S. Herman
The International Criminal
Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY kapena Tribunal) idakhazikitsidwa mu 1993 ndi a
Maulamuliro akuluakulu a NATO, makamaka United States ndi Germany, kuti atsatire Serbia
atsogoleri ndi ogwira ntchito, monga gawo lokonzekera nkhondo yolimbana ndi Serbia ndi
otsala Yugoslavia. Ndi ubale womveka bwino ndi anthu komanso udindo wandale
pothandizira ndondomeko ya NATO, Khotilo lakhala "lapadziko lonse" kapena
"wodziyimira pawokha" m'lingaliro la Pickwickian. Kuphwanya kwake mfundo za
Ulamuliro waku Western wakhala wochititsa chidwi kuyambira pachiyambi mpaka lero. Iwo
akuyimira mlandu wowopsa wa wamphamvu kugwiritsa ntchito chivundikiro chodziwika chalamulo kuti
thandizani kuukira ndikuchotsa dziko laling'ono; nkhani ya Diana Johnstone,
ponena za ntchito ya Tribunal kuyambira 1993-1998, imatcha "opambana amtsogolo"
chilungamo.โ Kuyambira nkhondo ya NATO komanso kugonjetsedwa kwa ndale kwa Yugoslavia,
komanso ndi mlandu waposachedwa wa Milosevic, tili ndi vuto lomwe timalidziwa bwino
โchilungamo cha opambanaโ molunjika.
Izi kwambiri
ntchito zandale zakhala ubale wabwino kwambiri ndi anthu
kupambana kwa mphamvu za NATO. Izi ndichifukwa choti Western media, makamaka
atolankhani aku US, azichita mosakayikira, ndikulola NATO kuti ichoke
kupha, ponse paลตiri mophiphiritsira ndi kwenikweni. Chiwanda chodziwika bwino cha mdani
ndondomeko, zonena za "kupha anthu," kuyang'ana kwambiri anthu omwe asankhidwa,
kuvula nkhani, ndi nthano zokhazikitsidwa, zalola NATO kuwonekera a
chida chothandizira anthu ndipo apanga malo anzeru komanso amakhalidwe abwino
mmene mfundo zabwino, ngakhale zoipitsitsa, za tsankho lachiweruzo ndi chisalungamo ndi za
akaunti yaying'ono.
Chimodzi chofunikira
chotsatira cha momwe atolankhani amagwirira ntchito ndikusagwirizana ndi mlandu wachilungamo
Milosevic ku The Hague. Poweruza mlanduwo mokondera, mosadziwa, komanso
kwambiri maganizo, potero kulimbikitsa mkwiyo pagulu ndi chidani pa munthuyo
m'mayesero, ofalitsa nkhani amapanga malingaliro ndi ziyembekezo zomwe zingapange
chigamulo cha munthu wosalakwa chikuwoneka ngati choipitsitsa. Chitsanzo ichi ndi chodziwika bwino: a
Mlandu wa Sacco-Vanzetti, Rosenbergs, ndi zitsanzo zambiri zolimbikitsa anthu
motsutsana ndi "Hitler wina" kunja komwe akukhudzidwa ndi mfundo za US-Manuel Noriega, Saddam
Hussein, Osama bin Laden, Kadaffi chifukwa chakuchita nawo gawo la Libyan
Kuwombera kwa Lockerbie, "ufumu woipa" chifukwa chokonzekera kukonzekera 1981.
kuwombera kwa Papa. Otsatsa amapeza mwachangu chowonadi chodziwikiratu,
kunyalanyaza kapena kunyalanyaza mfundo zosokoneza ndi kusanthula, ndikuwongolera
zochita zovomerezeka, monganso m'boma lopondereza.
Mu Milosevic
choncho, zotsatira zake zatsimikiziridwa kale ndi cholinga, ogwira ntchito, ndi
dongosolo la Tribunal, poganizira kuti chigamulo cholakwa ndichofunikira
kulungamitsa nkhondo ya US ndi NATO ndikugonjetsa Yugoslavia. Zidzakhala
ntchito yofalitsa yomaliza komanso yofunika kwambiri yomwe Khotilo limachita
okonza ake, opereka ndalama, ndi olamulira, monga momwe zidzamvekere bwino pansipa. Koma a
udindo wa atolankhani udakali wofunikira kwambiri pobisa nkhanza zoipitsitsa kwa anthu
a Tribunal ndi ntchito yake ngati wothandizira ndale ndi zofalitsa za
United States ndi NATO. Kubisa kumeneku kudzathandiza kupanga tsogolo kukhala โlothandiza anthu
kulowererapoโ ndi โnkhondo zolimbana ndi uchigawengaโ zomveka bwino, atasonyeza kuti nkhondoyo
motsutsana ndi Yugoslavia chinali ndi maziko akhalidwe, kuletsa Hitler winanso.
ena
Context ya Tribunal
Amayi ndi Atate,
Albright ndi Kinkel, Tanthauzirani Cholinga Chake. Kuyendetsa koyambirira kwa Tribunal
adatsogozedwa ndi nduna yakunja yaku Germany Klaus Kinkel, yemwe adalimbikira kale
Ogasiti 1992, ndipo adafuna momveka bwino kuti aziimba mlandu ma Serbs
"Genocide." Udindo wake poyambitsa Tribunal unatsogolera pulezidenti wake woyamba, Antonio
Cassese, kutchula Kinkel ngati "bambo wa khoti."
