Khothi Lalikulu ku US posachedwa ligamulapo ngati malo owongolera atha kuvula mndende aliyense yemwe walowa mndende, kuphatikiza anthu omwe amangidwa pamilandu yaying'ono yomwe simakhudza mankhwala osokoneza bongo kapena zida. Mlanduwu tsopano pamaso pa Oweruza umafuna kuti awunikenso bwino zomwe zidachitika kuyambira 1979 pomwe Khothilo linali ndi mamembala osiyanasiyana. The strip search case, Florence v. Board of Commissioners, anazengedwa mlandu kukhoti pa October 12, 2011. Khoti Lalikulu Kwambiri linagamula mlanduwu chifukwa makhoti osiyanasiyana mโdzikolo ankagamula zinthu mosiyana. Makhothi ena a apilo a boma adati akuluakulu akundende sangavulaze anthu omwe amamangidwa pamilandu zing'onozing'ono popanda kukayikira kuti akubisa zinthu zachinyengo kapena zida. Posachedwapa, makhothi atatu a apilo adavomereza kuti onse omwe abwera kumangidwa atha kusekidwa popanda kukayikira kuti akubisa zinthu zakunja.
An Elastic Constitutional Standard
Mlanduwu ukutsutsana ndi chizolowezi cha makhoti a boma chofuna kugonjera ulamuliro wa mabungwe ena aboma, kuphatikizapo masukulu aboma, ndende, ndi asitikali. The Fourth Amendment ndi gawo lachidule la malamulo oyendetsera dziko lino, lomwe likunena kuti, "Ufulu wa anthu kukhala otetezedwa mwa anthu, nyumba, mapepala, ndi zotsatira zawo, motsutsana ndi kufufuza kosayenerera ndi kulanda, sikudzaphwanyidwa ndipo palibe zikalata zomwe zidzaperekedwe, koma pazifukwa zomveka, zochirikizidwa ndi lumbiro kapena chitsimikiziro, ndipo makamaka kufotokoza malo ofufuzidwa, ndi anthu kapena zinthu zoti zilandidwe.โ
Pafupifupi milandu yonse ya Fourth Amendment imadalira momwe makhothi amafotokozera zomwe kusaka kopanda chilolezo kuli "koyenera." Pansi pa mulingo wokhazikika uwu, makhothi akuyenera kulinganiza zosowa za gulu laufulu ndi zomwe mabungwe amatsatira malamulo ndi chitetezo cha anthu. Ichi ndichifukwa chake Khothi Lalikululi lili ndi oweruza odziwa zambiri monga momwe alili asayansi andale omwe amayenera kuthetsa zovuta zamalamulo potengera mbiri ya America, cholinga cha omwe amakhazikitsa malamulo, zomwe zidachitika kale ku Khothi, komanso zomwe zikuchitika ku America. moyo. Zinthu zonsezi zikugwirizana ndi mlandu wofufuza zovula zomwe Khoti likuyembekezeka kuthetsa pofika June 2012.
Osati onse omwe amamangidwa amatengedwa kupita kundende komweko chifukwa cha ziwawa kapena zolakwa zina zotsutsana ndi anthu. Ena amabweretsedwa pamilandu yopanda chiwawa yomwe ilibe chochita ndi kuzembetsa. Mu Florence mlandu womwe udakali ku Khothi Lalikulu, womangidwayo adamangidwa chifukwa chonyoza anthu. Osati mlandu wowopsa kwambiri, komabe adatsekeredwa m'ndende ya komweko. Izi ndizovomerezeka. Aliyense akhoza kumangidwa nthawi ina iliyonse, ngakhale molakwika, ndikupita naye kumalo otsekeredwa m'boma. Ngati womangidwayo sangathe kupereka belo, akhoza kukhala m'ndende yakomweko usiku wonse. Kapena, akhoza kukokedwa movomerezeka atatha kumwa pang'ono. Popereka chigamulo pa mlandu wofufuza zovula, Khothi Lalikulu la Supreme likhala likuwona ngati woyendetsa galimotoyo ayesedwe asanalowe kundende komweko. Atawunikiridwa motere, aliyense akhoza kuvulazidwa ngati Khoti Lalikulu la Supreme ligwirizana ndi malamulo pa Florence mlandu. Popeza Khothili lili ndi a Justices omwe nthawi zambiri amakondera apolisi ndi oyang'anira ndende, ili ndi lingaliro lodetsa nkhawa.
