Pofika kumapeto kwa June 2015, Khoti Lalikulu Kwambiri lidzagamulapo ngati malamulo oyendetsera dziko la United States amavomereza ufulu wokwatirana ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Ngakhale kuti maukwati a amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndi nkhani yolimbana ndi chikhalidwe chenicheni, mwayi ndi wabwino kuti Khotilo liwonjezere maukwati kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha.
Kuti timvetse zomwe Khothi Lalikulu lidzachita, kuphwanya malamulo oyendetsera dziko lino kuli koyenera. Izi zili choncho chifukwa malamulo oyendetsera dziko lino sakunena chilichonse chokhudza ukwati, ndipo nkhani zambiri zomwe khoti ili nazo ndizovuta kwambiri moti zigamulo zazikulu zimafunika kufufuzidwa mozama, ndipo nthawi zina zimafika pamasamba 100 pambuyo poti oweruza apereka malingaliro awo ogwirizana komanso otsutsana nawo.
Nkhani yaukwati wa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha imagwira ntchito pamalingaliro angapo ovomerezeka. Choyamba, Gawo la Chitetezo Chofanana cha Kukonzanso Kwachisanu ndi chinayi. Chachiwiri, ufulu wofunikira wokwatirana, womwe udadziwika kwambiri ndi Khothi Lalikulu mu 1967, pomwe linaphwanya malamulo oletsa maukwati amitundu yosiyanasiyana. Cholinga chake ndi "ufulu wa boma" womwe umatchulidwa nthawi zambiri, kulola mayiko kuwongolera zinthu zomwe sizinatchulidwe mwachindunji mu Constitution.
Khoti likagamula mlandu wofanana wachitetezo, limasankha mitundu itatu yomasulira yopangidwa ndi oweruza yomwe ilibe mโmalamulo oyendetsera dziko lino koma imene imathandiza makhoti kutsatira mfundo zosamveka bwino zimene zili mโchikalatacho. Chitsanzo chomwe chimayimiridwa kwambiri ndi boma ndi "rational basis review." Pansi pa muyezo umenewo, ndondomeko ya boma imatha kusiyanitsa magulu osiyanasiyana (mwachitsanzo, olemera ndi osauka) malinga ngati atha kufotokoza chifukwa chilichonse chomveka chochitira zimenezo. Nthawi zambiri, chifukwa chilichonse chimakhala chokwanira. Zimenezi zimathandiza kuti boma likhazikitse malamulo okhudza nkhani zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo ndondomeko ya zachuma, popanda kusokonezedwa ndi makhothi, pokhapokha ngati malamulowo ali opanda nzeru ndipo sangalungamitsidwe mwanjira ina iliyonse. Boma nthawi zambiri limapambana malinga ndi mulingo wanzeru. Mulingo wocheperako wowunikira ndi "kuwunika kwapakatikati," komwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri boma likamasankhana chifukwa cha jenda. Kuwunika kwapakati kumafuna kuti boma liwonetse chidwi chofunikira kuti chitsimikizire kusiyanako. Boma nthawi zambiri limataya pakuwunikiridwa kwapakati. Mulingo wovuta kwambiri wowunikira boma ndi "kuwunika mozama," kufuna kuti boma lifotokoze chifukwa chomveka chovomerezera tsankho. Milandu yosankhana mitundu ndi mayiko imayenera kufufuzidwa kwambiri, zomwe zatchulidwa chifukwa boma limayang'ana mozama chifukwa cha boma kuti liwonetsetse kuti m'pofunikadi kuvomereza tsankho. Boma pafupifupi nthawi zonse limataya powunikiridwa mosamalitsa.