Gabrielle Kirk
McDonald, wolowa m'malo mwa Cassese monga purezidenti, pozindikira kuti Madeleine Albright anali nawo
โanagwira ntchito motsimikiza mtima kukhazikitsira Khoti Lamilandu,โ anamutcha iye
"Amayi a Tribunal." Munthu yemwe adalemba Chilamulo cha Tribunal cha Albright,
Michael Scharf, adalankhula mosapita m'mbali za cholinga chake pandale: Khotilo linali
"Boma limadziwika kuti ndi mgwirizano wapagulu
chipangizo ndi โฆchida chothandiza cha mfundoโฆ. Indictmentsโฆzidzathandiza kudzipatula
kukhumudwitsa atsogoleri mwaukazembeโฆndi kulimbikitsa ndale zapadziko lonse lapansi
kugwiritsa ntchito zilango zachuma kapena kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvuโ (Washington Post, Okutobala 3,
1999). Zindikirani ntchito yomwe akufuna kuimbidwa mlandu, yomwe ingathandize ndale
asanayambe kuzengedwa mlandu ndi chigamulo, zotsutsana ndi mfundo zakumadzulo za
malamulo.
Wosayikira
Mwalamulo. Bungwe la Security Council linalibe maziko ovomerezeka pansi pa Charter ya UN
kukhazikitsa bungwe loweruza, koma idanyalanyaza zabwinozo, ponena kuti Chaputalacho
VII, yomwe idapatsa ufulu "kuchitapo kanthu" ndi "kukhazikitsa othandizira
mabungweโ pofuna kusungitsa โmtendere ndi chisungiko,โ anapereka izo
ulamuliro. Chinyengo chalamulo ichi chinalepheretsa kufunikira kofikitsa mayiko omwe si a NATO
vomerezani bungwe latsopano lachiweruzo, ndipo lili ndi ubwino umene mayiko onse ali nawo
kukakamizidwa kuvomereza zomwe zachitika pansi pa Mutu VII. Mkangano unali
adapanga kuti zomwe a Tribunal adachita pamaziko a ulamuliro woweruzawu
โchingalepheretseโ anthu oipa ndi kuletsa nkhondo, koma osati kungonena zimenezi
osavuta, mbiri ikuwonetsa kuti Khotilo linathandizira kutsata kwa NATO
nkhondo.
Ndalama ndi
Ogwira ntchito. Ngakhale Article 32 ya charter ya Tribunal ikunena kuti Tribunal
ndalama ziyenera kuperekedwa kuchokera ku bajeti yayikulu ya UN, zomwe zaperekedwa
zaphwanyidwa mosalekeza, ndipo Khotilo liyenera kudalira US ndi ena
ndalama zaboma, kupempha kwa George Soros ndi ena omwe akufuna
opereka payekha, ndi "otsatira" ogwira ntchito (makamaka) mphamvu za NATO. Mu
1994-1995, United States inapatsa Khotilo ndalama zokwana madola 700,000, $2.3
miliyoni mu zida, ndi antchito ambiri othandizidwa, pomwe akulephera kukwaniritsa zake
udindo wa ndalama zalamulo ku UN.
Ndalama izi
kudalira sikumangopanga ulamuliro wakunja, kumalolanso opereka ndalama
kuwongolera machitidwe a Tribunal m'njira zomwe zikugwirizana ndi zolinga zawo zandale.
Chifukwa chake, mwachitsanzo, oyang'anira Clinton adapeza $ 27 miliyoni panthawi ya
kuphulitsa bomba kuti Khotilo lizitha kusonkhanitsa zambiri pamilandu yankhondo yaku Serb kuchokera
Othawa kwawo aku Albania. (Gilbert Guillaume, Purezidenti wa International Court of
Justice [ICJ], akuyankhula pa October 26, 2000 pamaso pa UN General Assembly,
adazindikira kuti ICTY imapeza ndalama zochulukitsa kakhumi kuposa ICJ, ndipo adati
kuti izi zinali chifukwa maphwando osiyanasiyana amachita "kugula forum," kapena kupanga
mabwalo atsopano, omwe adzakhala "ovomerezeka ku mikangano yawo." Iye ananena zimenezo
sizinali zogwirizana ndi machitidwe abwino oweruza kuti makhoti "apangidwe
malinga ndi lamulo la msika.)
