Kwa aliyense amene akufunikirabe "sayansi yomveka" yokhudzana ndi kutentha kwa dziko,
nachi chitsanzo chaching'ono: Kutentha kukukwera. James Hansen
ndi anzake a Goddard Institute ya New York City anaona
kuti mโchaka cha 2001, kutentha kwapadziko lonse kunali kwachiwiri kwambiri
m'mbiri yolembedwa (pambuyo pa 1865), idangopitilira ndi El
Nino chaka cha 1998. โKutentha kwapadziko lonse kwa 2001 ndiko makamaka
zatanthauzo chifukwa zimachitika pa gawo la Southern Oscillation
momwe nyanja ya Pacific yotentha imakhala yozizira,โ Hansen ndi anzake
analemba m'kalata kwa Science.
Miyezi itatu yoyambirira ya 2002 inali yotentha kwambiri pa chida
mbiri, pamene El Nino watsopano adawonekera mu Pacific Ocean kuchokera kunyanja
gombe lakumadzulo kwa South America.
โZochita za anthu zawonjezera kutentha kwa dziko lapansi
mโzaka 130 zapitazi,โ malinga ndi kufufuza kofalitsidwa
mu January 2001 ndi Zolemba za Geophysical Research. Robert
Kaufmann wa Boston University's Center for Energy and Environmental
Studies ndi David Stern wa Australian National University's
Center for Resource and Environmental Study idasanthula mbiri yakale
data pakati pa 1865 ndi 1990.
Pogwiritsa ntchito njira yowerengera yolumikizana, asayansi
poyerekeza zinthu zingapo (kuphatikiza milingo ya mpweya wowonjezera kutentha, anthu
mpweya wa sulfure, ndi kusiyana kwa zochitika za dzuwa) ndi dziko lonse lapansi
kutentha kwa pamwamba kumadera onse a kumpoto ndi kumโmwera kwa dziko lapansi.
Njira zophatikizira sizimasokonezedwa ndi zosintha zomwe zimakonda
kuwonjezera kapena kuchepetsa pakapita nthawi kapena kukhala ndi miyeso yolakwika.
Ili linali phunziro loyamba kupanga ulalo wofunikira pamawerengero
pakati pa zochita za anthu ndi kutentha, popanda zitsanzo za nyengo,
Kaufmann adati.
โKulimbana ndi mavuto a mpweya wowonjezera kutentha ndi sulfure
utsi umachepetsa ndemanga za okayikira za kusintha kwa nyengo, omwe amatsutsa
kuti kuwonjezeka mofulumira mumlengalenga woipa wa wowonjezera kutentha
mpweya pakati pa mapeto a nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse ndi koyambirira kwa 1970 unali wochepa
zimakhudza kutentha," adatero Kaufmann. Panthawi imeneyi,
Kaufmann adati, "kutentha kwa mpweya wowonjezera kutentha kunali
zobisika ndi kuwonjezeka munthawi yomweyo kwa mpweya wa sulfure. Koma, kuyambira
ndiye, mpweya wa sulfure wachepa, chifukwa cha malamulo omwe cholinga chake ndi kuchepetsa
asidi mvula, ndipo izi walola kutentha zotsatira za wowonjezera kutentha
mpweya kuti ziwonekere. โ
Kutentha kwakhala kofulumira kwambiri m'madera a polar. Ku Sachs Harbor
pa Banks Island kumtunda wa Arctic, udzudzu ndi kafadala tsopano
zowoneka wamba kumene iwo sanali osadziwika m'badwo wapitawo. Madzi oundana
ndi woonda ndipo tsopano amalowerera kutali m'chilimwe, kutenga nawo
ndi zisindikizo ndi zimbalangondo za polar pomwe mudzi wa Inuit
anthu okhalamo amadalira chakudya.
In
m'nyengo yozizira, madzi oundana nthawi zambiri amakhala ochepa komanso osweka, zomwe zimapangitsa kuyenda kukhala koopsa
kwa alenje odziwa zambiri. Mu kugwa, mikuntho yasanduka
kuchulukirachulukira komanso kumachita zachiwawa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kukwera bwato kukhala kovuta. Bingu
ndipo mphezi zawoneka kwa nthawi yoyamba, zikufika ndi ina
nyengo yomwe ili yatsopano m'derali, yomwe imathetsa mvula yamkuntho. โIfe
alibe magwero ena a chakudya, anthu ammudzi mwanga ali kwathunthu
kudalira kusaka, kutchera misampha, ndi kusodza,โ adatero Rosemarie
Kuptana, wokhala m'tawuni yokhayo ya Banks Island, Sachs Harbour.
