P
anthu onse
malamulo okhudzana ndi zinthu monga kugonana, mankhwala osokoneza bongo, umbanda, ndi imfa ndi
nthawi zambiri amalumikizana ndi mawu akuti "makhalidwe andale".
Kuti tilowe mu ndale zamakhalidwe abwino, nkhani iyenera kukhudza
mafunso otsutsana a mfundo zazikuluzikulu ndipo amakhudza mikangano
pazikhulupiliro zozama za zomwe "zolondola" ndi chiyani
ndi "zolakwika." Chifukwa chake, m'dziko la ndale zamakhalidwe abwino,
nkhani zimakhala zosavuta nthawi zonse. Andale amakonda nkhani zooneka bwino
komanso yosavuta, chifukwa zimenezi zimawathandiza kuti apereke โmayankhoโ omveka bwino komanso osavuta.
The
Vuto ndiloti, moyo si wophweka ndipo umabweretsa vuto pamene
kuyesera kupanga mfundo zozikidwa pa โmakhalidweโ a winawake.
Zongopeka kuti mfundo za anthu zitha kukakamiza aliyense kutsimikiza
zisankho zosavuta zozikidwa pa chikhalidwe chapadziko lonse sizowopsa kokha,
koma adzalephera. Zolephera zomvetsa chisoni za kudziletsa kokha kugonana
maphunziro ndi "Ingonenani Ayi" maphunziro a mankhwala osokoneza bongo akuwonetsa
Kuyesa kukhazikitsa malamulo a "makhalidwe" kungakhale koopsa komanso kolakwika.
Koma sikokwanira kuyang'ana pa chifukwa chake ndondomeko zotere sizitero ndipo
sangapambane malinga ndi zomwe zagulitsidwa
kwa anthu aku US. Chofunika kwambiri ndikuwona momwe amachitira
anganenedwe kuti apambana.
kugonana Education
T
he
chaka cha 1981 adawona ndime ya bilu yolimbikitsa njira yatsopano
kutenga mimba kwa achinyamataโimodzi yogogomezera โmakhalidweโ ndi โbanja
kukhudzidwa." Biliyo inali AFLAโBanja la Achinyamata
Life Actโndi cholinga chake chonenedwa chinali โkulimbikitsa kudziletsa
ndi njira zina zanzeru za vuto la achinyamata osakwatirana
kugonana.โ Posakhalitsa linadzadziwika kuti
โ
bilu ya kudzisunga.โ
The
1996 "kusintha" kwazaumoyo komwe kudasainidwa ndi Purezidenti Clinton
adalimbikitsanso lingaliro la "kudzisunga" mwa kukulitsa Federal
udindo wa boma popereka ndalama zomwe zimatchedwa kudziletsa pogonana
maphunziro. Ulamuliro waposachedwa wa Bush wakhazikitsa nkhaniyi
mโmawu owopsa, akuti, โKusintha kwa kugonana komwe kunayamba
zaka za m'ma 1960 zasiya mavuto akuluakulu awiri m'mbuyo mwake. Choyamba ndiโฆosakhala mโbanja
kubadwa [ndi]โฆchachiwiri ndi kuphulika kwa matenda opatsirana pogonana
matenda omwe tsopano abweretsa chiwopsezo chokulirakulira kwa anthu a fuko
thanziโฆ. Kuthana ndi mavutowa, cholinga cha Federal Policy
kuyenera kutsindika kudziletsa.โ
The
momwe boma la feduro "likugogomezera" zomwe zimatchedwa kudziletsa
ndi kudzera mwa ndalama zamapulogalamu ophunzitsa za kugonana. Pali atatu
mapulogalamu akuluakulu omwe amapereka ndalama zogonana ed pamagulu a federal: (1) AFLA ndi
idakalipo ndipo a Bush apereka ndalama zokwana $26 miliyoni kuti athandizire ndalamazo
bajeti yomwe ikubwera; (2) Mutu V wa Social Security Act, womwe umaphatikizapo
Kudziletsa-pokha-mpaka-Ukwati-Ukwati, akulandira pano
$50 miliyoni pachaka; ndi (3) Ntchito Zapadera Zachigawo ndi
Pulogalamu ya National Significance-yoletsa kwambiri kuposa zonse
mapulogalamu - omwe Bush adapempha $ 186 miliyoni kuti apeze ndalama
chaka 2005. Kuyambira 1996, federal ndalama kudziletsa okha kugonana maphunziro
yakwana pafupifupi $1 biliyoni.
In
kulamula kuti alandire madola a federal maphunziro a kugonana, zigawo za sukulu
ayenera kutsatira mapulogalamu omwe amakwaniritsa zofunikira zomwe zalembedwa
m'malamulo a federal (makamaka, Gawo 510 b la Mutu V wa
Social Security Act, PL 104-193). Lamulo limafotokoza momveka bwino, pakati
zinthu zina, โkupeลตa kugonana kunja
ukwatiโ udzakhala โmuyezo woyembekezeredwa wa misinkhu yonse ya sukulu
ana.โ Inde, ndiko kulondola: onse a iwo.