Chigawo chachikulu
mwa ogwira ntchito ku Tribunal akuchokera ku mayiko a NATO, ndipo ambiri mwa awa
amachokera ku United States ndi Britain; mkati mwa 1996, 23 mwa 52 โachiwiriโ
ogwira ntchito adachokera ku US Departments of State, Defense and Justice. Zosankha zapamwamba
Akuluakulu a ma Tribunal amawunikiridwa ndi atsogoleri a mayiko akuluakulu. Iwo amene
kutumikira bwino, monga wozenga mlandu wakale Louise Arbour, amalipidwa chifukwa cha ntchito imeneyi
(anasankhidwa mwamsanga kukhala Woweruza wa Khoti Lalikulu la Canada). Ena
kungobwerera ku ntchito zakale zomwe zikanayenera kuwaletsa
Utumiki wa Tribunal: Gabrielle Kirk McDonald, Purezidenti wakale wa Tribunal, anali
wakhala director, ndipo wabweranso ngati โSpecial Counsel to the Chairman on Human
Ufulu," a Freeport-McMoRan Copper & Gold Inc., ufulu wachibadwidwe wodziwika bwino
wophwanya malamulo akugwira ntchito ku West Papua mothandizidwa ndi asitikali aku Indonesia.
Pamene Milosevic
anaimbidwa mlandu mu May 1999, Dr. Hans Koechler, pulezidenti wa International International
Bungwe la Progress Organisation (NGO), lidazindikira kuti akuluakulu onse a Tribunal
anali nzika za mayiko a NATO kapena ogwirizana nawo (Australia). Anafunsa ngati
bungwe lomwe limatsatira malamulo osakondera silikanapeza a
โkusemphana maganizo kwa 'oweruza' ochokera m'mayiko omwe akumenya nkhondo yosadziwika bwino
motsutsana ndi Yugoslavia kukhala pagulu lotere lomwe limayambitsa 'zoweruza' zotsutsa
mtsogoleri wa dziko akuukiridwa?โ
Mgwirizano
Zogwirizana ndi NATO. Pa May 9, 1996, oimira milandu a Khotilo anasaina chikalata cha
memo yomvetsetsa ndi NATO yomwe idapangitsa kukhala gendarme ya Tribunal.
Komabe, Ndime 16 ya charter ya Tribunal ikunena kuti wozenga milandu azichita
kuchita paokha ndipo safuna kapena kulandira malangizo kuchokera ku boma lililonse.
Koma wozenga milandu sangachite yekha ngati amadalira maboma enaake
zandalama, ogwira ntchito komanso apolisi. Ndipo ozenga mlandu a Tribunal
sanachite paokha, monga tafotokozera pansipa.
pa
kuphulitsa bomba, wolankhulira ubale wa NATO Jamie Shea adafunsidwa za NATO
kukhala pachiwopsezo ku milandu ya Tribunal. Iye sankadera nkhawa. Woimira bomayo anati,
adzayamba kufufuza kwake "chifukwa tidzamulola kutero." Komanso, "NATO
maiko ndi amene apereka ndalama,โ komanso pakufunika kumanga a
chigawo chachiwiri โkuti milandu ifulumireโฆife ndi a Tribunal tili
zonse pa izi, tikufuna kuwona zigawenga zankhondo zikuweruzidwa. โ Pamene Arbor
"Tikuwona zowona zomwe azitsutsa anthu a fuko la Yugoslavia ndi ine
musayembekezere ena aliwonse pakadali panoโ (msonkhano wa atolankhani wa NATO, Meyi 17,
1999).
Zofotokozedwa
Ntchito ku NATO. Ntchito yayikulu ku NATO idachitika panthawi ya Racak
"Kupha anthu" mu January 1999. Albright ndi anzake anali kuwerenga NATO
ndi anthu pankhondo yolimbana ndi Yugoslavia, ndipo amafunikira ubale wapagulu
thandizo. Pamene zinanenedwa kuti Kosovo Albanians anaphedwa ku Racak,
Mkulu wa boma la United States a William Walker anathamangira pamalopo ndipo ananena kuti ndi โzosaneneka
nkhanza.โ Tsiku lotsatira wozenga mlandu wa Tribunal Louise Arbor adalengeza pa a
msonkhano wa atolankhani kuti akutsegula kafukufuku waumbandawu. Mkati
masiku anayi, atakambirana ndi akuluakulu a NATO okha, adalengeza kuti iyi ndi "nkhondo
mlandu.โ Kulengeza uku kunathandizira kufalitsa milandu yomwe amaganiziridwayo, ndipo ngakhale a
zowona pamlanduwo zinali zotsutsana, ndipo lipoti lazamalamulo pa
kupha anthu ambiri sikunatulutsidwe ndi OSCE, kuphedwa kumeneku kudalembedwa mu Meyi 22,
1999 mlandu wa Milosevic ndi anzake.
Kenako, pa Marichi
31, 1999, patatha sabata imodzi bomba la NATO litayamba, Arbor adalengeza kuti akutsutsa.
Mtsogoleri wa gulu lankhondo la Serb Arkan pamilandu yomwe adachita ku Bosnia, yomwe anali nayo
adakonzekera zaka ziwiri m'mbuyomo koma adabisala mpaka NATO ikafuna ubale wapagulu
chivundikiro cha kuphulitsa kwake.