"Tilibe njira zosinthira ku chilengedwe china
zenizeni, ndipo ndichifukwa chake mkhalidwe wathu ndi wovuta kwambiri. โ
"Liti
Ndinali mwana, sindinamvepo mabingu kapena kuona mphezi, koma m'mlengalenga
zaka zingapo zapitazi takhala ndi mabingu ndi mphezi,โ adatero
Kuptana. โZinyamazo sizidziwa zoyenera kuchita chifukwa
sanakumanepo ndi zochitika zamtunduwu. Ife
sindikudziwa nthawi yoyenda pa ayezi ndi magwero athu chakudya
kupita kutali,โ adatero Kuptana. โWathu
njira ya moyo ikusinthiratu.โ
Mpaka February 2001, chipale chofewa chinali kusowa m'madera ambiri a Alaska.
Kwa milungu ingapo, mvula yachilendo inanyowetsa dera la Anchorage. Opanda chipale chofewa
tundra m'mphepete mwa Norton Sound, kumapeto kwa Iditarod ya 1,760-kilomita
njira yothamanga, inali yopanda kanthu mu December moti inayaka moto. Zokwanira
chipale chofewa kugwira mpikisano anali wagwa ndi March Komabe, pamene mpikisano
ikuchitika. Panthawi yophunzitsira mpikisano ku Matanuska-Susitna Valley
Makilomita 40 kumpoto kwa Anchorage, malo ambiri anali opanda kanthu. Njira
Anazizira kwambiri moti agalu ankatha kuvulazidwa.
Ku Antarctica, madzi oundana angapo akuluakulu aphwanyikira mโnyanja
m'zaka zingapo zapitazi. Akatswiri a Glaciologists Eric Rignot ndi Stanley
S. Jacobs akhala akuphunzira momwe thupi limagwirira ntchito
kusungunuka kwa ayezi wa Antarctic. Iwo adanena mu Science, Juni
14, 2002, kuti โPamene ayezi akuchokera ku Antarctica akufika
mzere woyambira ndikuyamba kuyandama, pansi pake kumasungunuka
nyanja. Zotsatira zopezedwa kuchokera ku satellite radar interferometry
zikuwonetsa kuti kusungunuka kwapansi komwe kumachitika ndi madzi oundana akuluakulu
pafupi ndi maziko awo ndi okwera kwambiri kuposa momwe amaganizira. "
Kuphatikiza apo, Rignot ndi Jacobs analemba kuti, "Mlingo wosungunuka ndi
kugwirizana bwino ndi kukakamiza matenthedwe, kuwonjezeka ndi 1 mita
pachaka pa 0.1 digiri C. kukwera kwa kutentha kwa nyanja. Kuti
madzi akuya ali ndi mwayi wopita ku mizere yoyambira pansi, madzi oundana ndi ayezi
mashelufu ali pachiwopsezo cha kuwonjezereka kwa kutentha kwa nyanja yamchere.โ
Ngati Antarctica ikusungunuka m'mphepete mwake (njira yomweyi ili ndi
zanenedwa ku Greenland), chifukwa chiyani mkati mwa Antarctic kutentha
kugwa? Malipoti oterowo akhala okayikitsa odana ndi kutentha
m'miyezi yaposachedwa. Mmodzi mwa asayansi omwe adabweretsa malipoti awa
kuunika wasonyeza nkhawa wokwiya kuti ambiri
atolankhani adawomba zomwe adapeza mosagwirizana
mkangano waukulu wa kutentha kwa dziko.
sabata ya akapolo
Tulaczyk wa ku yunivesite ya California ku Santa Cruz anauza Keay
Davidson wa San Francisco Chronicle (February 4, 2002)
kuti malipoti a atolankhani "adakhumudwa kwambiri"
nthawi zina-osasamala za nkhani za kutentha kwa dziko.
Tulaczyk ndi Ian Joughin a Jet Propulsion Laboratory ku Pasadena
inalembedwa mโkope la January 18, 2002 la Science kuti
kuyenda kwa mitsinje ya ayezi ya glacial Ross kukuwoneka kuti kukucheperachepera,
kulola kuti ayeziwo akhwime.
In
Kafukufuku wina waposachedwa, asayansi 13 adanenanso mu Januware 13,
2002 chiwerengero cha Nature kuti pamene makontinenti ena atenthedwa
kuti alembe kutentha kwambiri m'zaka zaposachedwa, ambiri ku Antarctic
Kumwamba kwazizira kuyambira 1966. Olemba akonzi ena amaganiza kuti
ngati Antarctica ikuzizira, ndiye kuti dziko lonse lapansi likuyenda
kuziziritsa, nawonso. โKodi Ice Age Ina Ikubwera?โ anafunsa an
Editorial mu Mbiri ya Rocky Mountain.