The
Chowonadi ndi chakuti, kaya timakonda kapena ayi, ana ndi anthu ogonana
ndipo ambiri a iwo angathe ndipo amachitapo kanthu mogwirizana ndi malingaliro awo a kugonana. Ambiri
za anthu zomwe adakumana nazo koyamba pakugonana ali wachinyamata
zaka, kapena kale. Judith Levine, m'buku lake
Zowopsa kwa Ana:
Kuopsa Koteteza Ana Kumagonana
akunena momveka bwino kuti:
โPadziko lonse lapansi anthu ambiri amayamba kugonana
kapena kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha mโzaka zawo zaunyamata.โ
Kafukufuku wosiyanasiyana akusonyeza kuti United States ndi yosiyana
kuchokera ku dziko lonse lapansi pankhaniyi.
In
polimbana ndi zenizeni izi, anthu amakonda kugwa m'magulu awiri.
Gulu lina limakhulupirira kuti kugonana ndi chilengedwe, chachibadwa, chathanzi
mbali ya moyo, ndi kuti ana ayenera kudziwa zolondola za
mbali zonse zakugonana kuti apange zisankho mogwirizana
zikhalidwe zawo paokha komanso za banja lawo ndi dera lawo.
Kafukufuku akuwonetsa kuti anthu ambiri ku US - mwina 75 peresenti - ali
mu gulu ili.
The
gulu lina limakhulupirira kuti kugonana kunja kwa ukwati
adzakhala ndi zotsatira zovulaza za chikhalidwe, maganizo, ndi thupi,
kuti kudziletsa kugonana musanalowe mโbanja ndiko kokha
khalidwe lovomerezeka, ndi gulu limodzi lokha la zikhalidwe (nthawi zambiri zochokera
pa kutanthauzira kwina kwa Baibulo lachikhristu) ndi makhalidwe
zolondola kwa ophunzira onse. Mwina 15 peresenti ya anthu ku US
kugwa mu gulu ili. Awa ndi anthu omwe amathandizira kwambiri
kudziletsa kumangophunzitsa zogonana monga momwe zanenera m'malamulo.
ambiri
mโgulu lachiลตirili amati makhalidwe onse amabwera chifukwa chotsatiraโkapena
kulephera kumamatira kuโgulu limodzi la makhalidwe abwino
amadzinenera kuti "akudziwa" ndikuyimira. Anthuwa akuchulukirachulukira
ndi udindo kulemba malamulo choncho, ngakhale kuti anthu ambiri
m'dzikoli kuthandizira njira yokwanira yophunzitsira za kugonana
zomwe zimathandiza achinyamata kupanga zisankho zabwino, lamulo limafuna kuti a
kuchulukitsa kwandalama za anthu kuti zipite ku zoletsa
Kudziletsa kumangoyandikira.
As
madera akufuna kuchepetsa matenda opatsirana pogonana
(matenda opatsirana pogonana), HIV/AIDS, ndi kuchuluka kwa mimba zosakonzekera ndi
kuchotsa mimba pakati pa achinyamata a dziko, chiwerengero chachikulu
m'masukulu akhazikitsa mapulogalamu otchedwa kudziletsa okha
omwe amatsatira malamulo a federal. Kodi mapulogalamu oterowo ndi othandiza poteteza
ana athu? Izo sizikuwoneka ngati izo. Ngakhale ndizovuta kuweruza
motsimikiza, popeza kugonana kwaunyamata ndi chinthu chovuta kuphunzira
(funsani kholo lililonse), tili ndi maphunziro angapo oti tidutse,
ndipo zotsatira zake zimangogwirizana chimodzi: kudziletsa kokha ed
sichigwira ntchito, ngakhale pazolinga zake.
kwambiri
mwa maphunziro odziletsa okha mapulogalamu a ed amafanana
mfundo. A 2002 "meta-analysis" ya maphunziro ambiri
anamaliza kuti mapologalamu oterowo anali ndi โzotsatira zochepa kwambiri
za kulowererapo pa khalidwe lodziletsa.โ The American Academy
a Pediatrics anati mu Ogasiti 2001, โMapulogalamu odziletsa okha
sanawonetse zotsatira zopambana pankhani yochedwa
kuyambitsa zachiwerewere kapena kugwiritsa ntchito njira zodzitetezera pogonana.โ
The
Journal of Public Health Policy
inanena kuti, โPofika mโchaka cha 2002,
Bungwe la [US Centers for Disease Control] linali litapeza 'Mapulogalamu
Ntchito imeneyo,' maphunziro omwe awonetsa kuchita bwino
kuchepetsa makhalidwe owopsa ogonana. Palibe njira yodziletsa yokha
zopezeka pamndandanda wa mapulogalamu ogwira mtimawa.โ Pali zambiri,
maphunziro ena ambiri amtunduwu.
