Zomwe atolankhani aku US akuchitira pakuwonongeka kwa ndege ya Malaysia Airlines Flight 17, yomwe idadzudzulidwa kuti "odzipatula" aku East Ukraine makamaka a Putin ndi Russia, akutsatira njira yomwe idakhazikitsidwa kale yakuvomera mwachangu komanso mwaukali zonena zandale, ngakhale zidachitika. mbiri yayitali yachinyengo pamilandu yotere. Tikasiyanitsa izi ndi momwe atolankhani amachitira milandu pomwe US โโkapena Israeli adaponya ndege za anthu wamba, kusiyanitsa ndi kuwirikiza kawiri kumakhala kochititsa chidwi komanso kowopsa.
Pamene IWO ACHITA Izo
KAL-007. Zomwe ndimakonda kwambiri ndi kuponyedwa kwa Soviet ndege ya ku Korea KAL-007 pa August 31, 1983. Iyi inali nthawi yomwe ulamuliro wa Reagan unali pakati pa zida zazikulu zankhondo ndi kuukira kogwirizana ndi "ufumu woipa." Mofanana ndi kuyesa kupha Papa mu 1981, chochitika ichi chinalandiridwa ngati mwayi wapadera wofalitsa nkhani zabodza, ndipo zidzudzulo za akuluakulu a Soviet Union zinali zachangu komanso zokwiya. Ndegeyo inali kutali kwambiri ndipo inkauluka pamwamba pa danga la Soviet ndi pafupi ndi malo ankhondo apanyanja a Soviet, ndipo inalephera kuyankha zothetsa nzeru za wailesi ya ndege yankhondo ya Soviet. Nkhani yabwino yapangidwa kuti inali pa ntchito yankhondo komanso yonyamula anthu wamba (PQ Mann, "Reassessing the Sakhalin Incident," Defense Attache, June 1994; David Pearson, "KAL 007," the Nation, Ogasiti 25, 1984). Boma la Reagan linanena kuti a Soviets adawombera dala ndege ya anthu wamba, ngakhale zidadziwika kuchokera ku mauthenga a wailesi - zomwe zidasinthidwa kuti atolankhani alimbikitse mabodza - kuti a Soviet sanazindikire kuti ndi ndege wamba.
Oulutsa nkhani anayamba kufalitsa nkhani zabodza zimenezi mosangalala, akumadzudzula Asovieti kuti ndi โakunjaโ ndiponso โakupha anthu mopanda mantha.โ The New York Times inali ndi nkhani zokwana 147 pakuwomberana mu September 1983 mokha, zomwe zinali ndi mainchesi 2,789, ndipo kwa masiku 10 otsatizana inali ndi mbali yapadera ya nyuzipepala yofotokoza za mlanduwo. โMchitidwe wankhanzaโ umenewu wa Soviet Union monga momwe James Reston ananenera, โunachititsa kudana ndi anthu otukukaโ (NYT, September 4, 1983). The Times zolembedwa pa Seputembara 2, "Kuti palibe chifukwa chomveka choti dziko lililonse ligwetse ndege yopanda vuto."
Ntchito yokopa anthu imeneyi inathandiza kwambiri dziko la United States, chifukwa boma la Soviet Union linanyozedwa kwambiri komanso kuzunzidwa kwa kanthaลตi mโmabwalo a ndege padziko lonse lapansi. Monga momwe mtolankhani Bernard Gwertzman ananenera mโchaka chotsatira pambuyo pake, akuluakulu a boma la United States โakunena kuti kudzudzula dziko lonse la Soviet Union pavutoli kwalimbitsa United States mโzochita zake ndi Moscowโ.NYT, Ogasiti 31, 1984). Umboni utakula kuti KAL-007 anali pa ntchito ya akazitape, ndipo pomwe olamulira a Reagan adavomereza mwakachetechete kuti woyendetsa ndege waku Soviet sanadziwe kuti iyi ndi ndege ya anthu wamba, umboni watsopanowu sunanyalanyazidwe, umakhala wotsika kwambiri. key, kapena kutayidwa ngati zabodza zosavomerezeka kapena za Soviet. Izo sizinasokoneze nkomwe ndi chipambano chokopa chimenechi. Gwertzman sanafunikire kukhala ndi ziyeneretso chifukwa adanena mosasamala za kupambana kwa akuluakulu aboma ndi atolankhani olimbana ndi nkhanza.
