The Philadelphia
Funsani (inky) amadziwika kwambiri ngati
nyuzipepala yabwino kwambiri. Mbiri iyi imachokera ku
mbali ya ukulu wake waukulu kuposa wake
m'mbuyomu, Walter Annenberg's Funsani,
wodziwika bwino ngati chiguduli cha Republican komanso
zida za Annenberg's personal vendettas
(chodziwika kwambiri, kukana kwake kulola kutchulidwa
dzina la Liberals Democratic Governor of
Pennsylvania, Milton Sapp). Pambuyo pa Knight
dongosolo linapeza Inky (ndi a Annenberg-owned
Philadelphia Daily News)
1970-Knight adaphatikizidwa ndi unyolo wa Ridder mkati
1974 kupanga Knight-Ridder - idabweretsa
akatswiri oyang'anira, akukweza kwambiri nkhani
ntchito, ndipo anathetsa pepala
ntchito ngati galimoto yandale ya
mwini.
Pepala ndiyabwino
mbiri imakhazikikanso pa zabwino
zakwaniritsa. Knight-Ridder anali woyamba
mlingo atolankhani ngati Frank Greve ndi Juan
Tamayo, yemwe malipoti ake amawonekera nthawi zina inky
(atolankhani awa adalumikizidwa mwachindunji
mwini wa Knight-Ridder Miami Herald). The
inky ali ndi chiwerengero chokwanira cha m'nyumba
nkhani ndi kafukufuku wofufuza za nkhani
monga madambo, nkhanza za apolisi, zakomweko
katangale wa ndale, ndi ena amene ali kwambiri
utolankhani wabwino. Barlett ndi Steele
malipoti a nthawi ndi nthawi ofufuza za
kulemedwa kwa msonkho ndi kugawa ndalama, ngakhale
zofooka (zolembedwa pansipa) ndi khama loyenera. The
pepala silinatsekedwe, ndipo limasindikiza nkhani zankhani
ndi malingaliro omwe nthawi zina amatsutsana nawo
mzere wachipani pepala likuthandizira
mkonzi.
Ngakhale zabwino izi,
komabe, a inky wakhala ali
kukhazikitsidwa komwe kumasunga nkhani ndi
malingaliro kwambiri mkati mwa malire a
kukhazikitsidwa magawo. Zimayendetsedwa ndi msika
pepala, mochulukirachulukira m'zaka khumi zapitazi, ndi
chifukwa chake wachita ntchito yoyipa kwambiri ya
kusunga "gulu la anthu" mkati
zomwe zili zofunika kwa nzika zonse
zimakambidwa ndi kukambitsirana momasuka. Nkhani yake mkono
ali ndi kuchepa kwa malonda onse akuluakulu
mapepala-zimadalira kwambiri akuluakulu
magwero, kotero kuti nthawi zonse kutsogoleredwa ndi mphuno
kumene akuluakulu akufuna; ndi ku
Akuluakulu akufuna kukhala chete ndikupeza zitsogozo zochepa, a
pepala amalephera kutsatira nkhani ndipo amalola kukhala chete
kugonjetsa. (Nthawi zambiri, pomwe akuluakulu amafuna inky
kupita akonzi ake akufuna kupitabe.) Chotsatira chimodzi
ndilo inky wakhala akutumikira monga
mkono wa propaganda wa boma, monga momwe zimakhalira
nkhani zake / zowongolera za mkangano wa NAFTA
ndi kubweza ngongole ku Mexico, komwe kunali nkhani
woonda komanso wosatsutsika, tsamba la mkonzi kwambiri
zokondera komanso demagogic.
Zoyendetsedwa ndi Msika
Zolemba zamalonda
The Inky's
kholo, Knight-Ridder (KR), ndi eni ake pagulu
kampaniyo idagulitsa pa New York Stock Exchange,
ndipo chifukwa chake ali pansi pa kukakamizidwa kokhazikika kuti
tsatirani ku lingaliro lomaliza. Kupanikizika uku
kukulitsidwa m'zaka khumi zapitazi zomwe
mapindu a nyuzipepala adavutika ndi kuchepa kwachuma, kwakukulu
mitengo yamanyuzipepala, ndi mpikisano wotsatsa
kuchokera ku chingwe ndi omenyera ena. John Knight, a
liberal Republican ndi ulemu wachikale
chifukwa cha utolankhani wofufuza, adamwalira mu 1981; ndi
Wokwera theka la kuphatikiza anali nthawizonse zambiri
wokonda bizinesi, ndi Tony Ridder, yemwe tsopano ndi CEO,
amadziwika chifukwa cha chidwi chake pazamalonda. Pansi pa Ridder,
ndi omwe adamutsogolera kukhala Purezidenti, James Batten,
KR yatsata njira zingapo: yachita
adayesa kusinthira ku media zatsopano
(zosapambana), wachita nawo mgwirizano
ku Detroit, ndipo yayesera kuchepetsa ndalama zonse
mapepala ake pochepetsa antchito. Izi zidapangitsa kuti
kuchoka kwa inky'Imani
mkulu, Eugene Roberts, mu 1990, ndiyeno kuti
kusiya ntchito kwa mkonzi wamkulu James
Naughton mu 1995. Pochoka ku Philadelphia
Daily News mu 1995, mkonzi wamasamba
Richard Aregood ananena kuti KR "anali
kukhala kampani pa muyezo chitsanzo cha
makampani osati pa Knight
chitsanzo." David Von Drehle, yemwe kale ankagwira ntchito
pakuti Miami Herald, adanena kuti
Kuwonongeka kwaposachedwa kwa miyezo ku KR kudamutsogolera
kutsiriza "kuti ndi nthawi yoti atchule
kuyesa kwa nyuzipepala zogulitsidwa pagulu a
kulephera."
