Rev. Daniel Berrigan, wotsutsa nkhondo, wolemba ndakatulo wopambana mphoto, wolemba komanso wansembe wa Yesuit, yemwe adalimbikitsa kutsutsa nkhondo ya Vietnam komanso pambuyo pake makampani a zida za nyukiliya ku US, anamwalira ali ndi zaka 94, patangopita sabata imodzi asanakwanitse zaka 95. tsiku lobadwa.
Dan Berrigan adasindikiza mabuku opitilira 50 andakatulo, zolemba, zolemba, ndi ndemanga zamalemba, komanso sewero lomwe lapambana mphoto, Mlandu wa Catonsville Nine, koma ankadziwika kwambiri chifukwa chowotcha mafayilo amtundu wa napalm wopangidwa kunyumba pamodzi ndi mchimwene wake Philip ndi ena asanu ndi atatu pa May 17, 1968, ku Catonsville, Maryland, zomwe zinayambitsa zionetsero zomwe mayiko ambiri adachita motsutsana ndi nkhondo ya Vietnam, kuphatikizapo kutsutsidwa kwakukulu kwa magulu achipembedzo.
Iye anali wansembe woyamba wa ku United States amene anamangidwapo potsutsa nkhondo, pamsonkhano wolimbikitsa nkhondo ya Vietnam ku Pentagon mu October, 1967. moyo m'ndende, ndipo mobwerezabwereza adasankhidwa kuti alandire mphotho yamtendere ya Nobel.
Berrigan adabadwa pa Meyi 9, 1921 ku Virginia, Minnesota, wachisanu mwa anyamata asanu ndi mmodzi. Atamaliza sukulu ya sekondale, Berrigan anafunsira ku Sosaite ya Yesu, gulu lachipembedzo lachikatolika lotchedwa โAJesuit.โ Iye analowa mu Yesuit novitiate ku St. Andrew-on- the-Hudson, pafupi ndi Poughkeepsie, New York mu 1939. Anapita kukaphunzitsa ku St. Peter's Prep ku New Jersey (1946-1949), ndipo kenako anaphunzira ku Weston School. za Theology ku Cambridge, Massachusetts (1949-1953).
Berrigan anaikidwa kukhala wansembe mu 1952. Mu 1953, anapita ku France kukachita chaka chasabata chamwambo cha ChiJesuit chotchedwa โtertianship.โ Kumeneko, maganizo ake a dziko anakula pamene anakumana ndi โansembe ogwira ntchitoโ Achifalansa. Anabwerera kukaphunzitsa ku Brooklyn Prep mpaka 1957, pamene adasamukira ku LeMoyne College ku Syracuse komwe adaphunzitsa Chipangano Chatsopano mpaka 1962. Kumeneko adayambitsa "International House," gulu ladala la ophunzira omwe akufuna kukhala ogwirizana ndi osauka padziko lonse lapansi. , ntchito yomwe ikupitirirabe lero.
Mu 1957, Berrigan adasindikiza buku lake loyamba la ndakatulo. Nthawi Yopanda Nambala. Bukuli lidapambana Mphotho ya Ndakatulo ya Lamont ndipo adasankhidwa kukhala Mphotho ya National Book.
Pambuyo pa buku loyambali, Berrigan adayamba kusindikiza buku limodzi kapena awiri a ndakatulo ndi prose chaka chilichonse kwa moyo wake wonse. Mabuku ake oyambirira akuphatikizapo Mkwatibwi: Zolemba mu Mpingo; Kukumana; Uta mumitambo; The World for Ukwati mphete; Palibe Amene Akuyenda Madzi; Akutitcha ife Akufa; Chikondi, Chikondi Pamapeto; ndi Milungu Yabodza, Amuna Enieni. Atakanidwa chilolezo chotsagana ndi mngโono wake Philip, wansembe wachi Josephite, pa Freedom Ride kudutsa Kumwera, Berrigan anapita ku Paris pa sabata mu 1963.
Atabwerera, adayamba kutsutsana ndi nkhondo ya US ku Vietnam ndipo adayambitsa bungwe la Catholic Peace Fellowship. Mu 1964, pamodzi ndi mchimwene wake Philip, AJ Muste, Jim Forest, ndi anthu ena ochita mtendere, adapita kumalo opumula omwe Thomas Merton adachita. Kubwerera kumeneko kunasintha kwambiri Merton ndi Berrigans pamene adadzipereka okha kulemba ndi kuyankhula motsutsana ndi nkhondo ndi zida za nyukiliya, komanso kulimbikitsa mtendere wachikhristu.
Mu 1965, adaguba ku Selma, adakhala wothandizira mkonzi wa "Jesuit Missions," ndipo adayambitsa nawo atsogoleri achipembedzo ndi achipembedzo okhudzidwa ndi Vietnam ndi Rabbi Abraham Heschel. Anayamba ndandanda yotopetsa ya kulankhula mlungu ndi mlungu imene inapitirira mpaka pafupifupi zaka khumi zapitazo.