Mutu wankhani pamutu wa mkonzi mu San Diego Union-Tribune
sananene chilichonse chokhudza izi: โZofukufuku zasayansi zimatsutsana
ku chiphunzitso cha kutentha kwa dziko.โ Mkonzi adafunsa monyodola kuti:
"Oo Pepa. Kodi onenera zoipa anena chiyani tsopano? Afotokoza bwanji
maphunziro ena awiri asayansi omwe amatsutsana ndi izi
Kutentha kwapadziko lonse? Mutu wankhani mu National Post,
nyuzipepala ina ya ku Canada inati: โAziyezi wa ku Antarctic anasiya
kusungunuka, maphunziro apeza. "
"Ofalitsa ena molakwika adafananiza zomwe Joughin adaphunzira
ndi Tulaczykโkusintha kwa madzi oundanaโndi madzi oundana osungunuka
mitengo. Kulakwitsako kunayambitsa kukhulupirira kolakwika kuti
maphunziro adapanga, titero, 'mayeso' asayansi a
chiphunzitso cha kutentha kwa dziko,โ analemba motero Davidson.
Mosiyana
ku malipoti ena a nkhani, โkuchuluka kwa madzi oundana kumene talembako
m'dera lathu kuphunzira alibe kanthu kochita ndi nyengo posachedwapa
mayendedwe," adatero Tulaczyk. โNdimabwerezabwereza kwa atolankhani
kuti sayansi yanyengo ili ngati zachuma. Onse amakumana ndi zovuta
machitidwe, "adatero Tulaczyk. "Monga katundu umodzi ukuyenda
pamwamba kapena pansi sizingatanthauzidwe ngati chizindikiro chodalirika chachuma
kuchira kapena kugwa, tiyenera kuvomereza kuchitika kotsutsana
mayendedwe anyengo padziko lonse lapansi. โ
Mosiyana ndi malipoti ndi malingaliro ena a mโnyuzipepala, โPadziko Lonse
kutentha kuli kwenikweni ndipo kukuchitika pakali pano,โ Peter T. Doran
wa University of Illinois ku Chicago, wolemba wamkulu wa Nature
pepala adauza Davidson. Doran adanena kuti kuzizira ku Antarctica
zikuwoneka kuti ndizodabwitsa, zosiyana ndi chigawo ku mapulaneti onse
kutentha.
Doran adatsimikiza kuti lipoti la timu yake Nature amachita
osasintha chikhalidwe cha kutentha kwa dziko m'njira iliyonse yofunika.
Pafupifupi theka la kontinenti ya Antarctic ikutenthabe, ngakhale kuperekedwa
malipoti atsopano, monganso ena onse padziko lapansi. Mwachitsanzo,
Larsen Ice Shelf ya ku Antarctic Peninsula yatentha madigiri 2.5
Celsius mkati mwa theka lapitalo lazaka zapitazi, pamene ikugawanika kukhala
nyanja. Antarctica Peninsula (yotambasulira kumpoto chakum'mwera
America) yakhala ikuwotha mwachangu kwambiri, pafupifupi madigiri 5 kupitilira
zaka 50 zapitazo, 10 nthawi pafupifupi padziko lonse, ofanana kutentha
imatuluka ku Alaska.
Kuzizira kwa Antarctic kumatha chifukwa cha kusintha kwa mphepo. An
Kufotokozera za zododometsa zowoneka ngati izi zitha kukhala pachimake "master
sinthaniโ pamwamba pa mtunda wautali wakumwera, mawonekedwe amphepo ozungulira
("Antarctic Oscillation") yomwe ikuyendetsedwa mwachangu
pakutha kwa ozoni wa stratospheric.
Kulemba mu kope la May 3, 2002 la Science, David WJ
Thompson, pulofesa wa sayansi ya mumlengalenga ku Colorado State University,
ndi Dr. Susan Solomon, wasayansi wamkulu pa National Oceanic
ndi Atmospheric Administration ku Boulder, Colorado, amatsimikizira kuti
Kuwonongeka kwa ozone pamwamba pa Antarctic kungathandize kufotokoza zonse zotsutsana
machitidwe. "Ozone ikuwoneka kuti imatha kusangalatsa Kumwera
Mitundu ya Hemisphere," adatero Thompson.