Mzere wina wowukira ndi
Knight-Ridder wakhala wankhanza kwambiri (kapena
sycophantic) kupereka kwa owerenga ndi otsatsa.
James Batten, Purezidenti wa KR kuyambira 1988 mpaka ake
imfa mu 1995, upainiya gawo latsopanoli
utolankhani woyendetsedwa ndi msika, ndipo adawonetsedwa mu
mabuku aposachedwa Pamene MBAs Alamulira Zipinda Zankhani
(Doug Underwood) ndi Utolankhani Woyendetsedwa ndi Msika
(John McManus). Kuyambira 1988 Batten adachita kampeni
mkati mwa KR pazomwe adazitcha "customer
obsession," mawu akuti kasitomala akuphatikiza
onse owerenga ndi otsatsa. Kutsatsa
kukhazikitsidwa kwa "obsession" iyi kunali
clear: kuyang'ana kwambiri pamlingo wa phindu
targets, ndi Wall Street Journal adatchulidwa
kumbuyo mu 1990 kuti KR inkawoneka ngati "yobwereka
Zambiri pazatsopano za Gannett Co USA
Todayโฆ[ndi] zithunzi ndi mitundu yowala
[zomwe] zikuwunikira nkhani za baby-boomer 'hot
mabatani,' monga kusudzulana, ndalama zaumwini,
mayendedwe a nyumba ndi malo ogwira ntchito." Malinga
ku Miami Herald mkonzi wamkulu Doug
Clifton, pepalalo liyenera kuyankha chachikulu
funso lofunsidwa ndi owerenga: "Izi zikuchita chiyani
akutanthauza kwa ine?โ Chotero, pepala lake
adatsitsa nkhani zomwe sizili zakomweko ndipo, monga nkhani ya
policy, kufalitsa nkhani kumadera asanu ndi anayi omwe
magulu omwe adawonetsedwa anali ofunikira kwambiri
kwa owerenga (mndandandawu sunaphatikizepo ndale zadziko
ndi zochitika zapadziko lapansi). David Remick analemba mu yatsopano
yorkers kuti Miami Herald zinali tsopano
"woonda komanso wopanda magazi, pepala lothandizira."
Boosterism ndi
Phony Empowerment
The inky anali pang'onopang'ono
kuposa Miami Herald kugonja ku
"Obsession" ikukankhidwa ndi KR pa izo
ma subsidiaries, koma zidatengera kugunda kotsika mtengo
ndipo pang'onopang'ono anatengera mbali zofunika za
dongosolo latsopano. Kulimbikitsa kwake kunawonekera mwa iye
Thandizo la mkonzi lopangidwa kwanuko
helikopita boondoggle ("Save the Osprey:
Nayi ndege yowoneka yachilendo ife kwenikweni
kusowa,โ July 9, 1990).
kuwonetsedwa kwambiri pa nthawi ya imfa ya
Kadinala wa ku Philadelphia John Krol pa Marichi 3,
1996. Kwa sabata lathunthu a inky inathamanga kwambiri
tsamba lakutsogolo likufalikira ndi zithunzi za Cardinal,
chithatha chake, maliro ake, ndi zokometsera
chinenero - "kukhalapo kwakukulu,"
"Mtumiki wa Philadelphia [sic] wazaka 27
Zaka," ndi zina zotero - ndipo masamba amkati adzaza
za mwatsatanetsatane ndi drivel. Krol, wokonda Richard
Nixon, wothandizana ndi Papa John II, ndi a
mediocrity muzonse, atha kuperekedwa a
Chikondwerero cha ngwazi chosatsutsika chokha ndi
nyuzipepala yopita ku gulu la owerenga.
The 1990 Wall Street
Journal nkhani ya "reader
wochezeka" KR adanenanso kuti mapepala a KR '
masamba osintha omwe ali pano
"'mabokosi opatsa mphamvu' opatsa mayina
ndi manambala a foni, kotero owerenga akhoza kutenga
zochita." The inky anali mmodzi wa iwo
mapepala. Mapepala ambiri a KR adayikanso nzika
Mapulogalamu amawu omwe amalimbikitsa owerenga kupeza
pamodzi kusinthana maganizo ndi kukhala nawo
zafotokozedwa mu gawo lapadera la pepala. The
Inky watengera izi ndi mphamvu ndipo wadzipereka
masamba ambiri ku mawu achidule a "Citizens
mawu." Izi "civic
utolankhani," nthawi zina amatchedwa
"commercial populism," kwenikweni ndi a
chinyengo ndi chinyengo. Ndi coupon mu izo
pepala imasiya udindo wake woyankhira
mavuto ndi kuwachitira mozama; ndi zachinyengo
ponamizira kukhala ndi chidwi ndi wamba
maganizo a anthu ndi maganizo awo
kulola kufotokoza maganizo molamulidwa ndi
nzika izi mwanjira iliyonse "zimapatsa mphamvu"
iwo (pamene kwenikweni kufupika ndi kusiyanasiyana kwa
mawu amatsimikizira kuti palibe mgwirizano
kapena zotsatira).