Pa January 18, 1988, a New York Times inafalitsa nkhani ya mutu wakuti โBodza Lomwe Silinawombedwe Pansi.โ M'menemo akonzi adavomereza kuti olamulira a Reagan adadziwa m'maola ochepa chabe atawombera kuti a Soviet sanazindikire 007 ngati ndege ya anthu wamba komanso kuti Ulamuliro "unasokeretsa anthu aku America ndi dziko lapansi." Koma pepala lokhalo linali gawo lofunikira kwambiri pa pulogalamu yabodzayo, chifukwa idathamangira kudzudzula mokwiya komanso kufalitsa nkhani zambiri popanda kukayikira ngakhale pang'ono kapena kufufuza. Zinatenga pepalali zaka zisanu kuvomereza kuti anali wofalitsa wonyenga ndipo adavomerezanso kuti silinachite kafukufuku wotsimikizira izi. Pazaka zisanu, pepalalo lidachepetsa kapena kunyalanyaza zoyeserera zofufuza kuti apeze chowonadi pankhaniyi, akonzi adakonda kusiya bodza lomwe adafalitsa mwamphamvu komanso mwamphamvu kuti liwongoleredwe ndi ena.
The Times ndi anzawo apamtima adachitanso ntchito yoyipa yofananira ndi utolankhani koma yofalitsa nkhani yabwino pothana ndi bomba la Disembala 1988 ndi kuwonongeka kwa Pan Am-103 ku Lockerbie, Scotland, ndi anthu 270 ovulala. Nthawi yomweyo zidaganiziridwa kuti Iran ndi yomwe idayambitsa kuphulitsaku, ndipo posakhalitsa mlandu udapangidwa woyitanitsa gulu la Popular Front For the Liberation of Palestine General Command (PFLP-GC) ngati wothandizira ku Iran. Izi zikuyembekezeka kukhala yankho ku kuphulitsa kwa US ndege ya Iranian Air Flight 655, ndege wamba, ndipo anthu 290 afa, mu Julayi 1988, miyezi isanu ndi theka Lockerbie asanakwane. Mlandu wa PFLP-GC ndi mgwirizano waku Iran unavomerezedwa ndikufalitsidwa moyenera ndi atolankhani. Koma patangotha โโchaka chimodzi kapena kuposerapo, kusintha kwadziko lapansi kudapangitsa US ndi Britain kufuna kuyika Syria, nyumba ya PFLP, ndi Iran, yomwe ili ndi mphamvu ku Lebanon, kuti awathandize kutsutsa Iraq ndi akapolo aulere ku Lebanon. Mwachidule, mlandu wotsutsana ndi PFLP (komanso mosadziwika, Iran) udayikidwa pambali ndipo zigawenga zapagulu Muammar Qaddafi ndi Libya zidalowetsedwa ngati oponya mabomba.
Mwayi wandale pakusintha uku unalephera kuchenjeza atolankhani ambiri, omwe adalowa pamzere pa chandamale chatsopano monga momwe adachitira zakale (pomwe nkhani yabwino kwambiri idapangidwa). Libya idakakamizika kutsokomola nzika zake ziwiri zomwe zikuimbidwa mlandu wochita chiwembucho ndipo pomwe idakana kutero "mayiko akunja" adapereka zilango zamtengo wapatali ku Libya mpaka pomwe idasiya ndikuvomera kuti aimbidwe mlandu ku Scotland. Lamulo la oweruza aku Scotland ku Camp Zeist ku Netherlands. Oweruza oweruzawo adapeza kuti m'modzi mwa anthu awiri aku Libya ndi olakwa, ngakhale adavomereza kuti umboni wonsewo unali "wongochitika".
