I
t
ndizosangalatsa kuwona momwe njira zabodza zaku US zimagwirira ntchito
zasintha komanso zayika nkhope yabwino kwambiri ku boma lake
nkhanza zolunjika - ndi kugonjetsa ndi atsamunda
kukhalaโdziko lalingโono, lakutali. Ndizodabwitsa kwambiri
kuti izi zachitika kudera lonselo, kudzera muzofalitsa zonse zazikulu
malo, ngakhale kuti atolankhani si mwachindunji ndi
olamulidwa ndi boma.
onse
mwa iwo, komabe, ndi gawo la bungwe ladziko lomwe limagawana
malingaliro ndi kawonedwe ka dziko, ndi kuphatikiza kwawo mu kukhazikitsidwa kumeneko
chachulukitsidwa ndi kukhazikika kwapakati ndikukulirakulira
kutsatsa kwa media, kuwongolera kwawo ndi anthu osankhika ochepa,
ndi kudalira kwambiri boma ngati gwero la nkhani. The
zofalitsa zasungidwanso pamzere ndi mapiko akumanja omwe akuchulukirachulukira
kukumana ndi eni ake atolankhani, okonza, ndi akatswiri. Mapiko akumanja awa
echo chamber imakankhira ziwawa zachifumu, makamaka zikakonzedwa
ndi wamkulu wa mapiko amanja, ndipo amamenya anthu opotoka atolankhani chifukwa chosowa
kukonda dziko lako. (Ikhozanso kulanga munthu amene amati ndi โwomasukaโ
wamkulu, wodedwa ndi mapiko oyenera, monga Clinton, a Lewinsky
caper, koma tetezani George Bush kuzinthu zilizonse zomwe zingakuvutitseni
kulephera kwake kuteteza 9/11, ngakhale machenjezo amkati ndi kunja,
chifukwa cha malonda ake amkati a Harken stock, ndi iye ndi anzake.
Kusagwirizana kwa mfundo za Enron-energy.)
Kukhazikika
za ndondomeko za boma, ziribe kanthu zankhanza ndi zosemphana ndi
zofuna za anthu zomwe ndondomeko ingakhale, ikutsatira mosavuta kuchokera ku kuvomereza
ndi internalization wa malo okonda dziko lawo ndi maganizo kuti
media ndi mbali ya gulu kumenyana nkhondo yabwino. Kuchokera ku Gulf
Nkhani yankhondo ya mtolankhani wamkulu wa CNN Christiane Amanpour akukwatira
mkulu wa State Department of Public Relations James Rubin mu
m'kati mwa mkanganowo, popanda kutchula mkangano uliwonse pawailesi yakanema
chidwi, kwa Judy Woodruff's ndi Wolf Blitzer's comradely
โifeโ polankhula ndiโndipo osafunsanso zovuta
mafunso aโanzawo ovomerezeka, mzimu wa timu uli nawo
sinali kulamulira CNN kokha komanso maukonde onse aku US. Kupeza ma network
Nkhani zaku Iraq zakhala zikuchulukirachulukira mpaka pano
ndi akuluakulu a boma (76 peresenti mu kafukufuku wa FAIR). The
media media media sizinakhale zankhanza, koma iwo
akhalanso mamembala okhulupirika a timuyi. Zotsatira zake zakhala
kulamulira kwa "tolankhani kutulutsa nkhani," chowulutsa chachikulu
kukhulupilika komanso kusamalidwa kosavuta ndi akuluakulu aboma,
ndi kuchepetsedwa kapena kufa kwa kutsutsidwa ndi malipoti ofufuza
zomwe zimatsutsa mizere yovomerezeka.