Khotilo limavomerezanso โufulu wina waukulu,โ kuphatikizapo ufulu wokwatira, umene sunatchulidwe mโmalamulo oyendetsera dziko. Monga momwe Khotilo linanenera mu 1996, โZisankho pa nkhani ya ukwati, moyo wabanja, ndi kulera ana ndi zina mwa ufulu wogwirizana ndi mayanjano amene Khotilo linaona kuti ndilo โlofunika kwambiri mโchitaganya chathu, ufulu wotetezedwa ndi Mfundo ya XNUMX yotsutsa kulanda zinthu mosayenera kwa Boma, kunyalanyaza ufulu wawo. , kapena kusalemekezaโ.โ
The Windsor Precedent
Mothekera konse, Khotilo lidzathetsa nkhani yaukwati wa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha pogwiritsa ntchito mfundo zachitetezo chofanana komanso mfundo za ufulu wachibadwidwe. Idzagwiranso ntchito yaposachedwa, United States v. Windsor. Mu Windsor, polembera anthu ambiri a 5-4, Justice Anthony Kennedy anaunikanso maulamuliro a ukwati a Khotilo, nati, โMalamulo a boma ofotokoza ndi kuwongolera ukwati, ndithudi, ayenera kulemekeza ufulu wa anthu, koma, malinga ndi zitsimikizo zimenezo, malamulo a maukwati a mโbanja. ndi dera lomwe kwa nthawi yaitali lakhala likuonedwa ngati chigawo chokhacho cha United States.โ Chigamulochi chikusonyeza vuto la Khoti Lalikulu pa nkhani ya maukwati a amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Ngakhale kuti malamulo aukwati ayenera kukwaniritsa mfundo za malamulo, ukwati ndi chikhalidwe cha boma.
In Windsor, Justice Kennedy ananena kuti, โChitsimikizo cha Malamulo a Malamulo cha kufanana chiyenera kwenikweni kutanthauza kuti chikhumbo chamsonkhano chofuna kuvulaza gulu losakondedwa ndi ndale sichingalungamitse kuchitiridwa mosiyanasiyana kwa gululo. Kuti tidziwe ngati lamulo liri losonkhezeredwa ndi mzimu wonyansa kapena cholinga, tsankho la munthu wachilendo limafuna kulingaliridwa mozama.โ Pothetsa DOMA, Khotilo linamaliza ndi kunena kuti, โCholinga chachikulu cha lamuloli ndi kunyozetsa anthu amene ali mโmaukwati a amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Izi zimafuna kuti Khotilo likhazikitse, monga momwe likuchitira tsopano, kuti DOMA ndiyosemphana ndi malamulo chifukwa imalanda ufulu wa munthu wotetezedwa ndi Kusintha Kwachisanu kwa Constitution. Court mu Windsor sananene momveka bwino kuti malamulo oyendetsera dziko lino amavomereza ufulu wokwatirana ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Koma, pofika polemba nkhaniyi, malinga ndi kunena kwa Lambda Legal, โzigamulo 44 pamilandu 44 zochokera mโmakhoti 27 osiyanasiyana amene asunga malamulo a 27 zimanena kuti amaletsa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kukwatirana kapena kuti maukwati awo azindikiridwe kuti nโngosagwirizana ndi malamulo. analowa mโmalamulo angโonoangโono kapena athunthu otsutsana nawo.โ Potero, makhotiwa apempha Windsor'm kulingalira. Kusintha kumeneku kunali kosayerekezeka zaka 10 zapitazo, pamene boma pambuyo pa boma linapereka malamulo ndi ma referendum a anthu onse omwe amaletsa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kukwatirana. Kusintha kwachangu m'malingaliro a anthu, komanso kulingalira kopitilira muyeso kwa Khothi Lalikulu Windsor zinapangitsa kuti nyanja isinthe.
Zotsutsana Zotsutsana
Milandu yaposachedwa ya boma ikuwonetsa momwe oweruza adathetsera nkhaniyi. Oweruza ena amanena kuti kuletsa maukwati a amuna kapena akazi okhaokha sikungatheke kufufuzidwa mosamalitsa pansi pa Equal Protection Clause chifukwa ukwati ndi ufulu wofunikira womwe sungathe kuletsedwa popanda chidwi chokakamiza. Oweruza ena amagwiritsa ntchito muyezo wocheperako wowunikiranso - zomveka - poganiza kuti, ngakhale ukwati wa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha suyambitsa mayeso okakamiza, boma silingafotokoze zifukwa zomveka zoletsa kukwatirana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha.