Panali ziwonetsero zambiri zomwe zidasokonezedwa kuyambira pachiyambi pomwe a CIA ndi FBI anali pamalopo ku Lockerbie pasanathe maola awiri chiwonongekocho ndipo adatenga utsogoleri kuchokera kwa akuluakulu aku Scottish (kuti mumve bwino, onani John Ashton ndi Ian. Ferguson, Kuphimba Zosavuta: Nkhani Yobisika ya Lockerbie). Chigamulocho chinali chodabwitsa kwa akatswiri monga pulofesa wa malamulo wa ku Scotland, Robert Black ndi wowonera bungwe la UN Hans Kochler, onse omwe adawona kuti "osamvetsetseka" (Kochler) komanso "kutayika kochititsa manyazi kwambiri kwa chilungamo ku Scotland kwa zaka zana" (Black, in. Scotsman, Novembala 1, 2005). Panali apilo, ndipo chigamulo cha June 2007 cha Scottish Criminal Cases Review Commission chinafotokoza zifukwa zisanu ndi chimodzi zomwe chigamulo cha 2001 chingakhale cholakwika. Koma mlandu watsopano usanachitike, mkaidi Ali Al-Megrahi adamasulidwa ndikubwerera ku Libya.
Ofalitsa ambiri adalephera kuzindikira zodabwitsa kuti m'modzi yekha mwa omwe akuganiziridwa kuti ndi mnzake pamlanduwo adapezeka kuti ndi wolakwa, zomwe zidati oweruza aku Scottish, mokakamizidwa kwambiri ndi ndale komanso atolankhani atadziimba mlandu, adaganiza kuti akuyenera kuponya. fupa limodzi kwa agalu ngati kufunikira kwa ndale. Ofalitsa nkhani, ngakhale amavomereza ndi oweruza kuti mlanduwu unali wongochitika mwangozi, sanathe kutchula kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa kuphwanya malamulo a umboni ndi ndondomeko ya khoti, zomwe zinadabwitsa Black, Kochler komanso Komiti Yowunika ya ku Scotland. Palibe nthawi iliyonse ya 15 Times Zolemba pakuwombera kwa Pan Am 103 ndi kulumikizana kwa dziko la Libya zikuwonetsa kukayikira pang'ono za momwe akuimbidwira anthu aku Libya. Ofalitsa nkhani adakwiyitsidwa ndi chikhululukiro chachipatala cha Al-Megrahi, koma monga momwe adanyalanyazira zomwe zagamula ndi kusanthula kwa Bungwe Loyang'anira, kotero adanyalanyaza mwayi woti kumasulidwa kunali koyenera kuti apewe zotsatira za kuwunikaku. Koma a Libyan awiri omwe adayesedwa-makamaka Al-Megrahi, ndi Libya kudzera mu zilango zazaka zambiri komanso kuwonetsera bwino kwa Kaddafi ndi Libya ngati zigawenga - adagonjetsa kwambiri. Nthawi yomweyo mayiko a Kumadzulo adakulitsa chithunzi chake chokhala wolimbikitsa chilungamo ndi malamulo ndi dongosolo lapadziko lonse lapansi, ngakhale kuti, pankhaniyi, atsogoleri ake adagwiritsa ntchito molakwika mfundo zodziwika bwino za chilungamo pazifukwa zomwe akuti adabweretsa mlanduwu.
