Wpamene kuwukira ku Igupto kunagwira anthu ambiri owonerera ku Middle East mobisa, sikunabwere. Mbeu za kusonkhanitsa kochititsa chidwizi zidafesedwa koyambirira kwa zaka za m'ma 2000 ndipo zidalimidwa mosamala ndi omenyera ufulu wandale, ambiri mwa awa akugwira ntchito kudzera pa Facebook, Twitter, komanso m'mabulogu aku Egypt. Pogwira ntchito pawailesi yakanemayi, omenyera ufulu wawo adapanga chilankhulo chatsopano chandale chomwe chidadula zotchinga zomwe zidapangitsa kuti ndale za Egypt zigawike pakati pa mafunde okhudzana ndi Chisilamu (makamaka a Muslim Brotherhood) ndi aufulu. Chiyambire kuwuka kwa Chitsitsimutso cha Chisilamu m'zaka za m'ma 1970, kutsutsa ndale ku Egypt kwakhala kugawanika kwambiri pamalingaliro osiyana a malo oyenera aulamuliro wachipembedzo mkati mwa tsogolo lazachikhalidwe ndi ndale, mbali imodzi ikuwona kusakhulupirira ngati chinthu chowopsa ndipo inayo ikutsindika Chiwopsezo cha chipembedzo cholowerera ndale ku ufulu waumwini ndi ufulu wademokalase. Kusagwirizana kumeneku kunkapangitsa kuti pakhale ndondomeko yandale yodzitchinjiriza komanso kukulitsa zotsutsana za ndale, ulamuliro wamphamvu wa Mubarak womwe unkalimbikitsidwa mobwerezabwereza ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito pofuna kutsimikizira kutsutsa kofooka. Chomwe chinali chochititsa chidwi pazambiri za ku Egypt monga momwe zidakhalira zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri zapitazi ndi momwe zidakhazikitsira chilankhulo cha ndale chopanda zovuta zachipembedzo motsutsana ndi maziko.
Kuyesa kopambana kwambiri komwe kudafika pazandale ku Egypt kudachitika mu 2004 pomwe zidayamba zomwe zimatchedwa gulu la Kifaya, gulu la ndale lomwe lidasonkhanitsa Asilamu, Abale achi Muslim, chikomyunizimu, omasuka, ndi osiya kumanzere, adagwirizana pazofuna zomwe zimafanana. kutha kwa boma la Mubarak ndi kukana "ufulu" wa Gamal Mubarak wolowa m'malo mwa purezidenti. Kifaya adathandizira pakukonza ziwonetsero zingapo pakati pa 2004 ndi 2007 zomwe kwa nthawi yoyamba zidapempha Purezidenti wa Egypt kuti atule pansi udindo, zomwe sizinamveke zomwe zidanenedwa nthawi imeneyo isanachitike popeza kutsutsidwa kulikonse kwa purezidenti kapena banja lake kunali kwanthawi yayitali. zachipongwe ndipo adakumana ndi zilango zankhanza zochokera ku boma. Kifaya sanangokwanitsa kubweretsa anthu ambiri azikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana zandale mumsewu kuti atsutse mfundo ndi zochita za boma, idakhalanso gulu loyamba la ndale ku Egypt kugwiritsa ntchito kuthekera kokonzekera kwa intaneti, ndikuyambitsa mabulogu angapo omwe adachokera. kulinganiza ndi kulimbikitsa ziwonetsero ndi kunyanyala.
Pamene Kifaya adachita ziwonetsero zake zoyambirira kumapeto kwa 2004, olemba mabulogu ochepa adatenga nawo gawo ndikulemba zomwe zidachitika pamabulogu awo. M'chaka chimodzi chiwerengero cha mabulogu chinakwera kufika mazanamazana. Masiku ano pali masauzande ambiri a mabulogu, ambiri omangika ku ziwonetsero, ndale za m'misewu, ndale zachigwirizano, ndi makonzedwe apakati. Ambiri mwa olemba mabulogu omwe adathandizira kulimbikitsa gulu la Kifaya adachita mbali zazikulu pazochitika za miyezi yapitayi.
