Apo iye ali, pozungulira ife, akubwera wamkulu kuposa kale: Oscar
Wilde-wit, wotsutsa, wofera chikhulupiriro, amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, komanso okonda media. Chaka cha 2000 ndi chizindikiro cha
Zaka 100 za imfa ya Wilde ndipo, ngati kuti akwaniritse chithandizo chake choyipa m'manja mwa
anthu olemekezeka zaka 100 zapitazo, ntchito yomanga hagiography ikuchitika.
Chaka chatha, sewero la zolemba za Moises Kaufman Gross Indecencies anatsegula off-Broadway
ndipo adapambana Mphotho ya Obie. Mwezi watha Liam Neeson adatsegula ngati Wilde mu Broadway ya David Hare
gunda, Yudasi Kiss. Mufilimuyi Julian Mitchell olusa, yemwe ali ndi Stephen Fry, ndi
tsopano ndi kumasulidwa kwakukulu. Kuphatikiza apo pali mabuku osachepera khumi onena za Wilde kukhala
lofalitsidwa kuphatikizapo Album ya Wilde, chithunzi chojambulidwa ndi ake
mdzukulu, Merlin Holland; Jonathan Fryer Andre ndi Oscar kufufuza kwa
Ubwenzi wa Wilde ndi Gide; Mbiri ya Philip Hoar Maimidwe Omaliza a Oscar Wilde: Decadence,
Chiwembu ndi Mayesero Oipitsitsa Kwambiri M'zaka Zamakono, kuyang'ana pa ndale za Wilde
cholowa; Jerusha McCormack Wilde waku Ireland"ndi Joel H. Kaplan zisudzo
ndi Mafashoni: Oscar Wilde kwa Suffragettes, kufotokoza za ubale wa olemba sewero
kukonzanso kavalidwe, kusintha kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu, ndi chikhalidwe cha akazi.
Pakhalanso kuphulika kwa Oscar Lite - kuchuluka kwatsopano
Mabuku a "nzeru ndi nzeru" omwe amabwezeretsanso epigram iliyonse, aphorism, ndi kutembenuka kwanzeru
Phase Wilde adalembapo, kuyankhula, kapena kumveka akudzing'ung'udza yekha. Iye anali mmodzi wa iwo
anthu oyamba kukulitsa chikhalidwe cha umunthu. Adam Gropnick adalemba posachedwa mu
ndi latsopano Yorker kuti Wilde "anapanga mlendo wowonetsa zokambirana pasanakhale a
lankhulani show kuti mumulandire."
Kumangidwanso kwakanthawi kwa Oscar Wilde (kapena mbiri yakale
figure) zimachitika kuti zikwaniritse zosowa zapagulu. Bloomsbury mania wa malemu
Zaka za m'ma 1970 - kufotokoza zochitika za kugonana kwa Edwardian bohemians - kunali kuyankha kwakukulu.
ku chiyambukiro chomwe uzimayi ndi gulu la gay zidakhala nazo pamiyoyo ya anthu monga momwe zidakhalira ndi a
kuyamikira kwatsopano zolemba za Virginia Woolf ndi Lytton Strachey. Zobwerezedwa
zitsitsimutso za Jack Kerouc ndi kumenyedwa kumalankhula ndi zosowa za owerenga kuti apeze (kachiwiri) a
kukhala ndi ufulu m'gulu lomwe likuchulukirachulukira.
Zithunzi ziwiri zapakati-nthano, kwenikweni-za Wilde, zolimbikitsidwa mu izi
zikhalidwe zambiri zodziwika bwino komanso zamaphunziro ndi izi: Oscar, wofera gay ndi/kapena Oscar the
cocktail party nzeru. Onsewa Wilde persona ali ndi tanthauzo lalikulu pagulu komanso
kwenikweni amamveka zoona koma amaphonyanso tanthauzo la Oscar Wilde. Chofunika kwambiri, ndi
kutchuka kozikika kwa aliyense kungasonyeze chikhumbo chopewa—ngakhale kuchotsa—chowonadi
ziwopsezo zandale ndi zachikhalidwe zomwe Oscar Wilde adapereka, ndipo akupitilizabe kupereka
gulu.