Pamene TICHITA
Ndege yaku Iran iyi idawomberedwa mu Julayi 1988 ndi lamulo la wamkulu wa gulu lankhondo USS Vincennes, pa ntchito ku Persian Gulf monga gawo la thandizo la US kwa Saddam Hussein pa nkhondo yake yolimbana ndi Iran. Mosiyana ndi 007, Flight 655 sinali panjira ndipo sizinawopsyeze wowukira waku US. The New York Times, yomwe inali ndi mkonzi wamutu wakuti "Kupha" pokhudzana ndi kuwombera kwa 007 ndipo adanenanso kumbuyo mu 1983 kuti, "Palibe chowiringula chotheka kuti dziko lililonse ligwetse ndege yopanda vuto," mwachiwonekere anapeza imodzi pa mlandu wa 655: " Chochitikacho sichiyenera kuwonedwabe ngati mlandu [osatinso โkuphaโ] koma ngati kulakwitsa, ndi tsoka.โ Bungwe la UN Security Council kapena International Civil Aviation Organisation silinadzudzule dziko la United States chifukwa cha izi, ngakhale kuti onse awiri adachita izi ndi Soviet Union pa mlandu wa KAL 007. Am 103. Panalibe chilango chomwe chinaperekedwa kwa Captain Will Rogers (wotchedwa Rambo), yemwe adalandira "kulandiridwa kwa ngwazi" pobwerera ku San Diego miyezi isanu pambuyo pa kuwombera (Robert Reinhold, "Crew of Cruiser That Downed Iranian Airliner Ipeza Kubwera Kwawo Kwawokha, " NYT, October 25, 1988), ndipo pambuyo pake anapatsidwa mphoto ya Legion of Merit kaamba ka โkhalidwe labwino kwambiri pochita utumiki wapadera.โ
Anthu aku Irani mwachibadwa adakwiya ndi kulandiridwa ndi kuchitiridwa nkhanza kwa munthu yemwe adapha anthu wamba 290 aku Iran ndipo mwina adakwiya ndi momwe dongosolo la chilungamo padziko lonse lapansi limagwirira ntchito momwe zidawakhudzira. Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti moni wachikondi umene Rogers analandira ku San Diego sizinali zosokoneza-anthu adakondwera ndi zomwe adachita.
Izi zikuwonetsa kuti nkhani zofalitsa za kuwomberana kwa 655 zidangoyang'ana kwambiri zomwe boma linanena chifukwa chakuphayo, osati zovuta za omwe adazunzidwa komanso chisoni cha mabanja awo - zomwe zidali chidwi chachikulu komanso chopitilira mu 007. ndi Pan Am 103 milandu. Kuzunzika komwe amati a Captain Rogers kudakhudza kwambiri anthu 290 omwe adazunzidwa ndi mabanja awo. Tabwereranso ku kusiyana pakati pa ozunzidwa "oyenera" ndi "osayenera" ndi "cholinga chothandiza" choyang'ana chidwi, monga momwe akuwonetsedwera ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa US ndi zofalitsa.
Israel Yawombera Pansi Ndege Yaku Libyan
Pa February 21, 1973, Ndege yaku Libyan, Flight 114, Anatuluka mumkuntho wamchenga, ndikulowa mumlengalenga wa Israeli ku Sinai Peninsula, ndipo adawomberedwa ndi ndege zankhondo za Israeli, ndipo miyoyo ya 108 yatayika. Israel idatsutsidwa ndi International Civil Aviation Organisation ndikudzudzulidwa ndi United States, koma, ngakhale idawombera ndege ya anthu wamba mwadala, palibe zilango zomwe zidaperekedwa, palibe milandu yomwe idaperekedwa kwa Israeli. Sanaimbidwe mlandu wakupha, kupha, kuphwanya malamulo, kapena nkhanzaโmawu amene anagwiritsidwa ntchito kwa a Soviet Union mu 1983. Mtsogoleri wa Israeli Golda Meier analandiridwa ku Washington mkati mwa mlungu umodzi wa chochitikacho popanda kulowetsedwa kwa mafunso aliwonse ochititsa manyazi ochokera kwa atolankhani kapena politicos. .
