membala wa khonsolo Reid adawoneka kuti alibe chidwi ndi kulemba ntchito
ophwanya. "Wagwidwa pakati pa thanthwe ndi malo ovuta," adatero Harris.
"Akapanda kutola zinyalala, atha kuluza contract."
Bwerani
adalengeza kuti Duong "ali ndi bizinesi yomwe amayenera kuyendetsa." Anatsutsa mgwirizano wa
kupanga zofuna za malipiro osayenera. California Waste Solutions, iye anati, "ndi chabe
mabizinesi ang'onoang'ono, abanja omwe akuyesera kukhalabe pamsika wampikisano."
Kuthamanga
Madalaivala adati Meya Harris adawauzanso pamsonkhano wachinsinsi kuti zofuna za mgwirizanowu
anali osalolera. "Iye adanena kuti ngati kampaniyo ivomereza zomwe mgwirizanowu unali
ngati akufuna kuti atsekeko m’miyezi isanu ndi umodzi,” anakumbukira motero dalaivala wina, yemwe anachita mantha
odziwika poyera.
maganizo
kupempha m'malo mwa Duong kunamveka bwino zitadziwika kuti anali nazo
yakhala njira yoperekera zopereka zambiri za kampeni kwa akuluakulu a mzinda.
Kuyambira 1994, David Duong ndi banja lake adapereka ndalama zoposa $25,000 pachisankho chamzindawo
kampeni, ndi Meya (pa $ 6050) ndi Councilmember Reid (pa $ 5250) wamkulu kwambiri
opindula.
maganizo
kugwirizana kwa holo kunapitirira zopereka. Reid adawululidwa muzoyankhulana kuti iye ali
godfather kwa m'modzi mwa ana a Duong. Reid, meya ndi Duong onse adayenda limodzi kupita
Vietnam pa ntchito yogulitsa mzinda. Kuphatikiza apo, Greg Kos, wothandizira ku mzinda wakale
khonsolo Sheila Jordan (tsopano wosankhidwa kumene County Superintendent of Schools), amagwira ntchito pa
tsamba la CWS kumadzulo kwa Oakland.
Kulankhula
pamaso pa msonkhano wa khonsolo ya mzinda wa September 1, Mtsogoleri Wokonzekera wa ILWU a Peter Olney adaimba mlandu
Akuluakulu a matauni omwe sanayike patsogolo. “Zofuna za ogwira ntchitowa a
malipiro abwino omwe angathe kusamalira mabanja awo ndi olungama,” adatero
aphungu. Amangofunsa zomwe mzinda womwewo umafuna. Osankhidwa
Akuluakulu amayenera kutsata mgwirizano wa mzindawu zaka zapitazo, osati kupeza
zifukwa masiku ano zomwe kampaniyo siyenera kuchita zinthu mogwirizana ndi udindo wake.”
Anzanu
adakwera pomwe anthu okhala mumzindawo akudandaula kuti zinyalala sizikuchotsedwa, ngakhale
kuyesetsa kwa kampani kupitiriza kugwira ntchito ndi anthu onyanyala, ndipo anansi anadandaula
za phokoso ndi kuipitsidwa kwa malo. Manyazi pagulu la meya ndi Reid
pamapeto pake zidapangitsa kuti zikhale zosatheka kuti apitilize kuthandizira kuyesayesa kwa Duong
kuswa sitiraka.
Pomaliza,
pa Seputembara 29, Khonsolo ya Mzinda wa Oakland idauza a Duong kuti ali pachiwopsezo chotaya mzinda wake
mgwirizano wonse. Councilmember Ignacio De La Fuente ndiye adakonza mgwirizano, ndipo
Duong adagwirizana ndi mgwirizano kuphatikiza kukweza malipiro komanso chitetezo chabwino ku thanzi
ndi zoopsa zachitetezo zomwe zimakhudzidwa posankha zinyalala zomwe zatayidwa.
“Izi
ndiye chigonjetso chachikulu kwa omwe akumenya," atero a Roberto Flotte, wothandizira bizinesi ku Local 6.
Adanenanso zomwe zili mumgwirizano watsopanowu zomwe zipatsa antchito onse a CWS osachepera a
$ 1 / ola kuwonjezeka. Malipiro olowera adzakwera nthawi yomweyo kuchokera pansi pa $ 6.00 mpaka
$7.00/ola, ndiyeno kukwera masenti 30/ola chaka chilichonse kwa zaka zisanu zikubwerazi.
Kunyanyala ntchito kwa CWS kunali komaliza mu a
mndandanda wa zopambana za mgwirizano. Local 6 yakhazikitsa gulu la anthu
ndi mbiri pakati pa ogwira ntchito osamukira ku San Francisco Bay Area, chifukwa cha
zigawenga zokonzekera zoyendetsa ndi kumenyedwa zochokera ku Mexico ndi Central America
mudzi. Mothandizidwa ndi mgwirizanowu, ogwira ntchito alimbana ndi zigawenga za anthu olowa m'dzikolo, motsogozedwa
zochita zapantchito pazikhalidwe zosatetezeka komanso zosayenera, ndipo adapambana kuzindikirika ndi mabungwe
mapangano okhudza mazana a mamembala atsopano.
Kunyanyala kwa CWS kunali kachiwiri
zomwe ogwira ntchito obwera kumayiko ena adavotera motsutsana ndi mgwirizano
kuyimilira pachisankho choyendetsedwa ndi National Labor Relations Board, kenako
anakanthidwa modzidzimutsa zinthu zitalephera kukhala bwino pambuyo pake.
“Kunyanyalaku kumeneku kunali kwaposachedwa kwambiri
kuchuluka kwa ntchito za ogwira ntchito ochokera kumayiko ena, "adatero wokonza za Local 6 Alfredo Flotte.
“Anthu atopa ndi mikhalidwe ya kuthukuta, kaya ndi kusankha zinyalala kapena kugwira ntchito
mafakitale."