Palibe cholemekezeka pakufufuza kovula m'ndende. Mu Florence, Khoti Loona za Apilo la Third Circuit Court linanena kuti, โFlorence analamulidwa kuchotsa zovala zake zonse, kenako kutsegula pakamwa pake ndi kukweza lilime lake, kutambasula manja ake ndi kutembenuka, ndi kukweza maliseche ake. Wapolisi yemwe ankafufuzawo anakhala pafupi ndi dzanja lake nโkuuza Florence kuti akasambe akamaliza kufufuzako.โ Pamene Florence anasamutsidwira kumalo ena, โanamโmangiriranso chingwe china nโkufufuzidwanso pabowolo atafika [kundende]. Monga momwe Florence adafotokozera, iye ndi akaidi ena anayi adalangizidwa kuti alowe m'malo osiyanasiyana osambira, amavula maliseche ndikusamba akuyang'aniridwa ndi apolisi awiri owongolera. Atatha kusamba Florence adauzidwa kuti atsegule pakamwa ndikukweza maliseche ake. Kenako, adalamulidwa kuti atembenuke kotero kuti ayang'ane kutali ndi apolisiwo ndi kugwada ndikutsokomola. โ Powonjezera chipongwe, Florence posakhalitsa anatulutsidwa mโndende ndipo milandu imene ankamuimbayo inathetsedwa. Kodi izi zinali zofunikira komanso zochititsa manyazi? Kodi 4th Amendment ikuletsa?
Palibe mlandu wa Khothi Lalikulu womwe umathetsedwa popanda kanthu. Pambuyo pa zaka zoposa 100 zaulamuliro, Khotilo liri ndi mbiri yochuluka yomwe likhoza kutengerapo pogamula milandu. Potengera izi, palibe chigamulo cha Khothi Lalikulu chomwe sichingadziwike konse. Vuto la Khoti ndiloti palibe milandu iwiri yofanana. Ma precedents atha kupereka chitsogozo pakuthana ndi milandu yomwe ilipo, koma milandu yakale mwina idatsegula mfundo zosiyanasiyana. Komanso, Ma Justice amabwera ndikupita. Oweruza Atsopano amatha kuwona milandu yakale ya Khothi Lalikulu mosiyana ndipo chigamulo chilichonse cha Khothi Lalikulu m'njira yake chimapereka zifukwa zatsopano.
The Bell v. Wolfish Chitsanzo
Mu 1979, Khoti Lalikulu Kwambiri linapereka chigamulo chakuti Khotilo liunikenso. Mu Bell v. Wolfish, Khotilo linanena kuti 4th Amendment inalola akuluakulu a ndende ku Metropolitan Correctional Center ku New York City kuvula akaidi omwe amafufuza pambuyo pocheza ndi anthu akunja, kuphatikizapo achibale awo ndi anzawo. Malowa nthawi zambiri amakhala akaidi omwe akudikirira milandu yawo, koma amasunganso mboni m'ndende zoteteza komanso akaidi omwe amakhala m'ndende zazifupi. Komabe, mfundo ya MCC inali yofufuza m'maso aliyense wa iwo atakumana ndi anthu akunja, posatengera chifukwa chomwe adatsekeredwa. Lingaliro linali loti aliyense wa alendo omwe amakumana nawo amatha kuzembetsa akaidi mobisa.