Pamlandu womwe Khothi Lalikulu lavomera kuti limve, DeBoer v. Snyder, Woweruza Jeffrey Sutton wa Khoti Lachisanu ndi Chiwiri la Apilo ku Cincinnati mu November 2014 adatsutsa zomwe zikuchitika polemba chigamulo choyamba chotsutsa ukwati wa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Woweruza Sutton, yemwe adasankhidwa kukhala pampando ndi Purezidenti George W. Bush, adatengera lingaliro la "kubereka moyenera" lomwe likuyimira ngati zifukwa zazikulu zoletsa kuletsa maukwati a amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Woweruza Sutton adatsimikiza kuti boma likhoza kuvomereza maukwati a amuna kapena akazi okhaokha m'malo mokwatirana ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha chifukwa likuyenera kulimbikitsa kuberekana moyenera. Khotilo linanena kuti, โ[O] sindingamvetse chifukwa chake nzika zingaganize kuti chinthu chofunika kwambiri kwa anthu onse ndicho kulamulira maunansi a amuna ndi akazi komanso zimene angathe kubereka ana.โ Njira imodzi yokwaniritsira cholingachi ndi kulimbikitsa maanja kukhala ndi maubwenzi okhalitsa kudzera m'mathandizo ndi maubwino ena ndi kuwafooketsa kuti athetse maubwenzi otere kudzera mu njira izi ndi zina. Anthu sangafune kulimbikitsidwa ndi boma kuti agone. Ndipo sangafunikire chilimbikitso cha boma kuti afalitse zamoyozi. Koma angafunikire chilimbikitso cha boma kuti akhazikitse ndi kusunga maunansi okhazikika mโkati mwake kuti ana akule bwino. Si malamulo a anthu kapena malamulo a chipembedzo chilichonse, koma malamulo a chilengedwe (akuti amuna ndi akazi azithandizana mogwirizana mwachilengedwe), ndi omwe adakhazikitsa lamuloli. Ndipo maboma nthawi zambiri samaganiziridwa pansi pa Constitution kuti aziyika patsogolo momwe amachitira zinthu ngati izi. โ
Woweruza Sutton ndi wodziwika bwino wodziyimira pawokha yemwe m'mbuyomu adalemberapo oweruza awiri a Khothi Lalikulu ndipo adatsutsa milandu 12 mu Khothilo. Koma maganizo ake pa nkhani ya ukwati wa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha anali wachilendo. Pafupifupi woweruza aliyense wa feduro kuti aweruze nkhaniyi kuyambira pomwe Khothi Lalikulu linagamula kuti Windsor yathetsa ziletso zokwatirana ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, makamaka makamaka, Richard Posner wa Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals ku Chicago, yemwe adatenga nkhwangwa pamikangano yosagwirizana ndi malamulo. ziletso za ukwati mu September 2014. Woweruza Posner anaunika mkangano womwe anthu ambiri amavomereza kuti, pofuna kuletsa kukwatirana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, boma likhoza kusankha mโmalo mwake kulimbikitsa kuberekana moyenera pakati pa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha pofuna kuonetsetsa kuti ana awo akuleredwa mโmabanja okhazikika a mwamuna ndi mkazi. .
Wodziwika bwino wodziyimira pawokha komanso wosankhidwa ku Reagan, Judge Posner amadziwika ndi zolemba zake zokongola zomwe nthawi zambiri zimapewa kuvomerezeka. Pofotokoza mwachidule za maganizo a State of Indiana pamlanduwo, Woweruza Posner analemba kuti: โChifukwa chokha cha lamulo la ukwati ku Indiana, mkangano wa boma ukupitirirabe, nโkuyesa kulowetsa kugonana kopanda dala mโboma lalamulo limene bambo wobereka amayenera kukhala kholo. udindo. Boma limazindikira kuti ena kapena ambiri ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha akufuna kulowa m'maukwati a amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, koma akuwonetsa kuti anthu ambiri akufuna kulowa muubwenzi womwe boma limakana kuukakamiza kapena kuteteza (ubwenzi kukhala chitsanzo chodziwika bwino).
Boma lilibe chidwi chozindikira ndi kuteteza maukwati a amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, Indiana ikutero, chifukwa kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha sikungabweretse kubadwa kosayembekezereka. Woweruza Posner adatsutsa udindo wa Indiana. Iye anati: โKulimbikitsa ukwati sikutanthauza kukakamiza abambo kutenga udindo wosamalira ana awo osawayembekezera . . . Kuphatikiza apo, โngati kulowetsa kugonana koberekera mโbanja kunali chifukwa chokha chimene Indiana amavomerezera ukwati, boma silingalole kuti munthu wosabereka akwatire. Ndithudi kungapangitse zilolezo za ukwati kutha pamene mmodzi wa okwatirana (wobereketsa pa ukwati) anakhala wosabala chifukwa cha ukalamba kapena matenda.โ
Poyankhapo, boma lidapereka zifukwa zingapo zokayikitsa zokomera maukwati ogonana ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, kuphatikiza mfundo yoti โkwa anthu ambiri omwe ali osabereka, ndi mโmodzi yekha amene ali wosabereka, ndipoโฆ Ngati mwamuna kapena mkazi wake wayamba kufunafuna munthu wobereka, mwamuna kapena mkazi mnzake woti abereke naye, nโkutheka kuti โmaubwenzi ambiri amene angapereke ana mosadziลตa.โโ Mfundo imeneyi inamudabwitsa Woweruza Posner, yemwe analemba kuti: โNโzoona kuti ngakhale kuti mwana wosabadwayo amabereka mwana wosabadwa, nโzoona. M'malo mwake, banja losabereka likhoza kusankha kuti liberekere banja mwana mwa kuberekera mwana kapena (ngati woberekayo ndi mkazi) kusunga umuna, kapena kulera, kapena kusudzulana.