The New York Times anali ndi zolemba za 25 pakuwombera uku (motsutsana ndi 147 kwa 007), ndipo palibe gawo lapadera la pepala lomwe linaperekedwa ku mlanduwu. Chochititsa chidwi kwambiri chinali mkonzi wawo pazochitikazo, zomwe zinati "Palibe cholinga chothandiza chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mkangano wotsutsa pa udindo wa mlandu wogwetsa ndege ya ku Libya ku chilumba cha Sinai sabata yatha" (March 1, 1973).
Koma monga momwe kufotokozera mozama ndi kukangana kudakhala ndi cholinga chothandiza pa mlandu wa 007, kuthandizira kuwononga "ufumu woyipa," momwemonso kufalitsa kochepa komanso kupewa mkangano kunathandizira zofuna za mnzake waku US Israeli. Tili pano kuvomereza kotseguka kwa utolankhani wapawiri komanso wandale.
Russia ndi Makasitomala Ake aku Ukraine Atha Kuwombera Ndege
Kuwomberedwa kwa Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 ku Ukraine pa Julayi 17, 2014 kunali chiwopsezo chabodza kwa gulu lankhondo la US ndi kasitomala wake waku Ukraine, popeza zidakhudzidwa bwino ndi ziwanda zomwe zikupitilira Putin ndi Russia yemwe akuti ndi wankhanza ndipo zitha kulungamitsa mfundo zokhwima. Russia, thandizo lankhondo lochulukirapo ku boma la Kiev ndikuthandizira nkhondo yake yokhazikika. Kufananiza ndi mlandu wa 007 ndi wamphamvu, monga kugwiritsa ntchito kuwombera mu 2014 kupititsa patsogolo zolinga za gulu lankhondo ndi zofanana ndi za Reaganites polimbana ndi "ufumu woipa" mu 1983.
Kusiyanitsa kofunikira pamilandu iwiriyi ndikuti mu 1983 chizindikiritso cha chipani chomwe chidawombera chidawonekera, ngakhale Reaganites adasankha kunama za cholinga cha Soviet kuti alembe mfundo zawo, pomwe ndi Flight 17 yomwe idawombera ndegeyo sizikudziwika. nthawi yolemba (August 2). Obama ndi Kerry adathamangira kukaimba mlandu "odzipatula" aku East Ukraine pakuchitapo kanthu, pamodzi ndi Russia, chifukwa chowapatsa zida zoponya. Russia idayimbidwanso mlandu chifukwa chosaletsa odzipatula komanso kuletsa kukana kwawo.
Obama ndi Kerry mwamsanga adanena kuti olekanitsa-Russian ndi olakwa pakuwombera, ponena kuti umboni weniweni, womwe sanaupereke kuti awunikenso pagulu. Anthu aku Russia adakana odzipatula komanso udindo wawo ndipo apereka umboni ku UN ndi anthu akuwonetsa kuti Flight 17 idasokonekera ndipo ikutsatiridwa ndi ndege yankhondo yaku Ukraine yomwe idadumpha mkati mwa 3 mpaka 5 kilomita ya ndege yaku Malaysia. onani kalata ya July 22 yochokera kwa Woimira Wamuyaya wa Russian Federation yopita ku United Nations yopita kwa Mlembi Wamkulu. Lieutenant-General wa ku Russia AV Kartapolov akufunsa kuti: โNโchifukwa chiyani ndege ya asilikali inali kuuluka mโbwalo la ndege la anthu wamba pafupifupi nthaลตi imodzi ndi mโmwamba mofanana ndi ndege ya anthu wamba? Tikufuna kuti ayankhidwe funsoli.โ Anthu aku Russia akhala akuyitanitsa mobwerezabwereza kuti afufuze kafukufuku wapadziko lonse wokhudza nkhaniyo, pomwe akulimbikitsa kuti United States ipereke umboni wake kuti awunikenso.