Bell ndi poyambira kothandiza ku Khothi Lalikulu mu Florence mlandu, koma sikuthetsa vuto lomwe likukumana ndi a Justices. Mu Bell, omangidwa onse anali kufufuzidwa pazibowo. Mwachidziwitso, ngakhale atakhalapo pazifukwa zosalakwa, adatsekeredwa m'ndende asanafike. Akhoza kulinganiza kuti mlendo wakunja azembetse mankhwala osokoneza bongo kapena chida. Florence ndi yosiyana ndi Bell. Ngakhale kuti milandu yonse iwiri ikukhudza kufunika koletsa anthu akunja kuzembetsa mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndi zida m'ndende, mu Florence, womangidwayo anamtengera kumaloko kwa nthaลตi yoyamba ndipo anamโsecha mosasamala kanthu za chimene anali kuchita panthaลตi imene anamโmangaโndipo ngati akuluakulu a ndendeyo anali ndi chifukwa chokhulupirira kuti ananyamula katundu wamba kapena ayi. Popeza anthu ambiri amamangidwa popanda chenjezo, ndizochepa kwambiri kuti - akamangidwe - akonzekeratu kuti abweretse ndende kundende. Monga Khothi Lachitatu Loyang'anira Apilo lidanenera mu Florence, makhoti omwe agamula mokomera ufulu wamphamvu wa Fourth Amendment kwa omangidwa achita izi pa "chikhulupiriro chakuti anthu omwe amamangidwa pamilandu yaying'ono amakhala pachiwopsezo chochepa chifukwa amamangidwa mosayembekezereka pomwe maulendo ochezera ku Bell mwina adakonzedwa mwachindunji. nโcholinga chozembetsa zida kapena mankhwala osokoneza bongo.โ
Kwa zaka zambiri pambuyo pake Bell Chigamulocho chinaperekedwa mu 1979, makhoti ambiri a federal adadziwika Bell kuchokera pamilandu yofufuza pambuyo pomangidwa. Chigawo Chachitatu mu Florence analongosola mwachidule lingaliro lofala: โMโzaka zotsatira Bell, makhoti 10 a apilo adagwiritsa ntchito mayeso a Khothi Lalikulu kuti achotse kusaka kwa anthu omwe adamangidwa pamilandu yaying'ono ndipo adapeza kuti kusechako kunali kosemphana ndi malamulo oyendetsera dziko lino pomwe sikunachirikidwe chifukwa chokayikira kuti womangidwayo akubisa chida kapena zinthu zosaloledwa. Nthawi zambiri, makhotiwa atsimikiza kuti kuukira kwachinsinsi komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kufufuzidwa kwa mabala ndi/kapena kufufuzidwa kwa munthu wina kumaposa chidwi cha ndendeyo chofufuza munthu wapandu kakang'ono atangomangidwa.
Lamulo la Constitutional ndi lingaliro lamadzi. Malamulowa amalembedwa m'mawu osadziwika bwino ndipo Kusintha Kwachinai kumapempha kutanthauziranso chifukwa choletsa kufufuza kosayenerera ndi kulanda. Zololera ndi chiyani? Chosalolera nchiyani? Malingaliro awa ali m'maso mwa wowona. Woweruza wa boma amene amaona kuti ufulu wa anthu pa chitetezo adzapeza kuti kufufuza kwa mizere yonyansa ndi njira yomaliza, pamene akuluakulu a ndende ali ndi chifukwa chokhulupirira kuti womangidwayo wanyamula chinthu choopsa. Woweruza wosamala adzagwirizana ndi chitetezo ndikusiya ukadaulo wa akuluakulu andende, omwe - monga oweruza aboma amakonda kutikumbutsa - ali ndi ntchito yovuta komanso yosayamika yoyang'anira anthu owopsa komanso osadziwikiratu.
Khoti Lalikulu likathetsa nkhaniyo ndipo chigamulo chake chimakhala lamulo ladziko, nthawi zambiri timayiwala kuti madera omwe tsopano akhazikitsidwa nthawi zambiri amatsutsana, ngakhale pakati pa Oweruza a Supreme Court. Bell v. Wolfish chinali chigamulo cha 5-4 pa nkhani yoti akuluakulu akundende angafufuze akaidi onse pambuyo pocheza nawo. Ngakhale waku Republican wokhazikika, Justice Lewis Powell, adatsutsa Bell, kunena kuti, "[i] powona kulowerera kwakukulu kwachinsinsi kwa munthu komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kufufuza koteroko, ndikuganiza kuti pali zifukwa zina, monga kukayikira koyenera, ziyenera kufunidwa kuti zitsimikizire kufufuza kumatako ndi kumaliseche komwe kufotokozedwa mu nkhani iyi." Komabe, mavoti asanu amenewo amakhala malamulo ovomerezeka.