Mu November 1965, Mkatolika wina wantchito wotchedwa Roger LaPorte anadzipha pamaso pa bungwe la United Nations. Atatha kulankhula pamwambo wachinsinsi wa LaPorte, Berrigan analamulidwa ndi akuluakulu ake AchiJesuit kuti achoke m'dzikoli nthawi yomweyo. Berrigan anayamba ulendo wa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi ku Latin America. Kuthamangitsidwa kwake kunayambitsa chipwirikiti m'dziko lonselo. Berrigan anabwerera ku New York ndipo anakhala mtsogoleri woyamba wa Katolika ku yunivesite ya Cornell. Buku lake, Zotsatira zake: Choonadi ndi... analemba za maulendo ake opita ku Selma, South Africa, ndi Latin America.
Pa Okutobala 22, 1967, Berrigan adamangidwa ndi mazana a ophunzira akutsutsa nkhondo ku Pentagon. โKwa nthaลตi yoyamba,โ iye analemba motero mโmagazini yake ya kundende ya DC, โndinavala mโndendemo jinzi labuluu ndi malaya a denim; chovala chaubusa ndimalimbikitsa kwambiri tchalitchi chatsopano.โ
Mu February, 1968, adapita ku North Vietnam ndi Howard Zinn kuti akalandire antchito atatu a US Air Force omwe amamasulidwa. Pomwe amadikirira msonkhano wawo ndi a VietCong, adabisala pamalo obisalamo a Hanoi pomwe mabomba aku US adagwa mozungulira iwo. Zolemba zake za ulendo wake wopita ku North Vietnam, Ndege yausiku kupita ku Hanoi, linasindikizidwa kumapeto kwa chaka chimenecho.
Pa May 17, 1968, pamodzi ndi mchimwene wake Philip ndi anthu ena asanu ndi atatu, Berrigan anawotcha mafayilo 300 a A-1 ku Catonsville, Maryland, potsutsa nkhondo ya Vietnam. โPepani, mabwenzi abwino,โ analemba motero Dan mโmawu a Catonsville Nine, โchifukwa cha kusweka kwa dongosolo labwino, kuwotcha mapepala mโmalo mwa ana, kukwiyitsidwa kwa ochita dongosolo mโchipinda chakutsogolo cha nyumba yosungiramo mayendedwe. Sitikanatha, choncho tithandizeni Mulungu, kutero.โ Zochita zawo zidakopa atolankhani akuluakulu akumayiko ndi mayiko, ndipo zidatsogolera ku ziwonetsero zofananira. Pambuyo pozenga mlandu kwa masiku atatu, anamupeza ndi mlandu wowononga katundu wake.
Mu mbiri ya moyo wake, Kukhala mumtendere, Berrigan analingalira za zotsatira za zionetsero za Catonsville: "Mchitidwewu unali womvetsa chisoni, moto wawung'ono pakati pa moto wopsereza wankhondo. Koma Catonsville inali ngati yoyatsira moto, moto wawung'ono woyatsa, kuti ugonjetse chachikulu. Nthawi, malowo, anali olondola modabwitsa. Iwo ankayankhula chifukwa cha chilakolako, chizindikiro, kubwezera. Catonsville imawoneka ngati ikuwunikira malo amdima amtima, komwe kulimba mtima ndi chiopsezo ndi chiyembekezo zinali kuyembekezera chizindikiro, mbandakucha. Kwa nthawi yotsala ya moyo wathu, moto ukayaka ndi kuyaka, mโmitima ndi mโmaganizo, mโmabwalo olembera anthu asilikali, mโndende ndi mโmakhothi. Moto watsopano, watsopano monga Pentekosite, woyaka m'maso ofa ndi opanda chiyembekezo, mphamvu zolemekezeka za moyo zoperekedwa ku 'mphamvu zakumwamba, palibe chimene chingachitidwe.' Ndi kangati tidamva kuti: womaliza wa munthu, wa moyo, wa ufulu. Zoonadi, chinachake chikhoza kuchitika, ndipo chinali. Ndipo zingakhale. "
Chiwonetsero cha Catonsville Nine chidatsatiridwa padziko lonse lapansi, makamaka chifukwa cha mantha a ansembe awiri achikatolika omwe adayang'anizana kundende chifukwa chotsutsa mtendere.
Pamene Berrigan ndi anzake omwe ankawazenga mlanduwo amayenera kupita kundende kuti akayambe chilango chawo mu April 1970, onse a Berrigan anapita "mobisa" m'malo modzipereka. Kwa miyezi isanu, Daniel Berrigan anadutsa kumpoto chakum'mawa, akuyankhula ndi atolankhani, akulemba nkhani. polimbana ndi nkhondoyo, ndipo nthaลตi zina kuonekera pagulu, zokwiyitsa ndi kukhumudwa kwa J. Edgar Hoover ndi a FBI, amene pomalizira pake anamโpeza ndi kumโmanga pa August 11, 1970, kunyumba ya katswiri wa zaumulungu William Stringfellow pa Block Island. m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Rhode Island. Anabweretsedwa kundende ya Danbury, Connecticut Federal Prison komwe adakhala miyezi 18. Pa February 24, 1972, anamasulidwa.