Sizikudziwika panthawiyi yemwe adawombera ndegeyo, koma zikuwonekeratu kuti olekanitsa ndi a Russia analibe chilimbikitso chochita izi, kotero kuti ngati iwo anali ndi udindo kukanakhala kulakwitsa komvetsa chisoni komanso kuwononga kwambiri ndale kwa iwo. Boma la Kiev, kumbali ina, linali ndi chilimbikitso chochita izi ngati zikanakhala zopatukana ndi Russia, ndipo zakhala zikunenedwa ngakhale kuti umboni wolakwa sunawonekere. Monga ndi 007 ndi Lockerbie, mphamvu zabodza zaku US ndizoti mabodza amatha kuwuluka (007) ndipo anthu oyipa amatha kusankhidwa ndikusinthidwa malinga ndi zovuta zandale (Lockerbie, kuchokera ku Iran kupita ku Libya), kotero ndi Flight 17 mfundo zazikuluzikulu zofalitsa zakhala zikuchitika. adapeza zisanachitike zenizeni. Kupambana kwabodza kumeneku kwakhazikika kwambiri pakugwirizanitsa atolankhani, ndipo ntchito zofalitsa nkhani zofalitsa nkhani pakadali pano zafanana mosavuta ndi milandu ya 007 ndi Lockerbie. Mfundo imodzi yofunika kwambiri pazantchito zabodza ndikuvomera kwanthawi zonse zomwe a Obama-Kerry adanena za olekanitsa-Russian omwe ali ndi udindo pakuwombera. Monga momwe zilili ndi 007, palibe mafunso omwe amafunsidwa ndipo chowonadi cha zomwe Kerry adanena kuti umboniwo ndi wotsimikizika umavomerezedwa popanda kuumirira kuwona umboni umenewo, ngakhale kuti Kerry adalembapo zolemba zabodza posachedwa. (Paziganizo zabodza izi, ndi zina zambiri, onani Veteran Intelligence Professionals for Sanity Steering Committee, "Obama Ayenera Kumasula Umboni Waku Ukraine," ConsortiumNews.com, July 29, 2014.) Chinthu china chochititsa chidwi pa nkhani zofalitsa ndi kuvomereza Obama / Kerry. kuganiza kuti udindo waukulu pa chilichonse chosasangalatsa chomwe chikuchitika Kum'mawa kwa Ukraine ndi Putin ndi mfundo zake - kuthandizira kwake "odzipatula" ndi kulephera kwake kuwayimitsa ndikuvomereza ngakhale kuthandizira kuyesayesa kwa Kiev.
The Times anali ndi mkonzi, "Vladimir Putin Angathe Kuletsa Nkhondo Iyi" (July 18), yomwe imasonyeza mbali imodziyi. United States ikanatha kuyimitsa nkhondoyi mosavuta poumirira kuti kasitomala wake wa Kiev ndi woyimilira asiye kukhumudwitsa Kummawa ndikukambirana ndi "odzipatula." Izi sizikambidwa munkhaniyi Times ndi zoulutsira mawu wamba nthawi zambiri.
Kwa ofalitsa nkhani, United States ili ndi ufulu wothandizira boma la Kiev, osati kutali ndi malire a US; koma Russia ilibe ufulu wothandizira odzipatula omwe ali pafupi nawo pankhondo yapachiweniweni komanso nkhondo yaku US yolimbana ndi Russia. Russia akuti ikuyang'anira ndi "kukonza" zochitika zodzipatula ku East Ukraine (Sabrina Tavernise, "Orchestrated Conflict," NYT, June 15, 2014); United States simayambitsa mikangano, koma ndi mlendo yemwe akuthandiza boma lovomerezeka la Ukraine kuti likhazikike ndikuteteza woukira wakunja. Izi ndi zowona zokhazikika m'dongosolo labwino kwambiri, lopanda pake, lofalitsa zabodza.
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Edward S. Herman ndi katswiri wa zachuma, wolemba mabuku, komanso wotsutsa za TV.