Kusintha Kupita Kumanja Pa Kusaka Kwa Ndende
Khoti Lalikulu la Supreme Court linagamula mlanduwo Florence chifukwa makhothi a feduro anali ndi malingaliro osiyanasiyana ngati 4th Amendment imaletsa kusaka kwa omangidwa. Monga Third Circuit adanenera mu Florence, positi-Bell, Makhoti a Apilo khumi anali kumbali ya womangidwa pankhaniyi. Izo zinali pamenepo. Zomwe zinachitika zaka zingapo zapitazi, komabe, ndi umboni wakuti Constitution imatenga tanthauzo lina pakapita nthawi pamene makhothi a federal akusintha.
Mu 2008, Khothi Loona za Apilo la Eleventh Circuit, lomwe lili ku Atlanta, linagamula kuti. Powell v. Barrett kuti makhoti ambiri a federal anatanthauzira molakwika Bell zaka zonsezi polumikizana ndi olakwa ang'onoang'ono pamilandu yosakira. Ngakhale kuti makhothi a federal kwa zaka zambiri adanena kuti Khoti Lalikulu likufuna Bell kuti apereke ufulu wosiyanasiyana kwa omangidwa malinga ndi momwe analakwira, Bungwe la Eleventh Circuit linanena kuti kutanthauzira uku sikulakwa. Khotilo linagamula kuti makhoti ena sanali kunyalanyaza akuluakulu a ndende pofuna kukayikira aliyense payekha asanafufuze mizere iyi. Pambuyo popenda zigamulo zochokera mโdziko lonselo zimene zinagwirizana ndi ufulu wa Fourth Amendment wa olakwa angโonoangโono, Bungwe la Eleventh Circuit linanena kuti: โZigamulo zimenezo nโzolakwika. Kusiyana pakati pa zolakwa ndi zolakwa kapena zolakwa zina zing'onozing'ono zilibe tanthauzo lalamulo pankhani yakusaka kwa m'ndende. Imapeza palibe maziko mu Bell chigamulo, polingalira za chisankhocho, kapena m'dziko lenileni la malo otsekeredwa.
Khoti Lalikulu la Supreme silinasinthe chilichonse Bell pakati pa omangidwa potengera ngati anaimbidwa milandu yolakwa kapena yopalamula kapenanso popanda mlandu uliwonse. M'malo mwake, ndondomeko yomwe Khothi linkachitira mwachisawawa, ndikuyitsatira mosamalitsa, inali imodzi yomwe "anthu onse [a] akaidi m'malo onse a ndende, kuphatikiza [Metropolitan Correctional Center], akuyenera kuwulula zibowo za thupi lawo kuti awone ngati gawo limodzi lakusaka komwe kumachitika mukakumana ndi munthu wakunja kwa bungweli. โ Unali lamulo losavuta kwa onse.
Uku kunali kuyesayesa kwapawiri pa Gawo lakhumi ndi chimodzi kuti achepetse Kusintha kwachinayi mu ndende. Atsogoleri achi Republican adasankha oweruza asanu ndi awiri omwe adavota motere. A Democrat adasankha oweruza asanu omwe adagwirizana nawo. Kuphatikiza pa Circuit khumi ndi chimodzi, khothi lina la apilo posachedwapa lasintha milandu yomwe lili m'manja mwake ndikuyimira akuluakulu andende pankhaniyi. Mu 2010, Khoti Lachisanu ndi chinayi la Apilo, lomwe limakhala ku San Francisco, linagamula kuti Bungwe lachisanu ndi chinayi lidasankha molakwika mu 1984 kuti 2010th Amendment imateteza olakwira ang'onoang'ono. (Oweruza onse osankhidwa ndi Republican pagulu lachisanu ndi chinayi la Circuit adagwirizana ndizamalamulo; awiri okha mwa asanu ndi mmodzi omwe adasankhidwa ndi Democratic adachita). Potsatira izi, mu XNUMX, Third Circuit in Florence adatengera malingaliro ang'onoang'ono a Kusintha Kwachinayi pankhaniyi. Chimenecho ndicho chigamulo chimene Khoti Lalikulu Kwambiri lagamula tsopano.