Apo
pali mavuto ambiri ndi njira yodziletsa yokha, koma gawo
za vuto ndi njira monga zakhala zikuchitika mu izi
dziko ndiloti "maphunziro" ambiri omwe limapereka ndi
zolakwika, mwina zosokonezedwa ndi chikhumbo โchowopsaโ achichepere
kutsatira malamulo. Lipoti laposachedwa lochokera ku US House of
Oimirawo anapeza kuti โoposa 80 peresenti ya odziletsa okha
maphunziroโฆali ndi nkhani zabodza, zosocheretsa, kapena zopotoka
za uchembere wabwino.โ
In
kuwonjezera pa kutengeka kwakukulu kokhudza kugonana kwa achinyamata, kumanja
nkhawa zokhudzana ndi kuchotsa mimba ndi maudindo a amuna ndi akazi zikuwoneka kuti zikuthandizira
kupotoza komwe kumapezeka pakudziletsa kokha kugonana ed. Mfundo imodzi ya maphunziro
kuti 5 mpaka 10 peresenti ya akazi ochotsa mimba mwalamulo adzakhala
wosabala; kuti โ[p] kubadwanso mwatsopano, chifukwa chachikulu cha kufooka kwa maganizo,
kumawonjezeka pambuyo pa kutaya mimba kwa mimba yoyambaโ;
ndi kuti [t] mimba za m'mimba ndi khomo lachiberekero zimachulukitsidwa motsatira
kuchotsa mimba.โ (M'malo mwake, zoopsazi sizimawuka pambuyo pa ndondomekoyi
amagwiritsidwa ntchito mโkuchotsa mimba kochuluka ku United States.) Maphunziro ena
amaphunzitsa kuti akazi amafunikira โchithandizo chandalama,โ pamene amuna
amafuna "chisangalalo." Komabe wina akulangiza kuti: โAkazi
yesani chisangalalo chawo ndikuweruza kupambana kwawo pa ubale wawo.
Chimwemwe ndi chipambano cha amuna zimadalira zimene achita.โ
Mwamwayi,
pali mapologalamu ophunzitsa za kugonana omwe athandiza popewera
mimba zosakonzekera ndi matenda opatsirana pogonana pakati
unyamata wathu, koma palibe mmodzi wa iwo ndi kudziletsa yekha zosiyanasiyana.
Boma la Centers for Disease Control ndi ena apeza izi
mapologalamu ophunzitsa za kugonana omwe amagwira ntchito ndi omveka ndipo โamaphatikizapo
zambiri zokhuza kudziletsa ndi kulera m'nkhaniyi
za maphunziro a za kugonana.โ
Maphunziro a Zamankhwala Achinyamata: Ingonenani Dziwani
T
Pano
ndi mapologalamu angapo ophunzitsa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ozunguza bongo omwe akugwiritsidwa ntchito
m'masukulu aku US, koma pulogalamu yomwe amaphunzira kwambiri ndi
Pulogalamu yotchedwa DARE, kapena Drug Abuse Resistance Education.
The
Dipatimenti ya Apolisi ku Los Angeles ndi Chigawo cha Sukulu ya Los Angeles
adakhazikitsa pulogalamu ya DARE mu 1983.
pulogalamuyo idatenga kudzoza kwake, mwa zina, kuchokera ku kampeni yomwe idayambitsidwa
yolembedwa ndi Nancy Reagan yomwe idalimbikitsa achinyamata mdzikolo kuti โBasi
Nenani Ayiโ kwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo. DARE amalalikira uthenga wodziletsa,
ndi otenga nawo mbali pulogalamu akulonjeza kukhala ndi "moyo wopanda mankhwala."
The
Maphunziro a pulaimale a DARE ali ndi maphunziro 17 ophunzitsidwa
ndi apolisi ovala yunifolomu ophunzitsidwa ndi DARE, ndi cholinga chomwe chanenedwa
zopatsa ophunzira luso lopanga zisankho, kuwawonetsa
mmene tingapewere kutengera zochita za anzanu, ndiponso kuphunzitsa zinthu zina mโmalo molakwika
kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo komanso chiwawa. DARE imayendetsedwa muchisanu ndi chisanu ndi chimodzi
maphunziro a kalasi ndi afupiafupi m'makalasi otsika komanso owonjezera
mapulogalamu a sekondale ndi sekondale amapezekanso.
By
kuyika kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala aliwonse ngati "nkhanza," komanso kuwonetsa
zimene ena amati ndi โchithunzi chodabwitsa, chokokomeza mopanda manyazi
kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo,โ pulogalamu ya DARE imatsatira mwambo wogwiritsa ntchito
"njira zowopseza" zoletsa ana kuti asagwiritse ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo.
Andrew
Weil, m'buku lake lodziwika bwino la 1972
Malingaliro Achilengedwe
, akuwuza
ife, "Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo si chinthu chachilendo.