Zochititsa chidwi kwambiri
Ntchito yamakhothi ku NATO idachitika miyezi iwiri pambuyo pake. NATO idapeza kuti
Aserbia sanali kugonja kunkhondo zawo zankhondo, kotero NATO
Chifukwa chake adatembenukira kuukira anthu wamba, kugunda milatho, mafakitale,
magetsi ndi madzi, komanso masukulu ndi zipatala. Izi
Kuukira kunali kuswa malamulo a mayikoโMfundo Yachisanu ndi chimodzi ya Nuremberg
mipiringidzo yolunjika โyosalungamitsidwa ndi nkhondoโโndipo inali kuchititsa zina
chisokonezo ngakhale m'mayiko a NATO. Ndi nthawi yabwino, pa Meyi 27
Arbor adalengeza mlandu wa Milosevic, kutengera zambiri za a Serb
kuphana koperekedwa ndi anzeru aku US koma osatsimikiziridwa mwanjira ina. Izi zidapangitsa
Albright kuti azindikire kuti zotsutsazo โzimamveketsa bwino dziko lapansi ndi anthu onse
m'mayiko athu kuti [ndondomeko ya NATO] ili yoyenera "(May 27, 1999),
kupititsa patsogolo kuphulika kwa mabomba-ndi kuphwanya malamulo a mayiko a NATO.
Nthawi yomweyo
Arbor anafotokoza kuti, pamene anthu โali oyenera kuganiziridwa
kukhala wosalakwa kufikira ataweruzidwa,โ zonenezazo โzimadzutsa mafunso aakulu ponena za iwo
oyenerera kukhala otsimikizira za mgwirizano uliwonse, ngakhalenso mgwirizano wamtendere. โ The
motero wozenga milandu adakhala ngati "wandale wolowa" (Koechler),
kulengeza kutsimikiza kwake pazandale kuti Milosevic adayenera kuyesedwa ngati
wokambirana. Nthawi zambiri, milandu idagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi Tribunal kuti
kuphwanya malamulo ndikuchotsa bwino anthu pa zokambirana.
Milosevic adayenera kudalira aku Russia kuti akambirane m'malo mwa Yugoslavia
kuthetsa nkhondo ya mabomba, ndipo atsogoleri a Bosnia Serb Karadzic ndi Mladic analinso
kuchotsedwa ku ndondomeko iliyonse yaukazembe ku Bosnia ndi milandu. Mwa njira iyi,
Komanso, onse anali ndi ziwanda bwino asanazengedwe mlandu ndi kutsutsidwa, ndi NATO iliyonse
ziwawa zidalungamitsidwa mubwalo lazaubwenzi/zofalitsa nkhani ndi Tribunal
milandu.
Kumasulidwa kwa
Zolakwa Zankhondo za NATO. NATO idasiyanitsidwa mosavuta ndi nkhani zamilandu zankhondo
ku Tribunal ulamuliro zomwe Robert Jackson pa milandu ya Nuremberg adalengeza
kukhala upandu woipitsitsa: kuchita nkhondo yankhanza. Chifukwa chake NATO ikhoza kuwukira
Yugoslavia ikuphwanya Charter ya UN popanda izi zokha
kuchita mlandu wolamulidwa ndi Tribunal Authority. Komabe, Article 5 ya
Lamulo la Tribunal lidapanga "milandu yolimbana ndi anthu," kuphatikiza
"kupha" ndi "zochita zina zopanda umunthu;" ndipo Ndime 3 imaphatikizapo โntchito za
zida zapoizoni kapena zida zina zowerengetsera kudzetsa mavuto osafunikira,โ
ndi "kuukira, kapena kuphulitsa mabomba, mwanjira iliyonse, m'matauni osatetezedwa, midzi,
nyumba, kapena nyumba,โ ndi zina. Ndime 1 ndi 16 za maulamuliro a Tribunal
malamulo amaukakamiza kuti aziimba mlandu pazochitika zilizonse zosaloledwa.
Momwe Arbor ndi
Del Ponte adasiya kufufuza milandu yankhondo ya NATO, komanso kusiyana kwake
ndi ntchito yawo yofulumira ku NATO, ndizoseketsa pakukulira kwa kusiyana
pakati pa awiriwo. Pulofesa wa zamalamulo ku Canada dzina lake Michael Mandel akufotokoza zimene zinachitika mu May 1999
iye ndi gulu la maloya ochokera Kumpoto ndi Kumwera kwa America anasumira chikalata cholembedwa bwino
dandaulo lamilandu yankhondo motsutsana ndi atsogoleri a 68 NATO, ndipo adapita ku Hague kukapanga
mlandu kwa Arbor ndi wolowa m'malo mwake Carla Del Ponte; ndi โmonga kwenikweni
zikwi padziko lonse lapansi, tidafuna kuti Arbor ndi Del Ponte azikakamiza
lamulo lotsutsana ndi NATO" ("Politics And Human Rights In The International Criminal
Khoti la Yugoslavia Yakale: Mlandu Wathu Wotsutsana ndi NATO Ndi Maphunziro Oyenera Kukhala
Ndinaphunzirapoโ Fordham International Law Journal 25: 95-128 [2001]).