Chochitika china makamaka chikuwonetsa kuthekera kwa ndale kolemba mabulogu pazandale za ku Egypt. Zinali zikudziwika kale kuti dziko la Aigupto limakonda kuzunza ndi kuzunza akaidi kapena omangidwa - chifukwa chake chisankho cha US cha Egypt pazochitika zomwe zimatchedwa kukonzanso. Kumbali yake, boma nthawi zonse limakana kuti nkhanza zidachitika komanso kusowa umboni wofunikira pakuzenga mlandu, maloya omenyera ufulu wa anthu komanso atolankhani otsutsa sanathe kutsutsa zomwe boma likuchita. Izi zidasintha pomwe wolemba mabulogu dzina lake Wael Abbas adayika kanema wojambulidwa ndi foni yam'manja yotumizidwa ndi blogger wina patsamba lake. Kanemayo anaonetsa mwamuna wina akugwiriridwa ndi kugwiriridwa ndi apolisi ku polisi ku Cairo. (Mwachiwonekere, kanemayo adajambulidwa ndi apolisi ndi cholinga chowopseza ogwira nawo ntchito mndendeyo.)
Kanemayu atawonetsedwa pa YouTube ndikufalikira padziko lonse la Egypt blogosphere, nyuzipepala zotsutsa zidatenga nkhaniyi. Wozunzidwayo atadziwika ndi kulimbikitsidwa kuti abwere, bungwe loona za ufulu wachibadwidwe linapereka mlandu m'malo mwake motsutsana ndi maofesala okhudzidwawo zomwe pamapeto pake zidapangitsa kuti akhale olakwa, zomwe sizinachitikepo m'mbiri yamakono ya Egypt. M’chaka chonsecho, olemba mabulogi ankafufuza zonse zokhudza mlandu wa khoti komanso mmene apolisi ndi makhothi amachitira mlanduwu. Kupenda kwawo mosalekeza pa zochita za boma kaŵirikaŵiri kumatuluka m’manyuzipepala otsutsa. Makanema a pa TV a satellite adatsata zomwezo, ndikuyitanitsa olemba mabulogu pazenera kuti akatsutse akuluakulu omwe adakhudzidwa ndi mlanduwo. Kuphatikiza apo, patangotha mwezi umodzi atatumiza mavidiyo ozunzika patsamba lake, Abbas ndi olemba mabulogu ena adayamba kulandira makanema ofananira amafoni am'manja achiwawa komanso nkhanza zomwe boma lidatengedwa m'mapolisi kapena paziwonetsero.
Ubale watsopanowu pakati pa olemba mabulogu ndi ma media ena tsopano wakhala wokhazikika. Nkhani zomwe atolankhani sangathe kuzisindikiza okha popanda kuzunzidwa ndi boma zimaperekedwa kwa olemba mabulogu ndi atolankhani ofufuza. Akangofotokozedwa pa intaneti, atolankhani amasindikiza nkhanizo m'manyuzipepala, kutchula mabuloguwo ngati magwero, kupeŵa mlandu woti adayambitsa nkhaniyi. Komanso, achinyamata ambiri ayamba kugwiritsa ntchito makamera am'manja m'misewu ndipo olemba mabulogu amangolandira zithunzi kuchokera kwa anthu osadziwika. Olemba mabulogu tsopano amvetsetsa udindo wawo monga cholumikizira mwachindunji ku zomwe amazitcha "msewu" - mwachitsanzo, malo oponderezedwa ndi boma ndi ziwawa zandale, komanso zochita zandale komanso kutsutsa kotchuka.
Blogosphere idalumikizidwa ndi chida china champhamvu chapa media pa Epulo 6, 2008 pomwe chiwopsezo cha anthu ambiri chinachitika ku Egypt, chochitika chomwe chidapangitsa kuti antchito ndi ophunzira ambiri azikhala kunyumba. Kunyanyalako, kulimbikitsana kwakukulu kotsutsana ndi boma komwe kunachitika ku Egypt kwa zaka zambiri, kudayambitsidwa ndi omenyera ufulu wa anthu ogwira ntchito pothandizira ogwira ntchito ku fakitale ya nsalu ya Mahalla, omwe kwa miyezi ingapo akhala akuyembekezera malipiro abwino komanso kuwongolera ntchito. Polimbikitsidwa ndi zoyesayesa za gulu la omenyera ufulu wa Facebook, kunyanyalaku kunasintha kukhala tsiku ladziko lonse lotsutsa ziphuphu za boma la Mubarak, makamaka motsutsana ndi kusachitapo kanthu kwa boma poyang'anizana ndi kuchepa kwa malipiro komanso kukwera kwa mitengo.