Zakhala mbali ya moyo waumunthu m'malo onse padziko lapansi ndi
mโzaka zonse za mbiri yakale.โ Ku US, deta yaposachedwa kwambiri
zimasonyeza kuti 44 peresenti ya ana a giredi 8 agwiritsira ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, chiลตerengero chimenecho
amakula kufika pa 77 peresenti pofika giredi 12. Izi zikuphatikizapo mowa, monga kuyenera
kutchula โmankhwala osokoneza bongoโ moona mtima kulikonse. Ngati ife malire kwa otchedwa
Mankhwala โosaloledwa,โ akatswiriwo akuti 22 peresenti atero
anawagwiritsa ntchito pofika giredi 8 ndi 51 peresenti pofika sitandade 12.
kotero,
zoona zake nโzakuti ana ena amagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Funso ndilakuti, titani
kuchita za izo? Mofanana ndi maphunziro a kugonana, mayankho amagwera m'modzi
a magulu awiri.
chimodzi
gulu limayang'ana kwambiri kuchepetsa kuvulaza komwe kumabwera nthawi zambiri ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo.
Njira imeneyi nthawi zambiri imatchedwa kuchepetsa kuvulaza, kapena chitetezo choyamba
njira. Gululi limavomereza kuti ana amakhala โmโdziko
mankhwala amtundu uliwonseโฆochuluka, ovomerezeka ndi osaloledwa,
mankhwala komanso azitsamba,โ ndi kuti adzapanga
zisankho zokhudzana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo kapena ayi.
pakuti
gulu lina, lingaliro lakuti pangakhale "zopanda zowopsa"
njira zogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndi zolakwika. Gululi limawona kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala onse (kupatula,
nthawi zambiri, chifukwa chakumwa kwawo mowa, fodya, caffeine,
etc.) monga khalidwe lodana ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu lomwe liyenera kupewedwa. Kwa anthu
mโgulu limeneli, kusankha kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndi nkhani yaumwini
โKudziletsaโ ndi nkhani yosavuta โyosankhaโ yaumwini.
Apa tikubwereranso ku lingaliro la "kungonena ayi", lomwe likutanthauza
kuti chisankho ndi chophweka, mwina / kapena, inde / ayi chisankho kukhala
zopangidwa ndi mwana aliyense payekha. Gulu ili likuwoneka kuti likukhulupiriraโndipo
kukhazikitsa mfundo zake zophunzitsira za mankhwala osokoneza bongo paโnthano zinayi zodziwika bwino:
-
kuyesa kumeneko
ndi mankhwala si wamba chikhalidwe cha achinyamata -
kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala
ndi chimodzimodzi ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo -
chamba chimenecho
ndiye khomo lolowera ku mankhwala osokoneza bongo monga heroin ndi cocaine -
kuti anakokomeza
zoopsa (njira zowopseza) zidzalepheretsa achinyamata kuyesa
Ngakhale
mfundo yakuti maganizo odziletsa okha maphunziro mankhwala ndi
zotengera nthano, ndalama zambiri amathera pa izo. Ndizovuta kunena
ndendende ndalama zomwe US โโโโimagwiritsa ntchito pa pulogalamu ya DARE makamaka,
chifukwa palibe kuwerengera ndalama pakati pa ndalama, ndalama zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito,
ndi zothandizira zothandizira pulogalamuyi.
Mwina
kuyerekezera kopambana kumachokera mu pepala la 2001 lotchedwa "The Economic
Ndalama za DAREโ lolemba Edward M. Shepard. Shepard akunena kuti
US imawononga pafupifupi $ 1.04 mpaka $ 1.34 biliyoni pachaka pa pulogalamuyi,
kapena $175-270 pa wophunzira chaka chilichonse. Ndipo, monga Shepard amanenera
"Akatswiri ena a maphunziro a mankhwala osokoneza bongo amakhulupirira kuti DARE ili ndi vuto
zotsatira pa ana asukulu. Izi zikutanthauza kuti pakhoza kukhala zowonjezera
ndalama zogwirizana ndi pulogalamu ya DARE zomwe sizingaganizidwe
mu pepala ili.โ
Popeza
mapulogalamu a sukulu opewera mankhwala kwa achinyamata, kutengera
kuwopsyeza machenjerero, zero kulolerana, ndi "Ingonenani Ayi" ali
akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito kuyambira m'ma 1960, aphunzira kwambiri,
m'madera osiyanasiyana komanso m'magulu osiyanasiyana. Panthawi ino
m'mbiri, nkoyenera kunena kuti iwo-ndipo makamaka DARE,
pulogalamu yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri yamtunduwu-sagwira ntchito.
Ndiko kuti, iwo samachepetsa chiwopsezo cha kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo pakati pa achinyamata athu.
As
Drug Reform Coordination Network inati, โNgakhale kuti ambiri
kuwunika kwachitika, palibe kafukufuku wasayansi yemwe wapeza
kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala
ophunzira omwe adatenga DARE ndi omwe sanatenge. "
Liti
zikukhudza kuchepetsa kuvulaza kwa ana ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo, pali mapulogalamu
ntchito imeneyo. Ndiwo omwe amapitilira "Just Say No"
kwa zovuta komanso zaulemu "Ingonenani Dziwani" zimenezo
ana okulirapo amafunikira. Zomwe amafunikira, mwa kuyankhula kwina, ndizowona mtima, zolondola,
ndi zowona zenizeni za mankhwala osokoneza bongo, kuchotsera moralizing ndi
zochititsa mantha zomwe zimadziwika kwambiri ndi zomwe akuluakulu pakali pano
pita pa ana.