In
mlandu wakuukira ndikugonjetsa Iraq, cholinga choyamba cha boma
zabodza zinali zogulitsa kwa anthu. Izi zidatheka ndi
njuga zitatu: (1) kuchita ziwanda; (2) zonena za chiwanda
kukhala ndi zida zomwe zingawononge chitetezo cha dziko lathu; ndi (3)
"zolephera" zokambirana ndi kuyendera. Oulutsa nkhani anagwirizana nazo
bwino pokankhira mitu yabodza iyi. Saddam anali ndi ziwanda
mogwira mtimaโosati ntchito yovutaโkomanso ofalitsa nkhani
adakwaniritsa ntchito yovuta kwambiri yolepheretsa chidwi
mgwirizano wakale ndi chithandizo cha chiwanda. Wodziwika bwino
media sananene kuti mgwirizano pakati pa United States
ndi Saddam zosatheka; amakana kukambirana ndi kusinkhasinkha
yomwe idakhalapo kwa nthawi yayitali. Chithunzi cha
Donald Rumsfeld akugwirana chanza ndi Saddam Hussein mu December 1983,
monga momwe adathandizira kukhazikitsa mgwirizano ndi chiwandacho, sizinawonetsedwe
pa TV kapena kufalitsidwa mu
New York Times
or
Philadelphia
Wofunsa.
The
chachiwiri propaganda gambit anali kuganizira Saddam akuti anapitiriza
kukhala ndi zida zowononga anthu ambiri (WMD) ndi kuopseza kwawo
ku chitetezo cha dziko la US. Atolankhani adakankhira mutuwu popereka
Kuchulukitsa kwa zolipiritsa za boma pazinthu izi, potsatira
chipani cha boma kuti ichi chinali chofunika kwambiri
nkhani ndi kuti tinali kuthana ndi chiwopsezo chenicheni. Koma monga ndi
poyamba gambit, zofunikira zowonjezera zinagwiritsidwanso ntchito: ndizo, kupondereza
umboni wovuta, kupewa akatswiri omwe angatsutse
chipani, kulephera kukopa chidwi ndi kudzudzula kusintha
zonena ndi mtsinje wa mabodza, ndi kukana kukambirana ndi kusanthula mwina
zomwe akuti ziwopseza chitetezo cha dziko la US kapena zomwe zingabisike
ndondomeko yotsimikiziridwa ndi chiwopsezo cha WMD.
On
WMD waku Iraq, Scott Ritter, yemwe anali woyang'anira zida zapamwamba,
ananena kuti pamene anachoka mu 1998, 90 mpaka 95 peresenti ya Iraq
Zida zamankhwala ndi zachilengedwe (CBW) zidawonongedwa ndi chilichonse
anthrax otsala kapena sarin angakhale matope opanda ntchito. Zachitika posachedwa
adawulula kuti munthu woyamba ku Iraq, Hussein Kamel, yemwe
umboni udatchulidwa mobwerezabwereza ndi akuluakulu aku US, adauza
omwe adamufunsa mu 1995 kuti Saddam Hussein adawononga ake
zida mankhwala ndi tizilombo ndipo analibe chotsalira, mfundo
sanalengedwe poyera mpaka Marichi 2003 (John Barry, "The Defector's
Chinsinsi,โ
Newsweek
, Marichi 3, 2003). The
New York Times
anathana ndi nkhani zimenezi posalola Ritter kukhala ndi maganizo alionse
ndi osanena za
Newsweek
kuwulula kwa Hussein Kam-
zonena za 1995. Komanso sichinasonyeze mfundo yododometsa yakuti
Saddam sanagwiritse ntchito zida zake za CBW panthawi ya Gulf War, koma adachita
adagwiritsa ntchito zida zotere pokhapokha atathandizidwa ndi United States panthawiyi
nkhondo ndi Iran; kapena mkulu wa CIA George Tenet adauza Congress
kuti Saddam sakanatha kuwagwiritsa ntchito motsutsana ndi United States pokhapokha
podziteteza pamene akuukiridwa.