Chodetsa nkhawa kwambiri dziko la Egypt ndi momwe kumenyedwa kwachiwopsezo kudayambika ndi Esra Abd al-Fattah, msungwana wosadziwa zambiri ngati womenyera ufulu, yemwe adayambitsa gulu pa Facebook loyitanitsa kuti achite nawo chifundo ndi ogwira ntchito yopanga nsalu. Pasanathe milungu iwiri, mamembala pafupifupi 70,000 a Facebook anali atasayina. Olemba mabulogu a ndale adayambanso kulimbikitsa sitalakayi ndipo pofika pa 1 Epulo ambiri azipani zotsutsa zandale anali kuyesetsa mwamphamvu kulimbikitsa madera awo. Itafika pa Epulo 6, Egypt idawona kulimbikitsa ndale kochititsa chidwi kwambiri mzaka makumi angapo, chochitika chomwe chidasonkhanitsa anthu osiyanasiyana andale, kuyambira mamembala a Muslim Brotherhood mpaka osintha zandale. Nkhani zinayi zimafotokoza kaimidwe kakhalidwe kofanana:
> Kukana ulamuliro wa Mubarak ndi tawrith kapena "kulowa m'malo"
> Kukula kwa ufulu wandale
> Kupanga mabungwe achilungamo komanso ademokalase
> Kudzudzula nkhanza za boma
Ngakhale kuti amene anapanga mfundo zofananazi anachita zimenezi kudzera m’zochitika zosiyanasiyana za m’mabungwe ndi kubweretsa malingaliro osiyanasiyana a malo achipembedzo mu ndale, amalemba ndi kuyanjana monga otenga nawo mbali pa ntchito yogawana. Ngakhale kuti amazindikira kusiyana pakati pa zomwe amalonjeza pa ndale ndi za anthu ena omenyera ufulu wawo, akuyesera kukhazikitsa mikhalidwe yoti achitepo kanthu pa ndale ndi kusintha. Chifukwa chake, amafuna kukulitsa mikangano, masitayelo olembera, ndi kudziwonetsera okha komwe kungathetse kusiyana kumeneku ndikugwirizanitsa kuchulukana.
Kwa omenyera ufulu wachisilamu komanso membala wa Muslim Brotherhood, izi zikuwonetsa kusintha kwakukulu. Mpaka posachedwapa, mikangano ya ndale ya Chisilamu yakhala ikugogomezera kufunika kotsatira shari'a ngati ndondomeko ya malamulo a dziko komanso kufunika kolimbana ndi zotsatira za chikhalidwe cha azungu kuti asunge chikhalidwe cha Chisilamu. Zowona, mbadwo wakale wa aluntha ogwirizana ndi zipani zandale zachisilamu, kuyambira chapakati pa 1980, udatsindika kufunika kosintha ndale zademokalase.
Olemba otsogola achisilamu monga Fahmi Howeidi, Abd al-Wahhab al-Messiri, ndi Tarek al-Bishri adayesa kupanga gulu lomwe lingathetse katangale wofalikira womwe ukuvutitsa mabungwe andale aku Egypt ndikukhazikitsa maziko olimba a utsogoleri woyimira, koma malingaliro awo nthawi zambiri anali osagwirizana ndi ndale zachisilamu, ndipo mabungwe omwe amayesa kukhazikitsa adasokonezedwa kwambiri ndi boma. Kwa ambiri mwa omwe akupanga mbadwo watsopano wa omenyera ufulu wachisilamu, komabe, cholinga chokhazikitsa gulu lotukuka lachisilamu liyenera kuyamba ndi kukonzanso dongosolo laulamuliro la Egypt, motero, ndikukula kwa zokambirana zandale zomwe zimatha kuyankha zofunikira za ntchito iyi. Kukonzanso ndale kumeneku kumawoneka m'mawu omwe adanenedwa zaka zingapo zapitazo Ibrahim Hodeibi, liwu lofunika kwambiri pakati pa mbadwo watsopano wa mamembala a Brotherhood. Polemba mkangano ndi mamembala anzake a Ubale wa tsogolo la bungwe, Hodeibi adanena kuti mawu oti "Chisilamu ndi yankho" alowe m'malo ndi "Egypt kwa Aigupto onse" osalowerera ndale. Uku kunalidi kuitana komwe kunamveka m’misewu ya ku Igupto.
Omenyera ufuluwa adayambitsa njira zodzudzula ndale ndi kulumikizana komwe kumatha kuyimira pakati komanso kuphatikizira kudzipereka kwachipembedzo ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu zomwe zimapanga dziko la Egypt la ndale.
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Charles Hirschkind ndi pulofesa wothandizira wa Anthropology ku yunivesite ya California, Berkeley. Iye ndi mlembi wa The Ethical Soundscape: Cassette Sermons ndi Islamic Counterpublics (2006) ndi co-editor (ndi David Scott) wa Mphamvu Zadziko Lamakono: Talal Asad ndi Interlocutors ake (2005).