The inky ali ndi
Ombudsman wochezeka wowerenga, yemwe adawonetsa ake ndi
ndi inkyZowona zenizeni pazochitika
yokhudzana ndi kufalitsa nkhani ya patsamba loyamba
pa Rush Limbaugh, "Mfumu yolankhula, yotsogolera
mlandu" (Joe Logan, June 2, 1995), ndi
chithunzi chotsatira chomwe chinawonetsa Limbaugh
grimacing. Nkhaniyo inali yachiphamaso
chopukutira chomwe chinagwira mawu a Rush motalika. Pokhapokha
tsamba lopitilira Logan adatchulapo
Limbaugh's "no less strident"
otsutsa amanena kuti iye amasewera mofulumira ndi momasuka ndi
zowonadi ndipo ali ndi njira yoyipa. Palibe zolemba kapena
zolembedwa zinaperekedwa ndipo palibe kutchulidwa
odziwika bwino Fairness ndi Zolondola mu
Buku la malipoti Momwe Zinthu Siziliri:
Ulamuliro Wolakwika wa Rush Limbaugh. Lowani
Ombudsman, kuti asapepese chifukwa chosiya
ndi kudzitukumula koma chithunzi chosonyeza Rush
grimacing. Ndipo pamene inky adaperekanso
Limbaugh ndi gawo la Op Ed, zofotokozera
Zolakwa za Limbaugh ndi Jeff Cohen (wolemba nawo
ya voliyumu ya FAIR) idakanidwa.
Kuzungulira uku kumanja
yadziwika ndi Inky's kusamalira
la makalata ndi tsamba la Op Ed kwa zaka zambiri.
Izi sizinapangidwe kuti ziwunikire nkhani kapena
limbikitsani kutsutsana mozama, zomwe zingakhumudwitse
madera ofunikira. The inky amawona
msika wake makamaka madera olemera akumidzi ya
Philadelphia; ogwirizana Daily News is
kwa nzika za mzindawo. A
posachedwapa inky kupempha otsatsa
adatsimikiza kuti pepalalo likuwerengedwa ndi 83 peresenti ya
Anthu aku Philadelphia omwe amapeza ndalama zokwana $100,000 kapena kupitilira apo.
The inky kasamalidwe akhala akudziwa
kuti gawo ili la msika likufuna owolowa manja
chithandizo cha conservative and rightwing pundits
ndi inky wapereka chithandizo choterocho
kwa zaka zambiri.
M'zaka za m'ma 1980, otsutsa
za nkhondo za ku Central America zinatsutsa mosalekeza
ndi inky's Op Ed tsamba kuwolowa manja kwa
chipani chankhondo, kuchititsa mkonzi, Edwin Guthman,
kulemba mizati iwiri kuvomereza kuti
makalata otsutsa nkhondo anali ochuluka kuposa awo
kuthandizira Reagan, komanso kukopa kwenikweni
rightwing owerenga kulemba kuti akonze
kusalinganiza ndi kulungamitsa pro-war
mizati (April 6, 1986). Tingakhale otsimikiza kuti ayi
Inky mkonzi wakhala akupempha omasuka ndi
omanzere kuti alembe kuti athandizire womasuka kumanzere
udindo kapena pulogalamu.
Mu ndemanga za mkonzi
Pakulandila kwa mndandanda wa Barlett-Steele mu
1996, a inky mkonzi ananena kuti makalata
kuthandizira Barlett ndi Steele adachuluka kwambiri
amene akutsutsa. Izi zikusonyezanso
kuti kukondera kokhazikika kwa tsamba la Op Ed ndi
kuwerengera kwapafupi kwa ndemanga zaufulu kumanzere sikuli
kulungamitsidwa ndi mawu omwe amafika papepala, koma
zotsatira za kufuna kupereka tsamba kuti
imakhutiritsa owerenga ofunikira ndi otsatsa.
Mu kalata ya August 1990 yopita kwa
Otsutsa ku Central America akufotokoza inky
makalata ndondomeko, makalata mkonzi analemba kuti
letters column ndi "makamaka kwa plain old
owerenga wamba choyamba, osati magulu ndi
mabungwe omwe akufuna nsanja kuti afotokozere zawo
zikhulupiliro." Citizens Voices for the inky
si anthu aku Central America zionetsero
magulu, koma "wamba" nzika. Izi
ndi njira yogwiritsira ntchito zilembo za zilembo ngati a
mphezi ndodo, kupereka chithunzithunzi cha kukhala
wa demokalase pomwe nthawi zambiri amakhala wopanda
zilembo zomwe zingawadziwitse.