Zolemba za federal judiciary zasunthira kumanja kwa zaka zambiri. Purezidenti Ronald Reagan ndi George W. Bush aliyense adagwira ntchito kwa zaka zisanu ndi zitatu ndipo adalumikizana ndi magulu osamala omwe amafuna kuti pakhale makhothi osamala. Purezidenti Bill Clinton sanasankhe anthu omwe ali ndi ufulu wofanana nawo panthawi yautsogoleri wake. Pomwe oweruza ena osankhidwa ndi Republican akulowa Bell sanagwirizane ndi ganizo la anthu ambiri lomwe linkanena kuti akaidi onse akhoza kufufuzidwa chifukwa cha maulendo akunja, pali anthu ochepa a ku Republican masiku ano mu federal system. Language in the Ninth Circuit case ikufotokoza mwachidule lingaliro lachisungiko la kufufuzidwa kwa olakwa ang'onoang'ono kungapangitse Oweruza a Khoti Lamakono: "Khoti Lalikulu Lalikulu latiuza kuti oyang'anira ndende ndi akuluakulu owongolera milandu 'ayenera kulemekezedwa kwambiri pakulera ndi kupha. za ndondomeko ndi machitidwe omwe pakuwona kwawo akufunikira kuti ateteze dongosolo lamkati ndi chikhalidwe ndi kusunga chitetezo cha mabungwe.' Yafotokozanso kuti โkulemekeza makhoti sikungoperekedwa chifukwa chakuti woyangโanira nthaลตi zambiri, monga momwe zilili pamlandu wina, amvetsetsa bwino dera lake kuposa woweruza woweruzayo, komanso chifukwa chakuti kagwiridwe ka ntchito ka malo athu odzudzulako. makamaka chigawo cha Ma Legislative and Executive Branches a Boma lathu, osati Oweruza. โ Zisankho zomwe zimapangitsa kuti anthu omangidwa molakwika m'malo ochitirako chithandizo chapadera sizipatsa iwo omwe ali mndende "chikhulupiriro chokulirapo chomwe Khothi Lalikulu lalamula."
Mofananamo, mu Florence Mlanduwu, Bungwe la Third Circuit linanena kuti chifukwa chimodzi chosasiyanitsa pakati pa olakwa ang'onoang'ono omwe amabwera kuchokera mumsewu ndi akaidi omwe alipo omwe amakumana ndi akunja ndi chakuti mamembala a zigawenga angagwiritse ntchito kusiyana kumeneku. Ophwanya malamulo ozembetsa katundu amakhala ochepa chifukwa kumangidwa pamilandu iyi nthawi zambiri kumakhala kosayembekezereka. Ngakhale kuganiza kuti kumangidwa kotereku sikumayembekezereka, sizikhala choncho nthawi zonse. Ndi zomveka kuti anthu omangidwa anyengerera kapena kulembera anthu ena kuti amangidwe pamilandu yosatsutsika kuti azembetse zida kapena zinthu zina zachinyengo kumaloko. Izi zitha kukhala zoona makamaka ngati titha kunena kuti omangidwa pamilandu yosatsutsika, monga gulu, safufuzidwa. Pazifukwa izi, timagwirizana ndi nkhawa yomwe idanenedwa ndi Eleventh Circuit in Powell v. Barrett kuti zigawenga zitha kupezerapo mwayi wopatulapo njira zachitetezo kwa olakwa ang'onoang'ono."
Mvetserani kwambiri zomwe Dera Lachitatu linanena. Silikunena kuti pali umboni weniweni wosonyeza kuti zigawenga zidzatengerapo mwayi pa chigamulo cha ufulu wachibadwidwe. Khoti Loona za Apilo limangonena kuti izi ndi โzomveka.โ Komabe, mโmbali zina za malamulo oyendetsera dzikolo, makhoti a boma salola kuti boma liphwanye ufulu wa anthu chifukwa cha mantha ongoyerekeza a zotsatirapo zoipa. Kusagwirizana kumeneku kungaoneke ngati kopanda chilungamo, koma kumbukirani mmene makhoti amachitira ulemu akuluakulu andende ndiponso kufunika kosunga bata mโndende. Inde, mu 1987, zaka zisanu ndi zitatu pambuyo pake Bell v. Wolfish, Khoti Lalikulu mu Turner v. Safley zinapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kwa akaidi kutsutsa mikhalidwe yotsekeredwa mโndende, nโkugamula kuti malamulo a mโndende ndi ogwirizana ndi malamulo oyendetsera dzikolo ngati โakugwirizana moyenerera ndi zovomerezeka zalamulo.โ
Uwu ndiye mulingo wosavomerezeka kwambiri womwe Khothi Lalikulu lidzagwiritse ntchito pamilandu yovomerezeka. Zifukwa zilizonse za malamulo oletsa ndende ndizovomerezeka ngati zili zomveka pamaso pawo. Komabe, monga adanenera maloya a Florence m'chidule chawo cha Khothi Lalikulu, palibe umboni wosonyeza kuti lamulo loletsa kufufuzidwa popanda kukaikira kwa anthu omwe adamangidwa pamilandu zing'onozing'ono lathandizira kuzembetsa kundende. Komanso, malinga ndi mwachidule, lipoti loperekedwa ndi Dipatimenti Yachilungamo ku United States linanena kuti akuluakulu a ndende amakonda "kukokomeza chiopsezo cha chitetezo" popanda malamulo ofufuza, ndi nthambi zina za Dipatimenti Yachilungamo, kuphatikizapo Bureau of Prisons. Dipatimenti ya Homeland Security ndi US Marshals Serviceโimafunanso kukayikira olakwa angโonoangโono asanafufuzidwe.