Ngakhale
zikwizikwi za mikangano yaku Iraq, the
New York Times
sanaperekepo nkhani imodzi yowunikira zomwe Bush akutsutsa
ndi kutchula mabodza ambiri, omwe kuwonekera kwake kunali kofala
m'ma TV akunja ndi magwero a intaneti (Raymond Whitaker, "Kuwululidwa
Mmene Njira Yopita Kunkhondo Inayalidwa ndi Mabodza,โ
Independent
,
April 27, 2003; Carla Binion, "Bush Amanama ndi Kusokoneza Anthu
ndi Congress,"
Magazini Yapaintaneti
, April 25, 2003โBinion
amalozera mwatsatanetsatane magwero a mabodza ovomerezeka). Chitsanzo
kuphwanya malamulo, komanso kuwongolera kwakukulu kwa zonena za Administration,
kuphatikiza kukana kusanthula kapena kulola kusanthula kopikisana, kololedwa
chiwopsezo chomwe sichinachitikepo kuti chipangidwe kukhala chenicheni. Muyeso wofunikira
za mphamvu zoyambitsa mantha komanso zosokoneza popanga
anthu okonzeka kulimbana ndi mfundo yakuti, pamene 3 peresenti
amakhulupirira kuti Saddam Hussein anali ndi chochita ndi 9/11 nthawi yomweyo
pambuyo pa chochitikacho, 45 peresenti anakhulupirira zimenezi panthaลตi ya kuukirako.
Izi zinali zotsatira za disinforming za zoyesayesa zogwirizana za
oyambitsa nkhondo ndi media.
As
kwa chiwembu chachitatu chabodza, pambuyo pa mkangano wamkati, Bush
Bungwe la UN Security Council linavomereza kuti livomerezedwe ndi bungwe lake
kuukira Iraq, m'malo mongoukira popanda chilango choterocho.
Kenako inayambitsa ndawala yamphamvu ya mabodza, ziphuphu, ndi ziwopsezo
kuti mamembala ena a Bungwe la Security Council avomereze nkhanza zake.
Inanena kuti kuyendera kwalephera komanso kuti kuwukira kapena kuwopseza
kuukira kunali kofunika kuti chiwandacho โchichotse zidaโ zake. Zonse
openyerera anzeru ndi owona mtima anamvetsa kuti kuyendera
Zinali zochititsa chidwi ndi kayendetsedwe ka Bush,
ndipo โkuchotsera zidaโ kumeneko kunali kubisa cholinga osati kokha
kuchotsa Saddam Hussein, komanso kutenga ndi kulamulira Iraq.
Izi zomaliza zidadziwika pomwe United States idafotokoza momveka bwino
kuti kutuluka kwa Saddam sikukanakwaniraโpayenera kukhala
gulu lankhondo la Iraq.
The
atolankhani anagwirizana mokwanira mโmakhalidwe osiyanasiyanawa. Iwo anavomera
kuti olamulira a Bush anali kuchita "diplomacy,"
pamene kunali kungogula ndi kukakamiza maboma ena kuti avomereze
dongosolo lake kuchita mwaukali. Ndi mtima wokonda dziko lawo adamanga
nkhani ngati imodzi yothandizira Bush motsutsana ndi kusakhulupirika, kuthandiza
kutulutsa ziwanda zazing'ono za French chifukwa cholephera
pitani limodzi. Iwo adawonetsa kampeni iyi yovutitsa UN kuti ivomereze
kuwukira ndi kulanda Iraq ngati kuyesa kwa UN "kufunikira,"
osati kuwopseza ufulu wake wodziyimira pawokha, umphumphu, ndi kuthekera kwake kupewa
โMliri wa nkhondoโ ndi zachiwawa zenizeni. Iwo analephera
kukambirana poyera kuti Bush akufuna kusintha boma ndi
anali kugwiritsa ntchito kuyendera ngati chonamizira, kwinaku akusokoneza
kuyendera mwa kunyozetsa, milandu yabodza, ndi kupereka zidziwitso
Hans Blix adatcha "zinyalala."