Kuyenda ku
gulu la Pro-Israel Lobby
The inky kumathandiza
kupatulapo ndondomeko yopewa makalata ndi
magulu opangidwa kumene magulu ali amphamvu
ndi kuwopseza moyenera. Mlandu wowoneka bwino
inakhudzanso malo olandirira a Israeli komanso
Kampeni ya zisankho za senatoli ya Specter-Yeakel ya
1992. Mapepala ali pansi pa kukakamizidwa kokhazikika kuchokera
malo ochezera awa, ndipo mtundu umodzi wa phanga wakhala a
kalata yowolowa manja kwambiri ndi Op Ed
kwa mamembala ake. Chodziwika chakhalapo
mankhwala awo a Morton Klein, kwambiri
mwaukali, Purezidenti wa Philadelphia wa
Zionist Organisation of America, yomwe inali ndi asanu ndi awiri
zilembo ndi zigawo zinayi za Op Ed zosindikizidwa mu
1991-1992 (ndi ambiri pambuyo pake). Klein mwamphamvu
adakonda Arlen Specter mu 1992, ndi m'modzi inky
Insider adandiuza kuti Klein adatumiza fax inky
uthenga wodzudzula chifukwa chofalitsa nkhani za
zisankho ndi nkhani za Israeli tsiku lililonse. Malo olandirira alendo
nayenso anazinga inky ndi maulendo; imodzi mwa
mamembala ake adalemba mu pepala la komweko kuti gulu lake
adayendera akonzi, omwe "adamvetsera kwambiri
mosamala ndipo, mwa kuyamikira kwawo, adachitapo kanthu kuti
sinthani kusamvana kotsatira
zolemba."
Chotsatira chimodzi cha izi
Kukopa kunali komweko inky Kuphunzira kwa
kampeni ya Specter-Yeakel idaperekedwa makamaka
kwa mtolankhani Nathan Gorenstein, yemwe pro-Specter
kukondera kunali koonekeratu. Iye, ndi atolankhani ena monga
chabwino, mobwerezabwereza anatchula chuma Yeakel
ndi kuti ndalama zake zina zinalowamo
kampeni yake, koma sanatchulepo zambiri
ndalama zambiri zidatsanulidwa mu kampeni ya Specter ndi
ovomereza-Israel ofikira, ndi nkhani zenizeni ndi
Zolemba za Specter sizinafotokozedwe. Mmodzi mwa
zoyipa za kampeni ya Specter
zinali zonena kuti Brin Mawr wa Yeakel
Mpingo wa Presbateria unali wotsutsa-Semiti, chifukwa
iwo anali nawo oyankhula ochirikiza Palestina pa
Middle East pakati pa magulu akuluakulu omwe adaphatikizapo
Specter (mfundo yomalizayi sinatchulidwepo ndi
Gorenstein). Nkhani za Gorenstein zidathandizidwa
mlandu uwu wa anti-Semitism ngati nkhani yeniyeni,
osati njira yoyipa, ndipo Inky sanafufuzepo
kugwiritsa ntchito chinyengo ichi ndi Specter ndi ake
wothandizira wothandizira.
The inky komanso
adathandizira malo olandirira alendo ndi Specter pofalitsa
makalata otsatizana akuukira Bryn Mawr
Mpingo wa Presbyterian wolembedwa ndi Klein, wokonda za CAMERA Gary
Wolf, ndi rabi wotentheka wakumaloko Michael
Goldblatt. Chomaliza chidawonetsedwa ndi inky,
ngakhale zodzaza ndi zolakwika zomwe mkonzi aliyense waluso
ayenera kuzindikira, monga "Palibe mtsogoleri wachiyuda
ayesa kufananiza kutsutsa kwa Israeli ndi
anti-Semitism," ndipo idapanga ad hominem ndi
milandu yabodza yokhudza atsogoleri a mipingo Rev. Eugene
Bay ndi Paul Hopkins. Hopkins ndi low-keyed
kuyankha kwa Goldblatt kunakanidwa kusindikizidwa ndi a
inky.
Zaka khumi
Blacklist
Ndinakumana ndi zowawa
zanga ndi minyewa ya pro-Israel yolandirira alendo
ndi inky. Pambuyo pa atatu
mizati yotsatizana ya Op Ed yotengedwa ndi a inky
mu 1981-82, lachinayi linasindikizidwa pa boma
uchigawenga, womwe unazindikiritsa Israeli (pakati pa ena)
ngati dziko lachigawenga. Izi zinayambitsa vuto,
kuphatikiza ena ochokera kumphamvu zochirikiza Israeli
ogulitsa ku Philadelphia. Kwa zaka khumi zikubwerazi
(mpaka 1991) Sindinathe kupeza Op Ed
pepala, ndipo pamene ine ndiribe umboni wolimba
chifukwa ndimakhulupirira kwambiri kuti inky
anali kuyankha malo opangira magetsi komwe iwo
nthawi zambiri ndimakhala, ndipo kuti ndinali wabodza
osaloledwa.