Mโkupita kwanthaลตi anasiya pamene zinaonekeratu kuti โkhotilo linali bodza.โ Iwo
adatenga Del Ponte kuposa chaka kuti alengeze, pa June 2, 2000, kuti NATO inali
osalakwa, "ndipo kuti (m'malo mwake) sanali kutsegula
kufufuza ngati adachita chilichonse." (ibid.). Pa nthawiyo iye
adatulutsa lipoti la Ofesi yake ya Prosecutor (OTP), poyera kutengera ku
amakhulupirira kuti "zolemba za NATO ndi mayiko a NATO nthawi zambiri zimakhala zodalirika
ndi kuti malongosoledwe aperekedwa moona mtimaโ (Final Report to the Prosecutor
ndi Komiti Yakhazikitsidwa Kuti Iwunikenso Ntchito Yowombera Mabomba ya NATOโฆ UN Doc.
PR/PIS/ 510-E [2000], yopezeka pa www.un.org/icty/pressreal/nato061300.htm
[Apa OTP]). OTP idazindikira kuti, NATO nthawi zina idakana kuyankha
("analephera kuthana ndi zochitika zenizeni"); Zikatero, NATO sakufuna
kufufuza, OTP inasankha kuti isayang'anenso ndipo inangosiya
mutu. Kodi izi zimatheka bwanji pakuwunika kodziyimira pawokha?
Mu chitsutso
wa Milosevic, Arbor adagwiritsa ntchito umboni wokhudza zomwe zidachitika milungu isanu ndi umodzi yokha
m'mbuyomu kuchokera kudera lankhondo, loperekedwa ndi gulu lachidwi (NATO). Koma ngakhale iye
kapena Del Ponte akanatha "kutsegula kafukufuku" pa NATO, patapita chaka, ndi
umboni wochuluka pagulu la NATO zomwe zidapha ambiri
kuposa manambala omwe aperekedwa pachiwonetsero choyambirira cha Milosevic. Kuti
kutsutsidwa ndi mlandu wa "zolakwa zotsutsana ndi anthu" zidakhazikitsidwa pa 385
kuphana; koma lipoti la OTP linapeza kuti anthu 500 omwe anamwalira chifukwa cha NATO anali nawonso
ochepa oti anganeneโโpalibe umboni wokwanira woti aimbidwe mlandu
za kupha anthu kapena kuphwanya malamulo kwa anthu.โ
Pofufuza
zotheka milandu yankhondo ya NATO, nthawi ndi nthawi OTP ingaganizire umboni
ndiyeno sankhani kutanthauzira kovomerezeka kwa NATO, monga pakuphulitsidwa kwa bomba
Zoulutsira zaku Serbia, kapena kungosankha mosasamala kuti kuyambira pamenepo
"Kutanthauzira kwina kukupezekanso" palibe kufufuza komwe kumafunikira (izi
ponena za kuphulika kwa mabomba kwa NATO pa sitima pa mlatho ku Grdelica Gorge).
Michael Mandel akupereka zitsanzo zingapo za njira iyi yochotsera milandu,
zomwe akuti "zikufika pafupi kwambiri ndi kukhala makina enieni a NATO
kumasulidwa komwe kukanaperekedwa ndi Jamie Shea kapena James Rubin.
Pambuyo pa Del Ponte
atatenga m'malo mwa Arbour, adalengeza kuti chofunikira chake choyamba chikhala kusonkhanitsa
umboni wochulukirapo pa Milosevic, kuvomereza kuti analibe zokwanira,
koma ndikumveketsanso zofunikira zake pazantchito za NATO.
Zofotokozedwa
Malangizo kwa Aserbia; Kukhululukidwa kwa Croats ndi Asilamu aku Bosnia. Kuyambira pamenepo
Choyamba, Aserbia anali chandamale cha NATO, motero Khotilo. Kuyambira kale
1991 Mtumiki wakunja waku Germany Kinkel anali kutsutsa Aserbia za "kupha anthu," ndipo mu
December 1992, pamene Khotilo linali mkati mwa kupangidwa, Woyimilira US
Mlembi wa boma Lawrence Eagleberger adatchulanso poyera atsogoleri anayi a Serb,
Milosevic, Radovan Karadzic, Mladic and Arkan, as the targets of the Tribunal.
Purezidenti wa Tribunal Gabrielle Kirk McDonald adatcha Serbia ngati "wankhalwe
boma,โ ndipo pulezidenti wina wa Tribunal Antonio Cassese anasangalala
kuti โkuimbidwa mlanduโ kunachititsa kuti atsogoleri a ku Serb asamachite nawo
zokambirana. (Cassese sanavutitsidwe ndi kuzunzidwa kotereku ngati a
pulasitiki.)