Koma chimene sichingachitike nโchakuti wobadwayo, ngakhale kuti akufuna kukhala ndi mwana wobadwa, angagonane ndi munthu wina ndiyeno nโkumusiyaโchimenecho ndicho mantha a boma.โ Popitiriza kunyoza zifukwa za Indiana zoletsa maukwati a amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, Woweruza Posner analongosolanso za kusinthana panthawi ya mkangano wapakamwa. Simumaona maganizo oweruza ngati awa tsiku lililonse: โPamkangano wapakamwa loya wa boma anafunsidwa ngati โlamulo la Indiana likunena za kulera bwino ana,โ ndipo popeza kuti โmumavomereza kuti okwatirana azibambo amodzi angathe kulera bwino ana, nโchifukwa chiyani sayenera chiletso chichotsedwe kwa iwo? Loyayo anayankha kuti 'lingaliro liri lakuti ndi okwatirana omwe si amuna kapena akazi okhaokha pali malingaliro ochepa kwambiri omwe amaperekedwa panthawi ya kugonana, nthawi zina, ngati makanda angakhale chotsatira.' Mwa kuyankhula kwina, boma la Indiana likuganiza kuti okwatirana owongoka amakhala osasamala za kugonana, kubereka ana osafunika ndi galimoto, choncho ayenera kukakamizidwa (monga kulimbikitsana kwa boma laukwati kupyolera mu kuphatikiza ndodo ndi kaloti) kuti akwatire, koma kuti okwatirana ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, omwe sangathe kubereka ana ofunidwa kapena osafunidwa, ali makolo achitsanzoโanthu achitsanzo chenicheniโchotero safunikira ukwati. Ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha amaledzera ndi kukhala ndi pakati, kubereka ana osawafuna; mphotho yawo ndikuloledwa kukwatira. Okwatirana ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha sabala ana osafunika; mphotho yawo ndikukanidwa ukwati. Chonde dziwani."
Pamlandu womwewo, Woweruza Posner adaphwanyanso zifukwa za State of Wisconsin zoletsa kukwatirana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Boma linanena, mwa zina, kuti โkuletsa kukwatirana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndi mwambo ndipo mwambo ndiwo maziko abwino ochepetsera ufulu walamulo.โ Koma mkanganowo ukunyalanyaza chigamulo cha Khothi Lalikulu mu 1967 Kukonda v. Virginia motsutsana ndi malamulo omwe akhalapo kwa nthawi yayitali oletsa maukwati amitundu yosiyanasiyana.
Powonjezeranso mfundo yake yazamalamulo, Woweruza Posner analemba kuti: โWisconsin akusonyeza kuti miyambo yambiri yolemekezeka imaoneka ngati yakhazikika pamwambo chabeโmunthu anganene pa mwambo wopanda nzeru. Chifukwa chiyani amuna amavala mataye? Chifukwa chiyani anthu amagwira chanza (motero amafalitsira majeremusi) kapena kujowina patsaya (ditto) popereka moni kwa mnzawo? Chifukwa chiyani Purezidenti pa Thanksgiving amasiya turkeys (awiri mwa akalulu opitilira 40 miliyoni omwe amaphedwa chifukwa cha chakudya chamadzulo a Thanksgiving) kuchokera ku mpeni wa butcher? Koma miyambo imeneyi, ngakhale kwa anthu othamanga, imaoneka ngati yopusa, ilibe vuto lililonse. Ngati palibe phindu la chikhalidwe cha anthu lomwe limaperekedwa ndi mwambo ndipo limalembedwa kukhala lamulo ndipo limasankha anthu angapo ndikuwachitira zoipa kuposa kungowakhumudwitsa, sikungokhala anachronism yopanda vuto; ndikuphwanya lamulo lachitetezo chofanana, monga mu wachikondi [v Virginia]. "
Kodi Khoti Lalikulu Lidzagamula Bwanji?