Panthawi imeneyi I
anafalitsa mabuku angapo onena za zinthu zoopsa kwambiri
mitu, koma Op Eds pamitu iyi ndi a
"olemba m'deralo" sizinagulitsidwe. Mmodzi
Adapempha Op Ed, pazachiwembu zaku Bulgaria-KGB
kupha Papa mu 1991, zabodza zofunika kwambiri
chiwembu cha Cold War, chinachokera m'buku, The
Kukwera ndi Kugwa kwa kugwirizana kwa Bulgarian
(yolembedwa ndi Frank Brodhead). The inky
adasindikiza gawo limodzi lokha la Op Ed pankhaniyi,
ndi Michael Ledeen, yemwe adatenga chiwembucho
monga zatsimikiziridwa kale. The inky osati kokha
anakana chopereka changa, iwonso akana
malingaliro pamutuwu ndi Diana Johnstone,
odziwa bwino Mu Nthawi Zino
mtolankhani waku Paris, yemwe ndidatumiza
m'malo mwake. M'magawo ake ankhani, nawonso, a Inky's
atolankhani sanachokepo ngakhale kamodzi paphwando
mzere; "katswiri" wake anali kwathunthu
osafuna kutsata umboni wotsutsa kuti I
adalozera kwa iye. Pamene mlandu wotsutsana ndi
Anthu a ku Bulgaria anagwa mโKhoti la ku Italy mu 1986.
ndi inky sanapereke kuwunikanso; ngakhalenso sanatero
ikuwunikanso nkhaniyi mu 1991 pomwe kale CIA
mkulu Melvin Goodman adauza congress panthawi ya msonkhano
Gates amatsimikizira kuti CIA
akatswiri amadziwa mlanduwo
Anthu aku Bulgaria anali achinyengo chifukwa, chifukwa chimodzi
chifukwa, iwo analoลตa chinsinsi Bulgarian
ntchito. Mwachidule, muzabodza zazikuluzikuluzi
masewera a inky anali wochenjera
chida chabodza.
Ambiri anandikana
mizati pa zaka blacklist anali pa
Nkhondo za ku Central America. Chimodzi chinachokera m'buku chionetsero
chisankho, yolembedwanso ndi Frank Brodhead,
kuti anayesa kusonyeza kuti 1982 Salvador
chisankho sichinakwaniritse zofunikira zenizeni
chisankho chaufulu, koma chinali chiwongola dzanja cha anthu
idapangidwa kuti iwonetsere anthu aku US kuti athu
kulowererapo kunali koyenera, motero kulola kuti
nkhondo ipitirire. (Panthawi yomweyo, pano ndi
ku El Salvador kunanenedwa kuti chisankhocho
inali njira yothetsera ndewu.) The
ndime yokha ya Op Ed mu inky pa
Nthawi ya chisankho cha 1984 ku Salvador idapangidwa ndi James
Kilpatrick, amene, ndithudi, anapeza izo a
zochita zademokalase modabwitsa. The inky
anali mkonzi "motsutsa nkhondo," koma
chochititsa chidwi izi sizinapangitse zolemba zawo
kutsutsa zisankho ziwonetsero ngati
zachinyengo, ngakhalenso ku Nicaragua, sanachite
amawulula mapulani amtendere a Reagan ngati onyoza komanso
tchulani uchigawenga wothandizidwa ndi boma la contra war.
Ayiโnthawi zonse ankayamikira zolinga zabwino
a othandizira zigawenga, adavomereza kuti Nicaragua
anali ndi โulamuliro wankhanza,โ ndi kuti wawo
kufunafuna kopambana ku Honduras kunali
wodzudzulidwa, etc. Choncho, pa nkhani ya
Chisankho cha Salvador cha 1982 ndi 1984, ndi
dipatimenti yofalitsa nkhani potsatira mtsogoleri wawo, ndi
zolembedwa mofooka otsutsa, ndi inky
pa balance anathandizira ndondomeko ya nkhondo.
Mawu omwewo anali
idafika pambuyo pake ndi Media Committee of the
Philadelphia Pledge of Resistance, pawiri
maphunziro atsatanetsatane komanso abwino kwambiri a Inky's
Kufalikira kwa Central America kwa 1989-1990,
kuwonetsa (mwa zina zambiri, ndi zolimba
data) kuti inky anali "kawiri ngati
mwina kugwiritsa ntchito zilembo [zonyoza]"
"adani" kuposa ogwirizana a US; kuti izi
kudalira kwambiri magwero ovomerezeka a US ndi
"osatchulidwa kapena kufunsidwa kawirikawiri"
anthu wamba kapena ozunzidwa; kuti kusankha kwake chithunzi
ndondomeko yothandizidwa ndi State Department Policy (no
zithunzi za anthu wamba omwe anazunzidwa ku El Salvador kapena
Panama); ndi kuti sichimaphimba Salvador
kupha asilikali ndipo pafupifupi konse anatchula ake
udindo wa anthu ambiri wamba
imfa. Monga akuluakulu aku US adanyalanyaza Guatemala, motero
adachita Inky, ndipo idapereka "zochepa kwambiri
kufalikira kwa chiwonjezeko chomwe sichinachitikepo ku US
ziwonetsero zapadziko lonse ndi mdera/zachitukuko
kusamvera malamulo a US ndi
intervention." Kukondera kwa pepala ngati
kutengera dziko lililonse mderali
chachikulu komanso chothandizira kulowererapo kwa US.