Thompson ndi Solomon amalumikiza kuzizira mu stratosphere yopangidwa ndi
kuchepa kwa ozoni kuthamangitsa mphepo. โMโnthawi
mโnyengo yachilimwe,โ alemba motero Thompson ndi Solomon.
"Kuyenda mozungulira mozungulira kwathandizira kwambiri
kwambiri chifukwa cha kutentha komwe kukuchitika ku Antarctic Peninsula
ndi Patagonia ndi kuzizira kum'mawa kwa Antarctica ndi
Nyanja ya Antarctic.โ
Thompson ndi Solomon akuwonetsa kuti mphepo yamkuntho ikuwomba mozungulira
Antarctica yomwe imasunga mpweya wozizira ku South Pole yalimba
m'zaka makumi angapo zapitazi, kusunga mpweya wozizira kwambiri.
Chilumba cha Antarctic chili kunja kwa mphepo ndipo chimathaลตa
kuzirala. Kuchepa kwa ozoni kungakhale chinthu chofunikira kwambiri
kulimbikitsa dongosolo la mphepo, malinga ndi Thompson ndi Solomon.
โNdi pamene ife timalingalira,โ Dr. Thompson anatero, โndipo
kutsindika kuli pa liwu lakuti โmayโ.โ
Chiwerengero cha anthu aku Maryland ku Baltimore orioles, akucheperachepera,
Zikhoza kutheratu kumapeto kwa zaka za zana lino chifukwa cha kusintha kwakukulu
kusamuka ndi kuchepa kwa malo okhala komwe kumakhudzidwa kwambiri
ndi kutentha kwa dziko. Kafukufuku wa National Wildlife Federation ndi
Bungwe la American Bird Conservancy likusonyeza kuti kutentha kwa dziko kumakhudza
mwina akuyendetsa mbalame za boma kuchokera ku Maryland ndi ena theka la khumi ndi awiri
akuti.
Malinga ndi lipotilo, kukwera kwa kutentha kukusintha kusamuka
machitidwe ndi kuopseza ena odziwika bwino mbalame luso
pulumuka. Iowa ndi Washington state pamapeto pake adzawona omaliza
American goldfinch, monga New Hampshire ikanagwera kunja kwamtundu
wa mtundu wofiirira. Zinziri zaku California zikanalumpha dzikolo ndi
Nkhuku zaku Massachusetts zokhala ndi zisoti zakuda zitha kutha. Georgia
angataye thrasher ya bulauni ndipo Maryland imagwera kunja
osiyanasiyana a Baltimore oriole, malinga ndi kafukufukuyu.
Kuwonjezeka kwa kutentha kwa madzi chifukwa cha kutentha kwa dziko kungayambitsenso
mitundu ingapo yamadzi ozizira ya trout ndi salimoni kuchokera kumadzi ambiri aku US,
pofika kumapeto kwa zaka zana. Mโmadera ambiri nsombazi zili kale
kukhala m'mphepete mwa kulekerera kwawo kutentha. Oteteza a
Bungwe la Wildlife and Natural Resources Defense Council linati
kumapeto kwa zaka za zana lino, nsomba zambiri za salimoni ndi nsomba zam'madzi zidzaletsedwa
ku zigawo zakumpoto kwenikweni kwa United States. Magulu'
Kusanthula kumakhudza mitundu inayi ya trout - brook, cutthroat, utawaleza,
ndi pamphumiโndi mitundu inayi ya nsombaโpinki, coho, chinook,
ndi chum. Ofufuza adayang'ana deta ya kutentha kwa mpweya ndi madzi kuchokera
masamba opitilira 2,000 kudutsa US
"Kuchuluka kwa nsomba zam'tchire ndi nsomba za salmon zadetsedwa kale
zinthu monga kutayika kwa malo okhala ku chitukuko, mpikisano ndi
nsomba za hatchery, mitundu yachilendo yachilendo, ndi zina zambiri. Tsopano tiyenera kuwonjezera
kusintha kwa nyengo ku mndandanda wamavuto omwe amakumana nawo,โ adatero Mark
Shaffer, wachiwiri kwa Purezidenti ku Defenders of Wildlife. โNgati
sitikuthana ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu zonsezi,
tiwona ambiri mwa anthuwa akusintha kuchoka pa zosangalatsa
kuti atchulidwe kuti ali pachiwopsezo kapena pangozi. โ
Bruce
E. Johansen, pulofesa wa Communication pa yunivesite ya Nebraska
ku Omaha, ndi wolemba wa The Global Warming Desk Reference
(Greenwood Press, 2001).