Ambiri mwa
milandu inaperekedwa kwa Aserbia, ndipo mfundo ziwiri apa zinali
mosabisa kanthu. Mtsogoleri wa gulu lankhondo la Serb Arkan anaimbidwa mlandu, koma osati Msilamu wake wa ku Bosnia
mnzake Naser Oric, yemwe adadzitamandira kwa atolankhani ponena za kupha kwake Serb
anthu wamba. Mtsogoleri wa Serb Milan Martic adatsutsidwa mu 1996 chifukwa choyambitsa rocket
kuukira kwa magulu ankhondo ku Zagreb mu Meyi 1995, pansi
kuti rocket "siinapangidwe kuti igonjetse zida zankhondo koma kuopseza
anthu wamba ku Zagreb.โ Koma kuphulitsa kwa magulu a NATO ku Nis pa Meyi 7, 1999, komwe
mobwerezabwereza anagunda msika ndi chipatala kutali chandamale chilichonse asilikali, opangidwa ayi
milandu. Ndipo kuyeretsa kwakukulu kwa mafuko ku Krajina molangizidwa ndi US
Asilikali aku Croatia mu 1995, ndi mazana ambiri omwe anaphedwa, sanawatsutse mpaka
May 21, 2001, pamene Del Ponte, akuthamangitsa boma latsopano la Yugoslavia mwaukali.
kutulutsa Milosevic ndi ena omwe amati ndi zigawenga zankhondo, ndipo zikuwoneka kuti a
akuyenera kuwonetsa kudzipereka kwake, adadzudzula gulu lankhondo laku Croatia
mkulu. (May 2001 asanafike, Aserbia okha ndi omwe adaimbidwa mlandu wamilandu yankhondo mu
Chigawo cha Krajina.)
Chisebiya chokha
Atsogoleri akuimbidwa mlandu wa "kupha anthu" komanso udindo wapamwamba kwambiri pazandale
zochita za omvera. Kupha anthu ambiri ndi Asilamu aku Bosnia - kuphatikiza
imported mujahedeen omwe luso lawo linali kudula mitu anthu wamba-ndipo ndi
Asilikali aku Croatia ndi othandizira, sanapangitse Khotilo kugwiritsa ntchito mawuwa
kupha anthu kapena kunena udindo kwa Purezidenti waku Croatia Tudjman kapena Bosnia
mtsogoleri Izetbegovic. Ndipo pamawonekedwe ake amilandu a NATO, Del Ponte
ankangoganizira udindo wa oyendetsa ndege a NATO ndi awo omwe ali nawo
olamulira, osati ochita zisankho a NATO omwe adaganiza zolimbana ndi anthu wamba
zomangamanga ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu. Miyezo iwiri apa ndi yodabwitsa.
Oweruza
Zolakwika - Zofanana ndi Zochita za Soviet mu 1936-1937. Aliyense akuwerenga
Osakhala ndi Mlandu: Lipoti la Commission of Inquiry pa Milandu Yomwe Inamangidwa
Leon Trotsky mu Mayesero a ku Moscow (1938), lolembedwa ndi gulu lotsogozedwa ndi John
Dewey, atha kukhudzidwa ndi kufanana pafupipafupi pakati pa Soviet ndi Tribunal
mfundo ndi ndondomeko ya khothi. Komitiyi inatsindika za ubale wa anthu
ntchito ya mayesero a Moscow ndi "chiwembu chokonzedweratu" ndikukonzekera kutsimikizira
kuti munthu mmodzi woipa (Trotsky) anali wolakwa. Komitiyi inatsutsa kuti pali
osati kuyesetsa kwenikweni kukhazikitsa chowonadi, koma kungotsimikizira kulakwa. Iwo anatsindika
kudzikonda kwa otsutsa.
Ponena za
ndondomeko yeniyeni, bungweli lidawona kufufuzidwa kwa ufulu wa
woimbidwa mlandu ndi chitetezo, kudalira zonenezedwa ndi iwo amene ali ndi wapadera
chidwi, kusakhalapo kwa umboni wochirikiza milandu ndi
kugwiritsa ntchito zikalata pafupipafupi zomwe sizikutsimikizira chilichonse. Komiti
anatsindikanso kulephera kupereka nkhani ya ziganizo, kulephera kuyitana
mboni zofunika, ndi kulephera kufufuza zotsutsana mu
zoneneza.
Zonsezi
milandu imagwira ntchito ya Tribunal. Monga taonera pamwambapa, anthu
ntchito za ubale wa Tribunal ndi zomveka komanso zovomerezeka, monganso zake
kutsata mwaukali munthu woyipa wolakwa kale pakupha anthu pomwe akuti
kuyesa kupanga "Greater Serbia." Zowonekeranso ndikufufuza kochepa kwa chowonadi,
komanso kudzikonda kwa omwe akutsutsa a NATO.