Olemba nyuzipepala Kuchokera
Pakati mpaka Kumanja Kumanja
Kale mu 1970s, pamene a
inky anali ndi George Will ndi William Rusher wa
ndi Ndemanga Yadziko ndi olondola kwambiri John
Lofton ndi Smith Hempstone (osakwanira bwino ndi
Mike Royko ndi David Broder) monga olemba nkhani, I
anapita ku maofesi a akonzi kuyesa kuwagulitsa
pa Howard Zinn, yemwe panthawiyo anali ndi gawo lophatikizidwa.
Ndinalephera mu izi, ndi inky sanachitepo
anali ndi wolemba nthawi zonse mpaka "kumanzere"
monga Mary McGrory. Iwo anali opepuka,
ozemba nkhani ngati Broder, mosavuta
kugonjetsedwa ndi olondola monga Will ndi Charles
Krauthammer, yemwe m'ma 1980 adakakamira
mizere yazabodza ya Reaganite ku Central
America, Chiwopsezo cha Soviet, ndi Ubwino
kuwopseza amayi, ndi kutsutsa kofooka kokha. The inky
imateteza kusalingana kwa olemba nkhani pansi
kuti zolemba zawo zomwe ndi zaulere, monga zilili
wojambula wawo Tony Auth, kotero iwo
"kumanzere" kwakutidwa bwino. Koma izi
mkangano sugwira madzi. Monga tafotokozera pa Central
America, ngakhale atayamba kutsutsa
ndondomeko yovomerezeka inky akonzi ndi zoipa
anyengerera, ndipo pa ndondomeko zambiri iwo ali
momveka bwino: a inky mkonzi
adathandizira Clarence Thomas, Panama ndi Gulf
nkhondo, ndi mabomba a Clinton ndi njala
Iraq; NAFTA; nkhondo yolimbana ndi PC; privatization;
kufunikira kwachangu kulinganiza bajeti; ndi
Malingaliro a Concord Coalition pakuwopseza Social
Chitetezo; ndi Boris Yeltsin monga mpulumutsi wa
zofunidwa kwambiri Russian "kusintha".
Ndi liberalism ngati izi ndani akufunika
osasintha?
Aliyense watsopano rightwinger amene
akubwera m'dziko muno akupita molunjika
ndi inky Zolemba za Op Ed-Greg
Easterbrook ndi Michael Silverstein pa chiopsezo
a akatswiri azachilengedwe, Mickey Kaus pamapeto
za Equality, Richard Rector of Heritage pa
Chiwopsezo chaumoyo, Christina Sommers ndi Camille
Paglia pa chiwopsezo cha feminism. Sommers ndi
Paglia sakufunikanso ngati tsamba la Op Ed
yatengera Cathy Young, yemwe watha
Mizati 50 kuyambira 1993, gawo lalikulu
mwaukali kuukira feminists. Ndizowona kuti
ndi inky nthawi zambiri amanyamula Ellen Goodman ndi
Sally Steenland, koma akazi awa ali
olemba nkhani zachiwongoladzanja omwe salankhula kawirikawiri
ndi kuteteza nkhawa za akazi. Iwo mwanjira iliyonse
kuthetseratu nkhanza zotsutsana ndi akazi
Achinyamata, owonjezeredwa ndi wolemba nkhani komanso wakale
mkonzi David Boldt, wopereka ufulu wakumaloko
mkonzi Mark Randall, ndi Ronald wotentheka wamba
James ("Azimayi ali kuti pamene a
sister akufunika thandizo? Leona waulere!," Julayi 8,
1992).
The inky alinso
adakhala okoma mtima kwa Dinesh D'Souza. Buku lake Wopanda malire
Education adapatsidwa ndemanga yowonekera kawiri
(imodzi yabwino, ina yotsutsa). Ndi wake watsopano
racist tome, Mapeto a Tsankho [ndi!], iye
adapatsidwa malo owolowa manja a Op Ed (ndipo adadziwika kuti
"wophunzira" wokhazikika, wowonetsedwa
Ndemanga ya buku, kuphatikizapo kuyamikira kwa David Boldt.