china
zofunika zofunika dongosolo propaganda kuyesera kuika zabwino
Kulimbana ndi nkhanza ndiko kunamizira zomwe utsogoleri wake ukuchita
si chiwawa, koma kuyankha kovomerezeka kuopseza, kuti
ali ndi ufulu kuchita nawo izi, komanso zapadziko lonse lapansi
lamulo ilibe kanthu pa mlanduwu. Izi zimachitika makamaka posewera
osayankhula ndi kudalira ziwanda komanso kuwopseza kuti asinthe
kuukira kosadziletsa kudziteteza ndi kuyankha kwa zabwino
zoipa. Simuchita mwaukali ngati mukungodziteteza
ndi kutumikira ufulu. Mofananamo, atolankhani sanagwiritsepo ntchito
mawu akuti nkhanza pofotokoza kuukira kwa US ku Iraq, monganso
sanatero pamene United States inaukira Vietnam (mwa kuitana
za boma la kasitomala lomwe lidakhazikitsa, ndi utsogoleri wake
kusinthidwa mwachisangalalo).
koma
malamulo apadziko lonse lapansi ndi omveka bwino ndipo Charter ya UN ikuwonetseratu nkhondoyo
ndi njira yosavomerezeka yothetsera mikangano yapadziko lonse lapansi. The
1945 Nuremberg War Crimes Tribunal inanena momveka bwino, "kuyambitsa
nkhondo yachiwembu ndiyo upandu waukulu wapadziko lonse.โ Nuremberg
woweruza Robert Jackson adanenanso kuti milandu yayikulu kwambiri iyi
ndi chigawenga chikachitidwa ndi aliyense, osati Ajeremani okha. The
munthu womvetsa chisoni wa maulamuliro akulu, Kofi Annan, adagwidwa mawu
masiku angapo nkhondo ya US isanachitike kunena momveka bwino kuti
kuukira kungakhale kuphwanya Charter ya UN. Koma Annan anatero
osanenapo kanthu kuti aletse kuphwanya kwakukulu uku, komanso sanatero
watula pansi udindo wake potsutsa kuphwanya mfundo za UN Charter.
Palibe dziko lina kapena bungwe lalikulu la "padziko lonse lapansi
communityโ idafuna kuyankha mozama pazaukali.
The
atolankhani adasiya kukambirana za malamulo apadziko lonse lapansi ndi
Charter ya UN-ndizosokoneza ndipo, poganiza zokonda dziko lako,
sizikugwira ntchito ku United States yabwino komanso yabwino, yomwe
atsogoleri akuteteza chitetezo cha dziko la US ndikubweretsa ufulu
ku Iraq. Nthawi zina pamene atolankhani amalola mayiko
lamulo loti lithetsedwe, adasankha magwero awo mosamala. The
yatsopano
York Times
idapereka mwayi kwa akatswiri azamalamulo apadziko lonse a Anne-Marie
Slaughter ndi Gary Bass kuti apepese chifukwa cha ndondomeko ya US ndi kuzunzidwa
UN ndiโmonga momwe inasinthira Ritter, Hans
Von Sponeck, ndi Denis Halliday pa Iraq WMD ndi chilango-chotero
idakana mwayi kwa akatswiri otsutsa malamulo apadziko lonse a Francis Boyle,
Richard Falk, Michael Ratner, ndi Burt Weston. Kuyambira Januware 1, 2002
mpaka pa Epulo 24, 2003, Slaughter, Bass and Yale Law School super-apologist
Ruth Wedgwood pamodzi anali ndi mizati 13 yolembedwa m'ndandanda
NYT
,
Wall Street Journal,
Washington Post, Los Angeles
Times
,
ndi
Time
Magazini, pamene anayi otsutsa
akatswiri anali ndi chiwerengero chachikulu cha gawo limodzi.
Zopha
chopereka mu
NYT
, yamutu wakuti โZifukwa zabwino zochitira
kuzungulira UNโ (March 18, 2003), ikufotokoza maphunziro a Bush
zochita monga "zosaloledwa koma zovomerezeka." Iye anatchula Independent
International Commission pa Kosovo kunena kuti, pamene kuwukira
ndi "zoletsedwa," zinali "zovomerezeka mu
maso a gulu la mayiko.โ Ndi โapadziko lonse lapansi
communityโ Slaughter ndi ntchito yomwe amamukonda mwachiwonekere satero
kutanthauza anthu adziko lapansi ndipo sakutanthauza unyinji
mamembala a UN kapena Security Council. Iwo akunena zachinsinsi
gulu lomwe lingaphatikizepo International Commission on Kosovo
ndi ena osadziwika komanso osadziwika omwe amagwirizana ndi udindo wa US.