Nthano yoyamba: Oscar Woyera, woyang'anira anthu ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Pali
mosakayikira Oscar Wilde anachitiridwa zinthu zonyansa ndi anthu amene ankakhala. The
Kunyozedwa komwe kunamuchulukira chifukwa chokhala amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kunali kwakukulu, ndipo Labouchere Amendment,
pomwe adaweruzidwa kuti akagwire ntchito zolemetsa zaka ziwiri, adapalamula mchitidwe wachiwerewere
"mwachinsinsi." (Zinthu sizinali zosiyana kwambiri ku U.S. lero; mu 1986
Khoti Lalikulu Kwambiri linagamula kuti panalibe “ufulu wachinsinsi” wachinsinsi.)
Kugwa kwakukulu komanso kochititsa chidwi kwa Wilde kuchokera kwa wojambula wotchuka ndi VIP kupita pagulu komanso zigawenga
ndi nkhani yochenjeza za mmene kudana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kungakhudzire ngakhale anthu otchuka kwambiri. Mmodzi sakanafuna
kwa chizindikiro chotsimikizika cha kuchuluka kwa chikhalidwe chodziwika bwino chomwe chimadana ndi kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Mu a
chikhalidwe chomwe chikukanabe kuvomereza kuvulaza komwe kumayambitsa, Wilde-as-icon-of-
kuponderezana si maganizo oipa. (Ngakhale ndizosangalatsa kuzindikira kuti anyamata angapo
omwe Wilde adachita nawo chibwenzi anali osakwana zaka 17: ngati Wilde akanakhala lero, akanatero
kukhala pamwamba pa Sexual Offenders Registry, ndi chilombo chochotsedwa kwa ambiri mwa gay ndi
Malesbian community.) Njira iyi yodziwika kuti ndi yovomerezeka–vox media, vox populi–inayamba
1960 ndi Mayesero a Oscar Wilde"ndi Oscar Wilde, zizindikiro ziwiri
Makanema aku Britain omwe adasintha Wilde kuchoka ku chiwembu komanso kusokoneza kugonana kukhala an
wosalakwa wochitiridwa tsankho lodana ndi kugonana. "Kupatulika" uku kukupitirirabe lero mu
masewero onse a Hare ndi Kaufman komanso filimu ya Mitchell. Pomwe chowonadi chili pano
zodziwikiratu, monga Wilde adazunzidwa ndi anthu amalingaliro ochepera, achinyengo, odana ndi kugonana,
ndi chowonadi chosavuta, ndipo kwenikweni chosasangalatsa, chomwe amasinthanitsa chifundo nacho
kudziyimira pawokha, wozunzidwa chifukwa cha ufulu wodzilamulira. Ndi chowonadi chomwe ambiri mwa iwo
media (ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha) -ndipo anthu ambiri - amakhala omasuka. Ife tsopano tiri mu nthawi
pamene kuvutika maganizo kumawoneka ngati ndalama zabwino zosinthira chikhalidwe kusiyana ndi kupeza
kukwiya ndi kumenyana.