Pamene D'Souza analankhula ku St. Joseph College
kutsatira kusindikizidwa kwa Maphunziro Osavomerezeka,
mawu ake anali owolowa manja inky kulemba
wathunthu ndi chithunzi chokopa cha
wokamba nkhani. Pafupifupi nthawi yomweyo, Noam Chomsky
anali ku Philadelphia, akulankhula zopezera ndalama
ku tchalitchi cha mtawuni. Osati a Chomsky okha
mawu sanatchulidwe mu inky, ndi
pepala linakana kunena kuti liyenera kutenga
malo, ngakhale apempha mobwerezabwereza. Chomsky ali
sanakhalepo ndi gawo la Op Ed mu inky; iye
kuperekedwa, poyitanitsa, zaka zingapo zapitazo,
koma silinasindikizidwe, ndipo palibe kufotokoza
zinaperekedwa konse chifukwa cholephera kutero. Kwambiri
katswiri wazachuma wofalitsidwa pafupipafupi pa Op Ed
tsambaโ22 columns, 1994-1996โndi Walter
Williams, wolemba wakuda woyamba adagwirizana
ndi Heritage komanso wokhala ndi Olin Foundation
mpando. Amakhazikika pakuukira ziyeneretso
(za anthu osauka), ubwino, ndi wotsimikiza
zochita. Katswiri wopita patsogolo wa zachuma, Richard
DuBoff, imasindikizidwa pang'ono
pafupipafupi - ndime ziwiri, 1994-1996 - ndi
zolemba zake zidayika mkonzi wa Op Ed pansi
nkhawa. Mwachitsanzo, DuBoff adapereka Op Ed pa
July 16, 1996, kuteteza Social Security. The Op
Ed mkonzi, atakankhidwa, adauza DuBoff kuti iye
sindinapeze "msomali" wa
chidutswa, ngakhale chitetezo cha anthu ndi nkhani yotentha
ndipo adasindikiza "unpegged"
kumverera-bwino tripe ndi Walter Williams mizati
popanda vuto. Chidutswacho sichinasindikizidwe.
DuBoff idapereka ina mu Januware 1997 pa
nkhani yayikulu kwambiri pakuyika ndalama za Social
Ndalama zachitetezo pamsika wamasheya. Mkonzi
adatsekeredwa: ndiye zomwe adachita ndikupempha
"yankho" kuchokera kwa Michael Tanner wa
Cato Institute, kukhala pafupi ndi DuBoff's
chidutswa (chimenenso adachidula ndi kuchifewetsa), kuti
kupereka "balance."
Awiri kawirikawiri
lofalitsidwa inky mkati mwa Claude Lewis
ndi Trudy Rubin. Lewis, yemwe ndi wakuda, ndi wangwiro
pakuti inky monga akupereka kulinganiza mafuko
pokhala bwino m'malire ovomerezeka
ku malo oyera. Anachirikiza mwamphamvu
Clarence Thomas (ngakhale kwa mbiri yake iye
posachedwapa anasonyeza chisoni ndipo anavomera
adalakwitsa), adathandizira Arlen Specter kwa
Senate mu 1992, idapeza kuti "mpaka pano Bush ndi a
zodabwitsa zodabwitsa" (September 13, 1989),
adatsutsana pamzere wa Reagan womwe osowa pokhala adapanga
chisankho chaulere ndikuchipempha ("Opanda pokhala,
posankha kusagwira ntchito," Dec. 27, 1989),
komanso modabwitsa posachedwapa pa crack-cocaine CIA
kugwirizana, akuti "Ngakhale CIA
mizinda yamkati yodzaza ndi anthu akuda
sananene kuti 'ayi'" (September
25, 1996). Lewis akuwonetsa mgwirizano wake wakuda ndi
molimba mtima akudzudzula akuluakulu a Texaco chifukwa cha tsankho
oyambitsa pulogalamu yolankhula ndi kuyankhulana potengera kusankhana mitundu.
Trudy ("Ndimakonda
Boris") Rubin, ndi Inky's
Katswiri wa mfundo zakunja, nthawi ina anali wabwino kwambiri
mtolankhani, koma nthawi yayitali pankhaniyi inky
Komiti ya mkonzi yavutitsa kwambiri ndipo yatero
patha zaka zambiri asananene chilichonse
amachoka gawo limodzi kuchokera ku kukhazikitsidwa kwachilendo
mgwirizano wa ndondomeko. Amapanganso zovuta
mawu olakwika, monga, "[the
Azungu] adatsutsa kusamuka kwa US kuti azikhala kwaokha
Saddam Hussein isanafike 1990" (August 7, 1996;
US idakondweretsa Saddam mpaka Ogasiti 31,
1990; cholakwika chenicheni ichi sichinali cholondola mu
malembo column). Kupepesa kwake kwa Yeltsin, the
kuukira Nyumba Yamalamulo ndi Constitution mu 1993,
chisankho cha 1996, Nkhondo ya Chechnya ndi
zotsatira zowononga za kukonzanso kwa Russia zakhala
okhazikika popewa zovuta zovuta
mfundo. Apanga mkonzi ndi Op Ed
tsamba la travesty pa gawo lofunikali.
Mu September 1995, inky
Jane Eisner adalengeza zosintha mu
olemba nkhani m'manyuzipepala, m'malo mwa ochepa otopa
pakati ndi ena, ndi kulowetsa Yosefe
Sobran kwa George Will. Sobran ali patali
kumanja mwa okhazikika apamanja National
Review. Eisner anafotokoza za Sobran
kusankha pansi kuti "ife
anamva zambiri owerenga amene akudandaula kuti izi
mtundu wa unvarnished conservatism si
zikuyimira pamasamba athu."