Kenako Slaughter imanena kuti kuwukirako kungakhale kovomerezeka poyang'ana kumbuyo
ngati โumboni wosatsutsikaโ wapezeka kuti Saddam anali nawo
WMD kapena ngati ma Iraqi "akulandira kubwera kwawo." Iye sakutero
fotokozani momwe "kulandira" kungayesedwe, ngakhale ine
kuganiza kuti Kupha kukhutitsidwa ndi kukokera pansi
Chiboliboli cha Saddam ndi msewu wodzaza ndi anthu aku Iraq akusangalala
Mbendera za US.
On
zida, zikapanda kupezeka? Popeza kuti ndiye
nkhani ndi maziko a โmwachisawawaโ sizingatero
payenera kukhala zinthu zakale zosaloledwa kwenikweni ndipo olakwa sayenera kutero
ndiye adzazengedwa mlandu wankhondo? Kupha sikuganizira izi
mwayi. Ngakhale WMD ipezeka, ngati njira zoyendera
zikadapitirizidwa, ndizotheka kuti zikadachotsedwa
popanda nkhondo yowononga. Apanso, Kupha sikuganizira
izi. Kupitilira apo, akunena kuti zopinga za UN "sizingatheke
kukhala wotsekereza, woletsa amitundu kudzitchinjiriza
kapena kutsata zimene amaona kukhala chitetezo chawo cha dziko
zokonda.โ Kutanthauza kuti izi zikugwiranso ntchito pakuwukira kwa US
pa Iraq zimatengedwa mopepuka ndipo, ngati zikuyenera pano, zingatero
imagwira ntchito ku chiwonongeko cha Nazi Germany pa Poland mu 1939. Tili pano
zamwano ndi zopusa kupepesa chifukwa chaukali.
ndi
kuyandikira komanso pankhondo iyi, atolankhani adawononga ndalama zambiri
khama ndi malo kufotokoza ndondomeko yolimbikitsa, mapulani,
mikangano yokhudzana ndi njira, ndi momwe nkhondo ikuwonera
Rumsfeld ndi kampani komanso atolankhani ophatikizidwa.
As
pakuwukira kwaposachedwa kwa asitikali aku US kumayiko a Third World, a
media adanamizira kuti iyi ndi "nkhondo" mosiyana ndi a
kuukira kwachindunji kwamphamvu yakutali pa munthu amene alibe chitetezo
chikhalidwe chandamale - malo osasinthika ochita bwino komanso a
kupha magulu ankhondo a adani omwe adalandidwa zida, kuphulitsidwa ndi mabomba, kuzonda
monyengerera kuti aziyendera, ndipo anafa ndi njala zaka khumi ndi ziwiri zapitazo
zaka. Zonamizira izi zinali zofunika kulola kugonja kwa
Iraq kukhala chodabwitsa chankhondo komanso nkhani yonyada, osati a
gwero la manyazi ndi manyazi pomenya winanso wopanda vuto
ndi wolumala mwadala.
As
pa ziwawa zonse zaposachedwa za US, atolankhani adatsata zomwe boma likuchita
zitsogolere kulongosola zambiri zakufa kwa anthu wamba. Mkuluyu
udindo wathu unali wakuti zida zathu zotsogola kwambiri zinali za anthu wamba
ochezeka ndi kuti tinali kupita zowawa kwambiri kupewa wamba
masamba. Izi zidakhala media mantra ndipo media idapitiliranso
kupewa kuyang'ana mawonekedwe a zida
zogwiritsidwa ntchito kapena zotsatira zenizeni kwa anthu wamba. Zochita za Al-Jazeera
zosonyeza zithunzi za anthu wamba ovulala ndi kuphedwa zinaganiziridwa
zosayenera ndi akuluakulu a US komanso atolankhani aku US. Chimodzi chofunikira
chifukwa cha ichi ndi chakuti zingasokoneze zonena za anthu wamba
nkhondo pobweretsa kunyumba zofunika, koma mosamala anazemba chenicheni.