Ulamuliro wa Obama Uli Mbali Ndi Mandende
Umboniwu wosonyeza kuti olakwira ang'onoang'ono sakuzembetsa m'ndende sizinali zabwino mokwanira kwa olamulira a Obama, omwe akupempha Khothi Lalikulu kuti livomereze lamulo loletsa kufufuza kwa mizere. Florence. Potsutsana pakamwa, loya wa dipatimenti yachilungamo ya Obama adauza Khothi Lalikulu kuti โ[o] otsutsaโฆomwe amasankha mwadala kuti amangidweโฆ atha kuyimitsidwa ndi apolisi, amawona galimoto yagulu kumbuyo kwawo. Atha kukhala ndi mfuti kapena zinthu zachinyengo m'galimoto yawo ndikuganiza, Hei, ndiyika izi pamunthu wanga, ndikungofunika kuzipeza kwinakwake komwe sikungapezeke pakufufuza kwapatdown, ndiyeno mwina ali ndi kulimbana nawo.โ Udindo uwu ukhoza kukhala wofanana ndi womwe udatsogozedwa ndi pulezidenti wa Republican.
Turner v. Safley ndipo mchitidwe waposachedwa wokomera kusaka kwa ma strips kwa olakwa ang'onoang'ono akuyandikira Florence mlandu. Kumbali ina, makhoti ambiri a federal adagwirizana ndi omangidwa chisanafike chaka cha 2008. Potsutsana pakamwa mu Supreme Court, Oweruza anali ndi nthawi yovuta kujambula mzere pakati pa zomwe zimaloledwa pansi pa XNUMXth Amendment pankhani yovula kufufuza akaidi atsopano. Malinga ndi mtolankhani Lyle Denniston, yemwe adalembapo zotsutsana za blog ya SCOTUS, "A Justices anali okhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kuteteza chitetezo cha ndende, komanso anali kukayikira kwambiri lamulo la 'chilichonse chomwe chimachitika' chomwe chingakakamize munthu aliyense womangidwa kumene kuti avule ndikuvula. amawunikiridwa matupi awo, chapafupi mwinanso pogwiritsa ntchito manja. Mamembala a Khotilo anafufuzaโnthaลตi zina osaphula kanthuโkuti apeze malangizo okhudza zinthu zimene zingawononge โulemuโ wa munthu zimene zinali zoletsedwa ndi malamulo a dziko.โ
Zowonadi, pakukangana kwapakamwa, Justice Anthony Kennedy-yemwe nthawi zambiri amavota pa Khothi-adauza loya wa Obama kuti, "Ndinadabwitsidwa ndi umboni, kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zidapezeka, komanso kuchuluka kwa zida zomwe zidapezeka. zidapezeka kuti zili m'mabuku ndipo zolembedwa zinali zopepuka. Ndinkaganiza kuti pakhala chiwonetsero champhamvu kuposa chomwe ndidapeza m'chidulecho. " Kwa omenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe omwe akuda nkhawa kuti Khothi likhala kumbali yazamalamulo pankhaniyi, zinali nkhani yabwino kuti ngakhale ma Justices osunga malamulo adayimitsa kaye lamulo lomwe lingalole kuti akaidi onse omwe akubwera, kuphatikizapo omwe sali abwere, azisakasaka m'mbali zonse. -achiwawa.
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Stephen Bergstein ndi loya womenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe ku New York.