Ngakhale
kulephera kolembedwa kwa mfundo zodziletsa izi zokha, zandale
atsogoleri akupitiriza kuwakankhira, ndipo akupitiriza kuwoneka kuti ali nawo
chithandizo chokwanira, kapena chogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Chifukwa chiyani?
Apo
ndi njira zitatu zomwe ndondomeko "zolephereka" zimawonekera
kuti apambane ndi omwe amawalimbikitsa:
-
Amalola ambiri
ovota kuti asinthe udindo wamavuto amtundu wina pa "ena" -
Iwo amachita monga
maulamuliro amphamvu a anthu -
Iwo amalimbitsa
dongosolo linalake la makhalidwe abwino
The
chikhalidwe chachikulu ku United States chimagogomezera lingaliro la "ufulu"
kapena โufuluโ umene uli wopambanitsa kotero kuti umasiya aliyense
lingaliro la udindo, lingaliro lomwe ndi lofunikira ngati sititero
akufuna "ufulu" kuti usinthe kukhala chilolezo chopanda malire. Mu
dziko la George W. Bush ndi ena olimbikitsa kudziletsa
Ndondomeko za "makhalidwe", munthu aliyense payekha ali ndi udindo
kwa zigamulo zake. Mavuto aliwonse omwe munthu ali nawo, mu
malingaliro awa, ndi zotsatira za mtundu wina wa kulephera kwa makhalidwe kumbali
za munthu, kaya zikhale "zosankha zoipa" kapena "kusowa
za kudziletsaโ kapena โzofookaโ kapena zina.
ndipo
ngati munthu โalepheraโ mobwerezabwereza, ndiye kuti tinganene
kuti munthuyo ndi โwoipaโโndiko kuti kwenikweni
zoipa, kapena zoipa, ndipo palibe chowathandiza. Mu lingaliro ili, a
udindo wokhawo womwe anthu ambiri - banja, sukulu,
boma-mapewa ndi udindo kuuza anthu zimene
chabwino ndi cholakwika kenako nkuwalipira ngati achita zabwino.
ndi kuwalanga ngati achita โcholakwaโ. Cholakwika ndi
udindo wolakwa uli pa munthu ameneyo ndipo
munthu yekhayo.
As
Dana McGrath wa ku yunivesite ya George Washington anaziika mu ulaliki
ku International Women's Policy Research Conference ku
June 2003, "Poyambitsa mavuto omwe amayi achichepere,
mwachitsanzo, kuyang'ana ngati zotsatira za 'zisankho zoyipa' m'malo mwake
kuposa kusiyana kwachuma kapena chikhalidwe komwe kunalipo kale, boma
ndipo anthu ambiri akhoza kuthawa udindo uliwonse wopanga
ndi kupititsa patsogolo kusiyana kwa anthu.โ
So
nzika wamba, ndi pafupifupi wopanga mfundo, ali ndi chidwi
pokonza mavuto a anthu monga kulephera kwa makhalidwe abwino. Ndiye iwo
akhoza kunena kuti, โSi vuto langa.โ Ndicho chofunikira
Chimodzi mwa zifukwa zomwe zinalephereka "ndondomeko zamakhalidwe" zikupitilirabe
kukhala wotchuka. Ndikosavuta kwa osankhidwa osankhidwa kupanga ndi
sungani ndondomeko zomwe zimamasula anthu omwe ali nawo pa udindo uliwonse
zamavuto azachuma.
Social Control
A
t
mtima wa malingaliro olondola ndi lingaliro lakuti makhalidwe ali mtheradi
ndi kuti zikhoza ndipo ziyenera kufotokozedwa ndi kukakamizidwa ndi akuluakulu ena.
Ndipo โulamuliroโ ndi ndani? Ili si funso losavuta,
koma tiyeni tiwone momwe zimakhalira muzochita. Pankhani
za pulogalamu yotsutsa mankhwala a DARE, "zowona" zomwe zafotokozedwa
mankhwala osokoneza bongo amaphunzitsidwa kwa ana ndi apolisi ovala yunifolomu. Banja
Council on Drug Awareness (osati wothandizira pulogalamu ya DARE)
amalimbikira kuti "DARE ili ndi zobisika. DARE ndi yoposa
chida chophimbidwa pang'ono cholumikizirana ndi apolisi.
Ndi chida chabodza chomwe chimaphunzitsa ana mu ndale
za Nkhondo ya Mankhwala Osokoneza Bongo, ndi njira yobisika yolimbikitsira apolisi
bajeti. โ
iwo
zikhoza kukhala zolondola. Ndithudi pali zigawo zandale zamphamvu
zomwe zimachirikiza lingaliro la nkhondo yankhondo ndi yopondereza
pa mankhwala ozunguza bongoโ ndi ndalama zazikulu zankhondo ndi zapolisi zomwe zimayeneradi
pitani ndi gawo limenelo. Si zachilendo, pamene kuyang'ana pa
kafukufuku wokhudza DARE, kuona kuti mfundo mokomera kupitiriza
Pulogalamuyi imatengera momwe ilili yabwino kwa apolisi kuposa
ndi zabwino bwanji kwa ana.