Nthano yachiwiri: Oscar Wilde, wopambana kwambiri komanso wanzeru. Ayi
kukayikira za izi, masewero a Wilde, zolemba, ndi zokambirana zimakhala ndi zina mwazo
ma bon-mots odabwitsa kwambiri omwe adanenedwapo m'Chingelezi cha Mfumukazi. Pamene zina British
Olemba a nthawiyo (ndipo kenako) adapereka nthabwala ndi kuzindikira kudzera m'misewu, kusintha, ndi
chodabwitsa–Jerome K. Jerome, Saki, ndi Ronald Firbank kukhala odziwika kwambiri–Wilde atha kutenga
mbiri chifukwa cha kutchuka kwake, ngati sikunapangidwe, ngati mawonekedwe aluso. Koma kuchepetsa
Wilde ku makina a nthabwala, wolemba gag wapamwamba, amaphonya ziwiri, komanso zokhudzana ndi, zofunika
mfundo. Zoseketsa za Wilde, zopangidwa mwangwiro zinali zanzeru, nthawi zambiri zozama,
zowonera pa anthu, dziko lapansi, ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu. Iwo anali "anzeru" m'mbiri
tanthauzo lenileni la mawuwa: chidziwitso, chidwi, kuzindikira. Ngati sanaulule mozama
"chowonadi" ambiri mwa "nthabwala" za Wilde zikadabwerera m'mawu
mabuku oiwalika. Zosonkhanitsa zambiri za "nzeru ndi nzeru" za Wilde zimapanga
cholakwika chachikulu, chosakhululukidwa, cholekanitsa "mizere imodzi" ndi yawo
nkhani motero kuwapangitsa kukhala opanda pake, ngati akadali oseketsa. Zotsatira zake ndikulera
Wilde, kuchotsa m'mphepete ndi kuzindikira, kumupanga iye Dandy wosalakwa yemwe ali
"zabwino," osati zowopseza; woyipa, osati wowopseza.
Nthano za Saint Oscar ndi Oscar the Dandy zilipo kwambiri
mverani mphamvu za Wilde ngati wotsutsa komanso woganiza. Jonathan theorist
Dollimore, m'buku lake Kusagwirizana pakugonana: Augustine kupita ku Wilde, Freud kupita ku Foucault
akuwonetsa pulogalamu yayikulu ya Wilde pamene akuwunika kumvetsetsa kwa wolemba za
kufunikira kwaukadaulo mu ubale wa anthu komanso m'magulu amagulu. Dollimore akutero
Wilde monga post-modernist yemwe ali patsogolo kwambiri pa nthawi yake kuti "modernism" ilibe kanthu.
komabe anatulukira. Ndizowona kuti Wilde mobwerezabwereza "amawulula" momwe kumanga kwa
mabungwe a anthu—kuchokera kwa anthu mpaka ku mabungwe monga ukwati ndi malamulo—ali
amapangidwa kuti agwirizane ndi zosowa za omwe ali ndi mphamvu. Ndipo, mwa kutanthawuza, choncho
mabungwe atha kumangidwa, kumangidwanso ndi kumangidwanso kuti anthu ambiri amve
zabwino. Ngakhale pano, awa ndi malingaliro odabwitsa a momwe dziko limagwirira ntchito, kapena lingagwire ntchito.
Koma ngakhale izi sizikufika ku mizu ya chikhalidwe cha Wilde
radicalism, yomwe imapezeka mu kukumbatira kwake ziphunzitso zonse za "art for art's
sake" ndi kufuna kwake kuti zosowa za munthu zikhale patsogolo
zosowa za chikhalidwe chokhazikitsidwa. Lingaliro lakuti luso likhoza - liyenera kukhalapo
popanda ntchito zothandizira kunali kukana kotheratu malingaliro a chikhalidwe cha Victorian. Mu
zosangalatsa zambiri zachikhalidwe zaku Western zimawonedwa ndi kukayikira komanso mantha. Kuti zosangalatsa luso
kutulutsa kunali kulungamitsidwa kokwanira kuti kukhalapo kwake kunali lingaliro lodabwitsa, ndipo lidakalipo
kotero kwa ena ngakhale tsopano. Malingaliro awa amagwirizana kwambiri ndi lingaliro - lofala kwambiri
Chiphunzitso cha chikhalidwe cha Victorian - kuti munthu amangokhala chigoba mu makina akuluakulu
bungwe lachitukuko. Mu Moyo wa Munthu Pansi pa Socialism Wilde amatsutsa zimenezo
"munthu payekha" ndiye mphamvu yolimbikitsa ndale ndi chikhalidwe; kuti
popanda chilolezo chofufuza zaumwini sichidzakula ndikusintha. Kugwiritsa ntchito kwa Wilde
liwu lakuti "individualism" silimatembenuzidwanso lero monga momwe tanthauzo lake latengera Ayn
Malingaliro a Randian a libertarianism.