Ponena za
ndondomeko ya chiweruzo, Tribunal ndi poyera wozenga mlandu wochezeka, yolunjika ku
"chilungamo cha ozunzidwa," ndipo imalandira ndalama kuchokera ku United States ndi Soros
makamaka yoperekedwa kwa oimba mlandu. Woyimira mlandu woyamba wa Tribunal,
Richard Goldstone, ananena kuti โAnthu amene anaphedwa pa nkhondo za ku Yugoslavia amafuna malamulo
kubwezera,โ ndipo ozunzidwawo โayenera kusankha chimene chili choyenera.โ ndi Goldstone
sanakayikirepo kuti akudziwa kuti ndi magulu ati omwe adazunzidwa ndipo anali ndi ufulu wofuna kukakamiza
kubwezera. Monga momwe Diana Johnstone akunenera, "Chilungamo 'chokhazikika pa ozunzidwa' chimakhala
zabwino kwambiri pakuyimbidwa mlandu komanso zosagwirizana ndi chitetezo. โ
Kuphatikiza apo, "chilungamo choyang'aniridwa ndi ozunzidwa chimapanga ozunzidwa ake: omwe ali
woimbidwa mlandu mopanda chilungamo komanso amene sangatetezedwe bwino chifukwa mwachilungamo komanso mozama
chitetezo chikhoza kukanidwa ngati 'chipongwe kwa ozunzidwa'โ (Chinyengo ndi
Kudzinyenga, Pluto, ikubwera). Pansi pa dongosolo ili mu Tribunal, a
chitetezo chapatsidwa kuchepa pang'ono pazachuma komanso udindo ndi ufulu.
Komanso, a
ndondomeko zatsatanetsatane zimakumbukira kwambiri mayesero a Moscow. Monga ku Moscow,
pali kulephera kulekanitsa kuzemba mlandu ndi woweruza, kuulula ndi zongomva
umboni ndi wovomerezeka, mboni zachinsinsi zosafunsidwa mafunso ndi
kugwiritsidwa ntchito pafupipafupi, kuulula kumaganiziridwa kuti ndikwaulere komanso kodzifunira pokhapokha ngati
Zosiyana zimakhazikitsidwa ndi mkaidi, palibe ufulu wa belo komanso wofulumira
kuweruzidwa, pali kuwopseza kawiri pakulola wosuma mlandu kuchita apilo
kumasulidwa ndikupeza chigamulo pa kuyesa kachiwiri, palibe apilo wodziimira payekha
thupi, ndipo zonena za chiwembu ndizofala ndipo (monga momwe zinachitikira) "kusowa kwa umboni
ukhoza kukhala umboni wa chiwembu.โ Tribunal imasinthanso malamulo ake
kumasuka, ndipo amanyadiranso misampha iyi: โKhoti siliyenera kutero
imadzimanga yokha ndi malamulo oletsa omwe adachokera kuzaka zakale
ndondomeko yoweruza milandu. โ Pomaliza, Tribunal imagwiritsa ntchito "zosindikizidwa zosindikizidwa" zomwe zake
Othandizira a NATO atha kugwiritsa ntchito kulanda munthu yemwe sakudziwa kuti akaperekedwe ku The
Hague, kubwereranso ku njira za Moscow. John Laughland adafotokoza
Khoti ngati "bwalo lamilandu lopanda malamulo" (Times [London], Juni 17,
1999).
Kugula / Kulanda ndi Kutsutsidwa kwa Milosevic. Del Ponte ndi Tribunal adayika
Kulemera kwakukulu pakutenga Milosevic ku The Hague, kuti athetse ntchito yawo ku NATO. Mu
pochita zimenezi anaphwanya malamulo a ku Yugoslaviaโkhoti lamilandu
Lamulo linakana kuti atulutsidwe m'dzikolo - ndipo adanyozetsa Purezidenti wosankhidwa kumene
Kostunica, yemwe adalonjeza kuthana ndi zophwanya malamulo a Milosevic
Chilamulo cha Yugoslavia. Del Ponte ndi Tribunal anali okonzeka kulola Croatia
yesani zigawenga zake zankhondo, koma osati Yugoslavia, ngakhale atachotsedwa Milosevic
ndi kukhazikitsa ulamuliro wovomereza Western.
Kuti apindule
Kuwongolera kwa Milosevic, Khothi lidapanga mgwirizano wachinsinsi ndi Zoran Djindjic, the
Prime Minister waku Serbia, yemwe adakonza zoti alandidwe ndi kutumizidwa kunja
kusinthanitsa ndalama zothandizira, $1.3 biliyoni. Mwachidule Tribunal ndi West anapereka ziphuphu
mkulu wina wa ku Yugoslavia kuti aphwanye malamulo ake. Pambuyo pake, Djindjic anapeza zimenezo
anzake a chiphuphu anamsokeretsa โchomkwiyitsa, โmwadzidzi tinauzidwa
kuti [m'gawo loyamba la ma Euro 300 miliyoni]โฆmayuro 225 miliyoni anali
kubisidwa ngongole zomwe zatsala, [kotero]โฆwakufayo amalandira mankhwala,
kamodzi iye wafaโ (Der Spiegel, Juni 16, 2001).