A
Chitsanzo chabwino ndi phunziro lalikulu lomwe linachitidwa zaka zingapo zapitazo ndi Minnesota
Prevention Resource Center ("Minnesota DARE Evaluated").
Kafukufukuyu "adatsimikizira kutchuka ndi chithandizo cha DARE
mโmadera onse a dzikolo.โ Koma adapeza chithandizo chimenecho
pakuti pulogalamuyo โsiyinakhazikike mโchikhulupiriro cha anthu kuti
DARE imathandiza kupewa mowa, fodya, ndi mankhwala ena osokoneza bongo
ntchito. M'malo mwake, chithandizo chimachokera ku chikhulupiriro chakuti pulogalamuyo
Zotsatira zitha kuwoneka pakuwona bwino kwa ophunzira pazapolisi, bwinoko
kumvetsetsa kwa apolisi kwa ophunzira ndi kupititsa patsogolo maubwenzi pakati
apolisi ndi anthu ammudzi.โ
Zofunikira
pakuti "maubwenzi otukuka" ndiwo kuvomereza kwakukulu
kuchuluka kwa apolisi m'masukulu (ndi malo ena ambiri).
Ganizirani, motere, mfundo iyi kuchokera m'nkhani yomwe yaikidwa pa
Webusaiti ya DARE: โPopanda kuphunzitsa mโkalasi, aliyense
Mkulu wa DARE ndi msilikali woyendayenda, wokhala ndi zida, wovala yunifolomu, wokhala ndi wailesi
kusukulu. Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa masukulu ambiri
zikwi za ophunzira pa sukulu iliyonse, sukulu ndi madera a
zawo. Apolisi a DARE amateteza madera amenewo. โ Kapena, mmodzi
anganene kuti amapatsa anthu ena chikoka kumverera kotero
Chinachake
"Kutetezedwa" kwa winawake.
The
Lipoti la Minnesota limatiuza kuti, โKafukufuku wina amanena kuti zophiphiritsa
kufunikira kwa apolisi ndi sukulu kugwirira ntchito limodzi ndi chitsimikizo champhamvu
za miyambo yakale komanso mbali yofunika kwambiri ya pulogalamuyi. โ
Mwina kuchirikiza โmikhalidwe yapachikhalidweโ yoteroyo kumafotokoza
mfundo yakuti โ88 peresenti yaโฆomwe anafunsidwa anagwirizana nazo
mawu akuti, 'Ngakhale palibe umboni wasayansi wotero
DARE imagwira ntchito, ndikadathandizirabe.'โ Ndilo
chodabwitsa kupeza, monga zikusonyeza kuti dziko lalikulu
Pulogalamu ya "anti-drug" mwina sikhala makamaka yokhudza mankhwala
zonse.
In
mlandu wa DARE, pulogalamuyo imalephera pazifukwa zochepetsera
m'kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, komabe zimachita bwino kulimbitsa mawonekedwe enaake
za ulamuliro wa chikhalidwe cha anthu zomwe zimazikidwa mu kukakamira kokakamiza kwa zikhalidwe
mwa azungu, makamaka akhristu m'dziko lino,
amene mfundo zake tiyenera kuzimvetsa ndi โzikhalidwe zapachikhalidweโ.
Opita patsogolo
amakonda kuumba ndondomeko chikhalidwe mu utumiki kupeza ndithu
zotsatira zomwe zingayesedwe kapena kuwonedwa, monga kuchepa kwa mitengo
kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, umbanda, kapena mimba yapathengo. Kwa osewera kumanja,
zotsatira zoyezera zoterozo zingakhale kapena zosafunikira, koma chinthu chimodzi
Chofunika ndikuti ndondomeko imalimbitsa machitidwe awo.