Oulutsa nkhani anachita ntchito yabwino kwambiri yozemba zimenezi. Iwo anali nawo
adapereka malipoti osatha, ndemanga, ndi zithunzi ku
zikwi zingapo ozunzidwa 9/11, koma chiwerengero chachikulu cha
akufa ndi ovulala kwambiri aku Iraq anali pafupifupi osaoneka
m'ma media aku US komanso kwa anthu aku US. Monga mtolankhani wa NBC Ashleigh
Banfield adazindikira posachedwa, inali "nkhondo yopanda magazi" momwe
โsimunaone zimene zinachitika pamene matope anatera.
Kufuka kwa utsi si mmene matope amaonekera akaphulika;
ndikhulupirireniโ (Andrew Grossman, โBanfield Lashes Out at
Own Network," April 28, 2003).
ndi
chigonjetso ndi ntchito, atolankhani anapitiriza kupewa zipatala
ndi mmene anthu ambiri akuvutikira ndi madzi
mavuto, njala, kusokonekera kwa ntchito za boma, ndi mankhwala
vuto la chisamaliro - zonse zimakulitsidwa ndi kuphulika kwapang'onopang'ono
ndi mabomba okwirira komanso kubedwa kwa zipatala komanso nyumba, masitolo,
ndi malo aboma. Nkhani zoulutsa nkhani zinali pa zizindikiro za chikondwerero
za "omasulidwa" aku Iraq. Chodziwika kwambiri chinali kufalitsa
za kugwetsa ziboliboli za Saddam Hussein ku Baghdad
Fardus Square, yomwe imawonetsedwa pawailesi yakanema. Tsopano yakhazikika bwino
kuti izi zidakonzedwa ndi asitikali aku US, omwe makina awo kwenikweni
anagwetsa chifanizirocho pansi, ndipo kuti gulu laling'ono lokha ndilo likuchita nawo.
makamaka ndi otsatira Chalabi omwe angobwera kumene kunja. Zofalitsa
adagwira ntchito mofananamo ngati othandizira abodza pa chikondwerero chopangidwa ichi,
polephera kusonyeza chithunzi cha Square lonse, lomwe linali litazunguliridwa
ndi akasinja aku US komanso opanda zikondwerero zaku Iraq, komanso polephera kukambirana
okonza ndi otenga nawo mbali.
Chani
ndi mfundo ndi gambits zofunika kuthana ndi pambuyo chiwawa
ntchito? Mfundo yoyamba ndi kutenga izo monga anapatsidwa kuti
waukali ali ndi ufulu wolamulira. Atolankhani achita izi kudutsa
gulu, kuwerenga kuchokera chigonjetso bwino mtundu wina wa kutsimikizira
zaukali, ngati French ndi dziko ambiri otsutsa
anakayikira kuthekera kwa United States kugonjetsa kagulu kakang'ono kopanda zida
wozunzidwa. Ufulu wotengedwa kulamulira umatsimikiziridwa mokhazikika: โThe
mgwirizano wokha umakhala ndi ulamuliro mu Iraq, "adatero
kwa Lt. General David McKiernan, wamkulu wa gulu lankhondo la US,
ndipo zomwe zimanenedwa ndipo sizikutsutsana muzofalitsa, omwe amapeza izi
mosavuta kupatsidwa kuvomera kwawo mokonzeka ufulu wachipongwe (mwa
dziko lawo).