Monga tanenera kale,
Kubedwa ndi machitidwe a Tribunal, omwe nthawi zambiri amalumikizidwa ndi kugwidwa
"zosindikizidwa zosindikizidwa." Kubwerera mu 1996, pambuyo pa Bosnia Serb General Djordje Djukic
adagwidwa ndi akuluakulu a Sarajevo, kuphwanya mgwirizano wa Dayton, iye
anamangidwa mosaloledwa ndi kufunsidwa mafunso ndi Tribunal pamene akufa ndi khansa,
akuyembekeza kuti amupatse mlandu atsogoleri apamwamba a Serb. (Kenako wamkulu wozenga milandu
Richard Goldstone adathokoza boma la Bosnia chifukwa cholanda mosaloledwa, ndi
adasinthanso malamulowo kuti athe kumugwira mpaka kuyandikira kwake
imfa, mosaloledwa.)
Ndi Milosevic mu
The Hague siteji idakhazikitsidwa yomaliza ntchito ya Tribunal kwa ambuye ake.
Komabe, Del Ponte pozindikira kuti mlandu weniweniwo unali wochepa thupi, Opaleshoniyo
Horseshoe adawonetsedwa ngati nkhani zabodza za NATO
11,000-500,000 anthu anali asanaphedwe (matupi ena 3,000 anali ataphedwa.
adachira mbali zonse), adaganiza zokulitsa kuti aike udindo wakupha
Bosnia ndi Croatia pamutu wa munthu woipa. Mtengo watsopano kachiwiri
anaphwanya malamulo Western judicial: mfundo yaikulu ya extradition lamulo ndi
kuti wozengedwa mlandu asazengedwe mlandu wina wosiyana ndi umene iyeyo
adatumizidwa koyambirira kuti akazengedwe mlandu. Koma analinso analogue yabwino kwa a
Chiwembu cha Moscow choyika munthu wambayo kukhala "mgwirizano wa mbiri yakale" wa villainy,
pomwe ena omwe adachita nawo zochitika zakale (Tudjman,
Izetbegovic, Albright, Clinton) akutsimikiziridwa ndi mlandu womwe wachitika.
Kuneneratu Zotsatira
Ndizotsimikizika kuti
Milosevic adzapezeka wolakwa, chifukwa Tribunal ndi chilengedwe komanso wantchito
wa mphamvu za NATO, watumikira NATO mokhulupirika mpaka pano, ndipo adzatero
ndithudi musachisiye apa pamene kutsimikiziridwa kwa nkhondo ya NATO kuli pangozi. Zatero
adawonetsa mobwerezabwereza kuti malamulo achikhalidwe akumadzulo satero
kumalepheretsa kukwaniritsa zolinga zake zandale.
Zikanakhala, za
Inde, kukhala kosavuta kusonkhanitsa ndi kuwonetsera pamaso pa bwalo anthu ambiri a Serb omwe akuzunzidwa ndi
Kuphulika kwa mabomba kwa NATO, kuphedwa kwa Gospic ku Croatia kwa September 1991 kapena mafuko.
kuyeretsedwa kwa Krajina mu 1995, kapena kupha anthu ambiri a Oric ndi mujahedeen
Bosnia mu zaka 1992-95. Ndipo monga zambiri umboni wa udindo mkulu
chifukwa cha kuphana kumeneku monga kudzasonkhanitsidwa pa mlandu wa Milosevic atha kuperekedwa
chifukwa chaupandu wa Clinton, Tudjman ndi Izetbegovic (pakati pa ena). Koma izo
Zikadachitika kokha ngati Aserbia akadapambana ndipo akufunika a
kutsimikizira โmwachiweruzoโ cha nkhondo yawo. Otayika ayenera kukumana ndi chilungamo cha opambana.
Komabe, zilipo
mwina Milosevic sadzapezeka wolakwa pa milandu yonse 66 yomwe amamutsutsa,
koma zokwanira kumusunga mโndende kosatha ndi kutsimikizira
Nkhondo ya NATO. Kuponyedwa kunja kwa zolakwa zina kudzawonetsa kusakondera
khalidwe la Tribunal. Marlise Simons mu New York Times posachedwa
adatchula kuchotsedwa kwa milandu kwa anthu awiri aku Croatia kuti akuwonetsa kuti
Khoti lamilandu silikondera ("Kusintha Kosayembekezeka Kwa Zigawenga Zankhondo,"
NYT, October 29, 2001). Palibe amene adauza a Simons osauka kuti Croatia ndi NATO
bwenzi ndi kuti Aserbia ndi adani. Simons adzapezadi kuthetsa
pa milandu ina ya Milosevic yonena za kukhulupirika kwa Khothi.
Z
Edward S.
Herman ndi katswiri wazachuma komanso media. Buku lake laposachedwa kwambiri, lokonzedwa ndi
Philip Hammond, ndi Kutha Kuwonongeka: Media ndi Vuto la Kosovo
(Pluto, 2000).
Part 2
akufotokoza momwe atolankhani anyalanyazira mfundo zosokoneza izi pomwe akuzimitsa
nkhani zonse zofunikira. Gawo 3 likuwunikira zabodza zomwe zakhazikitsidwa
zomwe ndi malo a Tribunal, ndipo zomwe zafala m'ma TV, kuchokera In
Masiku ano ndi Nation ku ku yatsopano
York Times, Washington Post, ndi CNN ndi network
TV.