pakuti
Mwachitsanzo, kudziletsa kokha sikunawonetse zotsatira zake
mu achinyamata ambiri osagonana. Koma chimene chimachita ndi kutumiza
uthenga wamphamvu wonena za โcholondolaโ ndi โcholakwikaโ
pankhani ya kugonana kwa anthu. "Conservative" pagulu
aphunzitsi, makolo, ndi ena amaumirira kuti mawu aliwonse a munthu
kugonana kunja kwa nkhani ya kubereka m'banja
nzolakwika, ndipo kukambitsirana kwa china chirichonse kuli โkotsutsana.โ
Chifukwa chake, aphunzitsi amawopa kuukira ngati asokera
โmakhalidweโ okondedwa. Pano pali McGrath kachiwiri, akufotokoza
chotulukapo chake: โMaphunziro a zakugonana kaลตirikaลตiri amakhala odziyesa okha
mwanjira iyi, ndipo ndi mtundu wokhawo wa feduro womwe ukukhazikitsidwa
muuthenga wodziletsa-okha, ngakhale kukambitsirana modzichepetsa kwa zoterozo
nkhani [monga zosangalatsa zogonana, kuseweretsa maliseche, kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kapena kuchotsa mimba]
akhoza kukanidwa monyanyira. [T] zotsatira zake ndikuti mauthenga amenewo
ndi machitidwe omwe amatsutsidwa kapena kunyozedwa ndi mamembala ena
anthu ambiri amasiyidwa [kuchokera mu maphunziro a sex ed]. Zotsatira zake
ali kutali ndi uthenga, komabe, monga chete boma
pa kuchotsa mimba, kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha komanso kuseweretsa maliseche kumathandiza kulimbikitsa
kufotokozera zolakwika ndi manyazi pamitu iyi ndi
ophunzira omwe adachitapo chilichonse mwazochita izi, panthawiyi
nthawi yomweyo normalizing ndi naturalizing heterosexual, kubereka ana
kugonana.โ
As
ndondomeko yoyenera imafalikira kupitirira kugonana, mankhwala osokoneza bongo, ndi umbanda
mbali zonse za moyo, zomwe tingayembekezere kukhala "zabwinobwino ndi
naturalizedโ zidzakhala zomwe zimatchedwa "chikhalidwe chachikhalidwe"
zomwe zimangochitika kuti akuyanjidwa ndi omwe ali ndi mphamvu. Izi siziri choncho
zodabwitsa kuti ndondomeko zambiri "zolephera" zikupitirizabe
kupulumuka ngakhale kukula mu chikoka. Ngakhale kuti sangachite chiyani
amalonjeza kuti adzachita, amalola anthu ambiri kuthawa udindo
pa zomwe mbali yaikulu ya mavuto a anthu, pamene panthaลตi imodzimodziyo
kulimbikitsa dongosolo la kayendetsedwe ka anthu lomwe limagwirizana bwino ndi wolamulira
Makhalidwe abwino omwe amakondedwa ndi omwe ali pamwamba pa dongosolo la mphamvu
m'dziko lino.
Njira Yowonjezereka
F
or
munthu yemwe ali ndi malingaliro opita patsogolo, dziko - kuphatikiza
dziko la achinyamataโndi malo ovuta. Munthu wotero amaona
mizu ya khalidwe laumunthu monga kusakaniza kovuta kwa zinthu, zomwe
makhalidwe ndi chimodzi chokha. Zinthu zikuphatikizapo dziko lamkati la
psychology, uzimu, mapangidwe a majini, njira zamaganizidwe, ndi
zina zotero, komanso dziko lakunja la zachuma, chipembedzo, maphunziro,
zakudya, chithandizo chamagulu, ndi zina zambiri. M'dziko lino, ndi choncho
kuganiza kuti kupanga zisankho zaumunthu ndizovuta komanso zosiyanasiyana
m'mene munthu akuleredwera ndi momwe iye amakulira
zochita zimakhudza kwambiri zisankho zomwe zimapangidwa.
Progressive
kuganiza kumalekanitsa malingaliro a cholakwika ndi udindo, ndi
ndizofunika. Munthu akhoza kukhala wolakwa chifukwa cha kulakwa
ndipo ayenera kunyamula zotulukapo zake, koma zimamveka bwino
nthawi yomweyo udindo wa uchimo umafika patali
kupitirira munthu ameneyo. Zimamveka kuti tonsefe omwe tatero
pamodzi adapanga kapena kulimbikitsa chikhalidwe chomwe chimapanga nkhaniyo
kuti chigamulo chigawane nawo udindowo, kufikira momwe
timazimvetsa ndipo tikhoza kuchitapo kanthu.
pakuti
Mwachitsanzo, ngati munthu waumphawi wamba, iwo
ayenera kuweruzidwa. Pa nthawi yomweyo, ngati ife tikudziwa izo
pali mgwirizano pakati pa umphawi ndi umbava, ndiye gawo la
udindo wakuba umenewo uli pa ife tonse amene timalola,
kapena kulimbikitsa, ndondomeko zomwe zimachulukitsa umphawi. Gulu siliyenera "kuimba mlandu"
chifukwa chakuba, koma tonse tili ndi udindo wosintha
zinthu zomwe zimabweretsa kuba zambiri. Wina akhoza kulowa m'malo
"uchigawenga" kutanthauza "kuba" ndi kulingalira komweko
angalembetse.
izi
Nkhaniyi ili ndi mutu wakuti โZongopeka Zotsutsana ndi Zowonaโ kwa okwatirana
za zifukwa. Chifukwa chimodzi ndi chakuti ndondomeko zamakhalidwe abwino zomwe zimakondedwa ndi
pulezidenti ndi omutsatira ambiri agulitsidwa pa zabodza
zonyenga. Sayembekezeka kwenikweni kupeza zotsatiraโie,
kuchepetsa mimba zapathengo, kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongoโkuti
tauzidwa kuti amayenera kupeza. M'lingaliro limeneli, mkulu
mikangano ndi zongopeka ndipo zoona zake n'zakuti ndondomeko yosiyana
zimalimbikitsa zoyambitsa izi. Ndi njira imodzi yongopeka
ndi mitu yeniyeni mu gawo la ndale zamakhalidwe abwino. Koma kumeneko
ndi mfundo ina, yofunikira kwambiri kuti mumvetsetse za zongopeka ndi
zenizeni.