pa
ndipo atangowukiridwa, magulu ofufuza a mafoni aku US
adayendera 90 mwa malo 150 apamwamba kwambiri a WMD odziwika ndi
Anzeru aku US, koma palibe imodzi mwa izi yomwe idapereka mfuti yosuta. The
media sanasonyeze kudabwa ndi chidwi chochepa kuti palibe WMD
zawululidwa, ngakhale ntchito ndi kufufuza, ndi
ngakhale kuti kupezeka kwawo kochititsa mantha kunali chifukwa chomveka
za kuwukiridwa. Iwo anena kuti Bush akukana kulola oyang'anira UN
kuti abwerere kukagwira ntchitoyo, ndikuumirira kuti ndi US kapena US okha omwe avomerezedwa
ogwira ntchito amafufuza, koma atolankhani sawona mkangano
chidwi apa kapena fotokozani kukayikira kulikonse kuti izi zingathandize
kubzala zida kuti zikwaniritse zofunikira. Inu mukhoza kukhala otsimikiza zimenezo
sangapereke chilichonse monga omwe anali akatswiri a CIA a Ray McGovern's
ndi kusanthula kwatsatanetsatane kwa David McMichael pazochitika zambiri
zomwe akuluakulu aku US adapeka ndikubzala umboni mu
m'mbuyomu ("Ex-CIA Analysts on the Pretext for War," www.counterpunch.org).
osati
popeza umboni uliwonse wovuta, akuluakulu a US atembenukira ku zonena
asayansi aku Iraq omwe akuti amagwira ntchito pa WMD ya Saddam ndi
tsopano ali okonzekera kunena โchoonadi.โ Izi ndi zomveka
malo obwerera, monga asayansi angapezeke mosavuta omwe angagulitse
kusiya kunena zomwe akuluakulu aku US akufuna kuti anene ndalama, ufulu woyenda
ndi kukhazikika kunja, ndi kumasulidwa ku zilango zolangidwa
zochita zakale. Iyi yakhala njira yayitali yopezera
zonena za boma "zatsimikiziridwa" ndi kufalitsidwa. (Zambiri
Nkhani yotchuka yokhudzana ndi kazembe waku Soviet Arkady Shevchenko idalembedwa
yolembedwa ndi Edward Epstein pansi pa mutu wakuti "The Spy Who Come in To
Agulitsidwe,โ
Republic New
, July 15-22, 1985.) Oulutsa nkhani
akhala akugwirizana nthawi zonse ndipo masiku ano monga m'mbuyomu sanenapo kanthu
kuti mboniโtsopano asayansi a ku Iraqโndizopambanitsa
osatetezeka kukakamizidwa, komanso kuti "umboni" wawo sungathe
kuganiziridwa mozama popanda thandizo lodziyimira pawokha.
The
New York Times
, yomwe yakhala ikugwa nthawi zonse chifukwa cha mabodza
zagona m'mbuyomu (onani chivomerezo chake chodzifunira m'nkhani yake
ndi mutu wovumbula wakuti โBodza Lomwe Silinawopsedwe,โ
January 18, 1988), wakhazikitsa muyezo watsopano wa nkhani zabodza zosokonekera
utumiki ndi nkhani ya patsamba loyamba la Judith Miller, โZosaloledwa
Zida Zasungidwa Mpaka Nkhondo, Wasayansi Waku Iraq Akuti Akunena "
(April 21). Miller sanalankhule nkomwe ndi wasayansi, koma
adangopereka zomwe akuti adalankhula ku boma la US
othandizira. Akunena zonse zomwe boma lingafune kuti anene:
kuti Saddam Hussein anali ndi zida zankhondo zomwe zidawonongedwa atangotsala pang'ono kutha
nkhondo (palibe kufotokoza kwa iye, kapena kukambirana ndi Miller, chifukwa chake iwo
sanasankhe kugwiritsa ntchito zida); ena anali atatumizidwa
Syria chapakati pa 1990s; ndipo โposachedwa Iraq ikugwirizana
ndi Al Qaeda." Miller samakambirana za kukhulupirika
vuto - phindu lomwe lingathe kwa anthu aku Iraq polankhula zomwe
boma likufuna kunena kapena mbiri yabodza ndi Bush
utsogoleri (ndi omwe adatsogolera). Izi ndi propaganda
pafupifupi disinformation, koma
New York Times
amapereka
ndi tsamba lakutsogolo danga, mu mwambo wake waukulu kukankhira yabwino
zabodza. (Nthawi zambiri siziwawombera ngakhale ndi nthawi yocheperako - the
pepala silinavomereze kuti likukankhira Bulgarian-KGB
kugwirizana kwa kuphedwa kwa Papa Yohane Wachiwiri mu 1981 linali bodza; idapondereza
vumbulutso la 1991 la mkulu wa CIA Melvin Goodman kuti CIA
adadziwa kuti ndi bodza chifukwa adalowa chinsinsi cha ku Bulgaria
ntchito).