Pamlandu woti Khoti Lalikulu lidzazengerezedwe mโchakachi, boma la Michigan lidapereka chigamulo chake popempha Khoti kuti limve mlanduwo. Ngakhale kuti Khotilo linanena kuti ukwati ndi ufulu waukulu umene sungathe kuletsedwa popanda chifukwa chomveka, boma linanena kuti, mosiyana ndi maukwati a amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, ukwati wa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha sunali โwozikika mozama mโmbiri ya dziko lathu.โ Boma linanenanso kuti "ukwati ndi nkhani yomwe imasiyidwa kwa ovota m'boma." Kuphatikiza apo, "Tanthauzo la ukwati lomwe lakhalapo kwa zaka mazana ambiri siliri losamveka kapena lozikidwa pa moyo." Boma linanenanso kuti โmโpomveka kulimbikitsa ukwati mโmalo amene ana amachokeraโmgwirizano wa mwamuna ndi mkazi.โ Ndipo, potengera nkhawa yomwe Justice Samuel Alito wosunga malamulo amatsutsa ku Windsor, ovota ali ndi ufulu woyenda pang'onopang'ono pankhaniyi asanamvetsetse "zotsatira zanthawi yayitali" zaukwati wa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha.
Malingaliro a anthu tsopano akuvomereza kuvomereza maukwati a amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Ngakhale makhoti a Supreme Court ati zisankhozi sizimayendera momwe amagamula milandu, Khotilo likudziwa za mchitidwe womwe ukukondera mabungwe ngati amenewa. Osachepera ena mwa Oweruza ayenera kusamala kuti asagwere mbali yolakwika ya mbiri yakale. Ngati anthu aku America akuchulukirachulukira tsopano akukomera ukwati wa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, ndipo ngati m'badwo wotsatira waku America upitiliza izi, kodi Khothi loletsa ukwati wa gay lingawonedwe bwanji zaka 50 kuchokera pano? Ndipo ngati ma gay ndi akazi ambiri ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha atengerapo mwayi paufulu wawo wokwatira, chingachitike ndi chiyani ku maukwati awo ngati khoti litanena kuti mayiko akhoza kuwaletsa?
Awa ndi mafunso ofunikira, koma zovuta ndizabwino kuti Khoti lipereke maukwati a amuna kapena akazi okhaokha chidindo chake chovomereza. Khotilo lagawika pakati pa anthu asanu odziletsa ndi omasuka anayi. Zingadabwitse alonda a Khothi ngati aliyense mwa osankhidwa a Democratic - Justice Breyer, Ginsburg, Sotomayor kapena Kagan - atavota ndi osunga mwambo pankhaniyi. Ngati mavoti awo apambuyo pa ufulu wa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ali chizindikiro, titha kukhala otsimikiza kuti osachepera awiri, Justices Scalia ndi Thomas, sangagwirizane ndi kufanana kwaukwati. Mu 2003, Justice Scalia makamaka anagwiritsa ntchito mawu achipongwe motsutsana ndi ufulu walamulo wokhudzana ndi kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, komanso kutsutsa kwake pamlanduwo, Lawrence v. Texas, iye analosera kuti anthu ambiri amene adzaweruze pamlanduwo adzachititsa kuti mโmalamulo a dziko mukhale ufulu wokwatirana ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha.
Osunga malamulo pa Khothi sayembekezeredwa kuvota limodzi pamlandu waukwati womwe ukubwera. Justice Kennedy, wosankhidwa ku Reagan yemwe amavota modalirika ndi osunga malamulo pazinthu zambiri, alinso ndi udindo pazisankho zokulirapo za ufulu wa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha pa Khothi pazaka 20 zapitazi. Mu 1996, adalemba chigamulo chochuluka chomwe chinathetsa kusintha kwa malamulo a State of Colorado motsutsana ndi kukulitsa ufulu wa anthu kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Mu 2003, adalemba chigamulo chogwira kuti mayiko sakanatha kuletsa chiwerewere, kusokoneza chigamulo cha Khoti Lalikulu kuchokera ku 1987. Ndipo mu 2013, Justice Kennedy analemba chigamulo chochuluka ku Windsor, ndikugonjetsa Defence of Marriage Act. Ngati angagwirizane ndi osunga malamulo pamlandu waukwati wa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, Justice Kennedy ayenera kudumphadumpha kuti asiyanitse milandu yomwe anali nayo kale.
Stephen Bergstein ndi loya womenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe kumpoto kwa New York.