Kugwiritsa ntchito kwa Wilde kukuwonetsa kuti pokhapokha pazosowa zaumwini zitha kukhala
Kumvetsetsa ndi kufotokozedwa kungathe kusintha kwakukulu kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu.
Poyembekezera ziphunzitso za oganiza a 1960, monga
Marcuse, R.D. Laing, ndi Norman O. Brown, Wilde akuumiriranso kuti "ndale,"
"chikhalidwe," ndi "munthu mwini" ndi zolumikizana mosagwirizana. Izi
Kufotokozera za lingaliro lakuti "munthu ndi ndale" anabwera zaka zana
lisanavomerezedwe pafupifupi padziko lonse lapansi. Tsopano pamene ife tayamba kugwedezeka mu ena
Malangizo ake ndizodabwitsa kuti "nzeru ndi nzeru" za Wilde - zidasweka
nkhani-ndi yodziwika kwambiri pomwe palibe amene angawerenge Moyo wa Munthu Pansi
Socialism. Pomwe zokamba za Wilde pano zimawoneka ngati zopanda pake munthawi yathu nthawi zambiri amakhala
pa chizindikiro. Iye analemba pa zinthu zaumwini kuti: “Ndi kuthetsedwa kwa katundu waumwini,
ndiye tidzakhala ndi zowona, zokongola, zaumwini. Palibe amene adzawononge moyo wake
kusonkhanitsa zinthu ndi zizindikiro za zinthu. Mmodzi adzakhala ndi moyo. Kukhala mu chinthu chosowa
mdziko lapansi. Anthu ambiri alipo. Ndizo zonse." Pa Wilde pa liberal reformism:
“Amayesa kuthetsa vuto laumphaŵi, mwachitsanzo, mwa kusunga osauka;
kapena pankhani ya sukulu yapamwamba kwambiri, mwa kuseketsa osauka. Koma iyi si yankho:
ndiko kuonjeza kwa zovuta. "Cholinga choyenera ndikuyesa kumanganso
anthu pamaziko akuti umphaŵi sudzatha.” Nzosadabwitsa Mzimu wa
Munthu Pansi pa Socialism sichimatchulidwa zambiri masiku ano.
Zokhudzana ndi kugonana kwa Wilde's artistic and socialistic
zikhulupiriro zilinso zomveka. Ngati "chisangalalo" chiyenera kulungamitsidwa, kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha
ndipo kubereka kungaloledwe. Koma ngati chisangalalo chingakhalepo popanda kulungamitsidwa (zojambula, kotero
kulankhula, chifukwa chake), kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha sikungokhala koipa, koma khalidwe labwino. Zogonana
ufulu ndiye kuti mwapang'ono ungakhalepo pamene kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha sikukugwirizana ndi kubereka.
Kuonjezera apo, amayi amangokhala omasuka pamene kubereka sikunali kofunidwa (kapena ngakhale
kuyembekezera) za iwo. Mobwerezabwereza m'masewero ake ndi zolemba zake zotsutsa Wilde amayamikira
kufunika kosangalatsa pa zothandiza zosavuta komanso kufunika kwa zochita za munthu payekha ndi
kutengera zofuna za anthu. Uthenga wa Wilde ukadali woopsa komanso wochititsa mantha tsopano.
Mu m'badwo uno wa "kungonena kuti ayi," kuphwanyidwa kosalekeza kwa ufulu wa malamulo
kuchotsa mimba ndi ufulu wina wobereka, kuzunzidwa kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha komanso ufulu wa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha,
Kuchepetsa kwa Edzi ndi maphunziro otetezeka (komanso kukakamira kulimbikitsa kudziletsa
njira yokha "yotsimikizika" yopewera Edzi), uthenga wa Oscar Wilde wosangalatsa ndi
ufulu wa munthu aliyense ndi wofunikira monga momwe zinalili zaka 100 zapitazo. Koma kodi zidzamveka?
Anthu a Victorian adayankha kuwopseza kwa Wilde pomutsekera m'ndende; timayankha ndi
wochitiridwa nkhanza ndi kumadzinamizira kuti ndi mfumukazi ina yochenjera yokhala ndi nthabwala
ndi maganizo.