Eisner anali asanamuchite
ntchito yakunyumba. Kuphulika kwa Sobran ndi kutentha
kugwirizana ndi pro-Nazi, anti-Semitic, ndi
Kusankhana mitundu pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1980 kunayambitsa
Midge Decter kuti amutcha "wamwano komanso wamaliseche
anti-semite" ndipo adatsogolera William Buckley
kutali ndi Sobran, mwachidule. Mu 1994
Sobran adadzudzula Mndandanda wa Schindler as
"Holocaust zeze" zomwe ziri
"anachoka m'manja," ndipo mwa wina
Kholamu idamenya Roosevelt chifukwa chotipeza
kunkhondo mu 1941 chifukwa cha kupanda nzeru kwake
motsutsana ndi Nazi Germany.
Eisner anatenga pang'ono
flak pobweretsa Sobran, koma adadziteteza
posindikizidwa ndi kuwerenga kosankha kwa ntchito yake ndi
zitsimikizo zake zaumwini zomwe adanong'oneza nazo bondo
mawu ake akale. Adalankhulanso mwachangu
pomposity kuti "Ndikumvetsa kuti ena
owerenga akufuna kutsegula masambawa ndikupeza seti
za malingaliro omwe amagwirizana bwino ndi awo
malingaliro. Ndikuwopa kuti sindingathe kukhala
iwo.โ Zikuoneka kuti Eisner anaiwala zakale zake
mawu ovomereza malo ake
owerenga olondola akufuna a
"Conservative yosasinthika." Kalata
osainidwa ndi anthu 55 akumuwonetsa
kusagwirizana, ndikufunsa chifukwa Kumanzere kuyenera kukhala
kukhutitsidwa ndi ma beltway centrists omwe sanatero
kutsutsa zomwe zidalipo, zidakanidwa
kufalitsa. The Letters Editor, komabe,
kusindikiza kalata yotamanda Eisner's
"kulingalira bwino." Kwambiri kwa Nzika
Mawu.
The
Barlett-Steele Anomaly
Barlett ndi
Populism ya Steele siyeneranso
bwino mpaka lero inky,koma ngati
adazindikira kuti pepala silinatsekedwe kwathunthu
mfundo yovuta ndi malingaliro ndipo olemba awa ali nawo
anamanga mbiri yamphamvu yofufuza
kafukufuku. Zopanga zawo zimawonjezera inky
kufalitsa, kuwonjezera mbiri yake ngakhale iwo
โpitani patali,โ ndipo amabwera motsatira
nthawi zambiri. The inky imatha kuthandizira
NAFTA ndipo makamaka amazemba nkhani zogawa
chaka ndi chaka, ndi zovuta osowa kuchokera
anthu populists nyumba.
Barlett/Steele populism
ilinso ndi malire ake. Iwo samakakamiza a
ndondomeko yogwira ntchito mwamphamvu kapena yolimbikitsidwa
mabungwe ngati njira yopititsira patsogolo kagawidwe ka ndalama;
komanso safuna kuti usilikali uchepetsedwe
bajeti kapena kugawikana kwamakampani
system ndi media. Amathandizira ndalama za kampeni
kusintha, komwe aliyense akuvomereza koma komwe kuli
zovuta kukhazikitsa kapena kukhazikitsa ndi zomwe zilipo
kusagwirizana kuli bwino. Amatenganso zokayikitsa
maudindo pa zamalonda ndi kusamukaโiwo
kuthandizira kuyesetsa mwamphamvu kuti mutsegule zakunja
misika, ndipo, ngakhale kulimbikitsa misonkho yapamwamba pa TNC
ndalama, sapereka malingaliro othandiza
kuwongolera ndalama zakunja zaku US kapena
kuyerekeza kwa msika wapadziko lonse wa ndalama. Iwo amalephera
kuzindikira kuti anthu ambiri olowa
kukakamizidwa kumachokera ku mfundo za US ndi IMF kunja
zomwe zimapanga othawa kwawo andale ndi azachuma.
Kalelo pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1970, pamene
SANE anali membala wamphamvu wa bungwe mu
Philadelphia, iwo anapanga zionetsero za umembala
motsutsana ndi mkonzi wosamala kwambiri wa inky,
Creed Black, yokhala ndi zilembo zambiri komanso
mafoni ambiri kwa John Knight ndi ena mkati
kasamalidwe apamwamba. Black adasinthidwa ndi Ed
Guthman posakhalitsa pambuyo pake, ndi inky
idakhala pepala labwinoko. Koma tinalephera
kusunga kuti bungwe ndi mlingo wa
activism, ndi omasuka ndi Kumanzere kwa
Philadelphia makamaka akhala pambali ngati
nzika zopanda kuyimilira, mpaka inky
amapita. Ndipo the inky amakhalabe "gawo la
vuto," kuyankhula mosalekeza kwa a
kukhazikitsa, kupereka mawu oyenera, ndi
kunyoza nzika za Kumanzere. Tikufuna zatsopano
media kwa mawu enieni, koma tiyeneranso kumenyana
zovuta kupeza woyimira ndi anthu odzichepetsa
sphere ikugwira ntchito mu media zomwe zilipo, zomwe
adzalola kumlingo wakutiwakuti amene amasindikiza
molimbika komanso molimbika.
Edward S. Herman ndi
pulofesa wa zachuma ku Wharton School,
University of Pennsylvania, ndi wolemba kapena
mabuku ambiri ndi zolemba pa media, economics,
ndi mfundo zakunja.