ndi
WMD sinapezeke pambuyo kusaka kwa mwezi umodzi ndi chilichonse chomwe chingawonekere
mochedwa ndi pansi pa chitsenderezoโndiponso amene amanenedwa mwa kuulula
asayansi-mwina osakhutiritsa ku dziko lokayikitsa, a
"mgwirizano" wayika kupsinjika kowonjezereka pa cholingacho
kupatsa ma Iraqi ufulu wawo. Atolankhani athandizira izi
kupsinjika kwatsopano popereka umboni wosonyeza kuti Saddam Hussein anali wankhanza
wolamulira komanso popereka ulemu ku zonena za kayendetsedwe ka Bush ndi
malonjezo okhudza tsogolo la demokalase la Iraq. Zofunikanso chimodzimodzi
wakhala atolankhani akulephera kupereka nkhani ndikufunsa mafunso: sanatero
a US ndi Britain amathandizira Hussein kwa zaka zambiri; ndipo ngati ndi choncho,
kodi izi sizikutanthauza kuti ufulu waku Iraq ndi wokayikitsa kukhala a
kuyendetsa galimoto? Bwanji osakhala ufulu kwa Saudis, Kuwaitis, ndi Palestinians?
Kudera nkhawa za umoyo wa Iraq kukugwirizana ndi kuphwanya kwake
zomangamanga, anapha ndi kuvulaza zikwi zambiri, ndipo analola ake
cholowa chachikulu cha chikhalidwe kuti chiwonongeke? Kodi US akulemba mu
malo ena omwe adalowererapo kwambiri, monga Guatemala,
Vietnam, Indonesia, Nicaragua, ndi Afghanistan, akusonyeza kuti
idzabweretsa ufulu ndikuthandizira kumanga dziko? Ndi makontrakitala ake
ndikuwopseza kuyimitsa mayiko ngati France ndi Germany
Ntchito zaku Iraq zikugwirizana ndi kusankha kwaufulu kwa ma Iraqi? Ndi zake
mapulani, monga tafotokozera m'mabuku a boma ndi ziganizo zakale
za zolinga ndi cholinga chake chaposachedwa chofuna kusunga usilikali
maziko ku Iraq ogwirizana ndi ufulu waku Iraq?
A
kuganizira mafunso amenewa n'zosemphana ndi normalization wa
zaukali ndi ntchito ndi njira zokopa zayamba kale
iwo. Imapereka ufulu wa United States kuchita nkhanza, kukhala,
sankhani omwe ali ma Iraqi abwino ndi oyipa, konzani zomanganso - choyamba
komanso makamaka makampani amafuta - ndikusankha, pakadali pano,
pa chitsogozo cha Iraq, makamaka ku privatization
msika wamafuta ndi kuphatikiza msika wapadziko lonse lapansi ngati US
kasitomala boma. Kaya olamulira a Bush atha kutha
izi sizotsimikizika, koma idzayesa ndipo zofalitsa zake zidzapitirira
kuti achite zomwe angathe kuti abweretse nkhanza izi ndi ntchito
"Ufulu" kwa ma Iraqi momveka bwino.
Edward S. Herman
ndi katswiri wazachuma, wolemba, komanso wowunikira nkhani.