A
mfundo yozikidwa pa kupewa kwathunthu makhalidwe ena ndi nthano chabe.
Lingalirani zomwe Weil ananena kuti kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo (ndipo mwa izi akutanthauza
kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala osintha maganizo) wakhala mbali ya anthu
kuyambira chiyambi cha mbiri. Ngati izi ndi zoona - ndipo ndikuganiza
ndiye-ndiye ndondomeko iliyonse yokhudzana ndi zero kulolerana ndi nthano chabe. Ku
momwe khalidwe lachilengedwe lotereli limagwiritsidwira ntchito ngati mlandu ndi kuponderezedwa,
ndi nkhambakamwa yoopsa.
Chani
za kugonana mโmagulu a anthu? Ndizo ndithudi konsekonse, ndipo
ofufuza amanena kuti khalidwe la kugonana limayambira paunyamata, kapena atangoyamba kumene,
kwa anthu ambiri. Ngati izo ziri zoonaโndipo ndikuganiza kuti ziriโndiye
njira yodziletsa yokha yogonana ndi achinyamata ndi nthano chabe. Ndipo,
mpaka ana ambiri amachititsidwa manyazi ndi kuloledwa
potumikira zongopekaziโchifukwa cha zochitika zawo zakugonana
kapena malingaliro ogonana amawoneka ngati "olakwika" - ndiye, nawonso,
ndi nkhambakamwa yoopsa komanso yosautsa moyo.
Is
zonsezi kunena kuti kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo kwa achinyamata kapena kugonana kwa achinyamata kulibe vuto,
kapena kuti chilichonse chimene ana amachita chili bwino? Ayi, sichoncho. Ndi chabe ku
kuvomereza kuti ana ndi anthu omwe amapanga zisankho, ndi kuti
ntchito ya akuluakulu - kukhala makolo, aphunzitsi, kapena ndale
atsogoleri-ndi kuthandiza ndi kutsogolera ana athu kupanga zisankho zabwino
muzochitika za moyo wawo weniweni. Izo ndi zosiyana ndi
khalidwe "mphotho ndi chilango" njira yokondedwa ndi
ochirikiza dziko lokha lodziletsa.
kuti
ndiye gwero la kusiyana pakati pa njira yoyenera
kuphunzitsa achinyamata ndi njira yopita kumanzere, kapena yopita patsogolo.
Kumene njira ya mapiko abwino imakhazikika pa "cholondola ndi cholakwika,"
njira yopita patsogolo imakhazikika pa "kupanga zisankho zabwino."
Njira yopita patsogolo, mosiyana ndi mapiko abwino, imamvetsetsa
kuti achinyamata amasankha zochita pa moyo wawo, choncho
kusintha kwakukulu kwa khalidwe la achinyamata sikutheka pokhapokha ngati tichita zomwe timachita
akhoza kusintha nkhaniyo. Zimenezi zikutanthauza kuvomereza kufunika kwake
zinthu monga kusagwirizana pakati pa anthu, maubwenzi amphamvu, zachuma
mwayi, ndi kupitirira. Mwachidule, zikutanthauza kuwona kuti mayankho
ku mavuto a chikhalidwe cha anthu kuyenera kuphatikizapo kusintha kwa chikhalidwe, osati munthu payekha
kulimbikitsa.
Basing
mfundo za anthu pa mfundo yopita patsogolo, yoganizira za chikhalidwe cha anthu
zimabweretsa zotsatira zosiyana kwambiri. Chofunika kwambiri, ndondomeko
zikanakhala zabwino, zozikidwa pa chikhulupiriro chakuti anthuโachichepere
kuphatikizidwa-ndi mitolo yaubwino yomwe ikudikirira kuwululidwa, ndi
ntchito ya anthu ndi kumasula luso la anthu. Mapiko amanja
njira, mosiyana, zimachokera pa lingaliro lakuti anthu ndi mitolo
zoipaโochimwa, ngati mungateroโndiponso ntchito ya anthu
ndiko kulamulira ndi kupondereza kuipa kumeneko. Lingaliro limodzi lakhazikika mu
dziko lino, ndipo amatsimikizira kukongola kwa moyo wa munthu. Zinazo zakhazikika
mโdziko lina, ndipo amaika maganizo pa zophophonya za anthu.
zenizeni
ndi zongopeka. Zoona zake nโzakuti nthawi zina ana amachita zinthu zimene akuluakulu
sindimakonda. Zongopeka ndizoti tikawauza kuti asatero, iwo
sindidzatero. Ndondomeko zathu ziyenera kukhazikitsidwa zenizeni pamene tikuthandizira
ndikuwatsogolera ana athu kupanga zisankho zabwino zomwe angathe.
Minneapolis wopanda pake
Jeff Nygaard yemwe adalemba komanso wochita ziwonetsero amasindikiza kalata ya imelo yotchedwa
Nygaard Notes
.