Pulofesa wa Harvard Robert Coles adalemba zokambirana zingapo ndi Berrigan m'miyezi yomwe adabisala ku Boston, yomwe pambuyo pake idasindikizidwa ngati. Geography of Faith, America Ndi Yovuta Kupeza.
Mu 1972, dziko la United States linapereka mlandu kwa a Berrigans ndi ena omenyera ufulu wawo akuwopseza kulanda Secretary of State Henry Kissinger. Mlandu womwe unachitikira ku Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, makamaka wokhudza Philip Berrigan, unali mlandu wautali kwambiri m'mbiri yonse ya United States, mpaka nthawi imeneyo, ndipo unachititsa kuti anthu asawaweruze.
Mu 1973, ataphunzitsa pa Union Theological Seminary ndi Fordham University, Berrigan analowa mu New York West Side Jesuit Community ku Manhattan's Upper West Side, kumene anakhala ndi maJesuit ena 30 kwa moyo wake wonse.
Pambuyo poimbidwa mlandu komanso kuzunzidwa ku Harrisburg, a Berrigans adatembenukira kumakampani opanga zida zanyukiliya ku US ndikuyamba kukana ngati njira yamoyo. Pa Seputembara 9, 1980, ndi Philip ndi abwenzi asanu ndi mmodzi, Berrigan adalowa ku likulu la General Electric ku King of Prussia, Pennsylvania ndikumenyetsa zida zanyukiliya zopanda zida. Iwo anamangidwa, kuzengedwa mlandu, kuweruzidwa kuti ndi olakwa, ndipo anatsekeredwa mโndende kwa zaka 2 chifukwa cha mlandu wowononga katundu wa boma. Zochita zawo za "Plowshares" zinatsegula mutu watsopano m'mbiri ya kusagwirizana kwachiwawa ndi kayendetsedwe ka nyukiliya. Berrigan analimbikitsidwa ndi mneneri wa mโBaibulo Yesaya yemwe analemba kuti tsiku lina, โAdzasula malupanga awo akhale zolimira, ndi nthungo zawo zikhale anangwape; mtundu sudzanyamula lupanga kumenyana ndi mtundu wina, ndipo sadzaphunziranso kumenya nkhondo.โโ Yesaya 4:XNUMX .
Mlandu wawo wa 1981 ku Philadelphia pambuyo pake udawonetsedwa mufilimuyi, Mu Mfumu ya Prussia, ndi Martin Sheen. Pa nthawi ya kuzenga mlanduwo, Berrigan ananena kuti: โUthenga wokha umene ndili nawo ku dziko lapansi ndi wakuti sitiloledwa kupha anthu osalakwa. Sitiloledwa kukhala nawo pakupha. Sitiloledwa kukhala chete pamene zokonzekera kupha anthu ambiri zikuchitika mdzina lathu, ndi ndalama zathu, mwachinsinsiโฆ. Nโzoipa kwa ine kukhala mโnthaลตi imene ndilibe chonena kwa anthu kupatulapo, โLeka kupha. โ
Mu 1984, anapita ku El Salvador ndi Nicaragua kuti akaphunzire yekha kwa atsogoleri a matchalitchi za zotsatira za nkhondo za ku United States kumeneko, ndipo analemba za ulendowu mu "Kukhazikika kwa Oyera Mtima."
Dan anali mnzanga wamkulu ndi mphunzitsi, kwa zaka zoposa 35. Ife tinayenda fuko ndi dziko limodzi; anapita kundende pamodzi; ndipo ndinakonza mabuku asanu a zolemba zake. Koma nthaลตi yonseyi ndimamuona kukhala mmodzi wa anthu olemekezeka kwambiri achipembedzo mโzaka za zana lapitalo, limodzi ndi Gandhi, Martin Luther King, Jr.,
Thomas Merton, Dorothy Day ndi mchimwene wake Philip. Dan ndi Phil adalimbikitsa anthu mamiliyoni ambiri padziko lonse lapansi kuti alankhule motsutsa nkhondo ndi kulimbikira mtendere, ndipo anathandiza kuti mpingo wa Katolika ubwerere ku mizu yake ya Uthenga Wabwino wamtendere ndi kusachita ziwawa. Sindimamuona ngati wokonda mtendere, koma m'modzi mwa oyera mtima ndi aneneri akulu kwambiri masiku ano. Ndilemba zambiri za iye, koma pakali pano, ndikukondwerera moyo wake wodabwitsa, ndipo ndikupempha aliyense kuti alingalire umboni wake waukulu. Zikomo, Dan. Tiyeni tonse titonthozedwe ndi moyo wanu wodabwitsa wobweretsa mtendere, ndikupitiriza ntchito yothetsa nkhondo, umphawi ndi zida za nyukiliya.
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Rev. John Dear ali m'gulu la Campaign Nonviolence.org. Iye ndi wolemba mabuku ambiri, kuphatikizapo: Kusinkhasinkha pa Kusintha Tokha ndi Dziko Lathu. Nkhaniyi ndi gawo lina. Pankhani yonse, pitani ku wwwjohndear.org.