American Studies, University of Texas ku Austin, 1996.
Ndemanga ya Mateyu
Munda
Pa April 6, 1996, galimoto yodzaza
osamukira ku Mexico opanda zikalata adalephera kuwongolera ndikusamala
kuchoka mumsewu ndikuthawa ku United States Border Patrol
Temecula, California. Ngoziyo idachititsa kuti imfa ya
amuna asanu ndi awiri, kuphatikizapo abale atatu, ndi kuvulaza 18
ena.Kuwoloka malire osaloledwa ndi a
chinthu chodzadza ndi chiopsezo chowonjezereka chomwe chingakhalepo
alendo. Kupatula kuwonongeka kwa magalimoto, mazana amafa chilichonse
chaka kuchokera pazifukwa kuyambira zachiwawa kupita ku njanji
ngozi ndi kutaya madzi m'thupi. Anthu oposa 300 anafa
pachaka ndikuyesera kuwoloka malire akumwera kwa Texas okha,
ochuluka kuchokera kumizidwa mu Rio Grande, malinga
ku lipoti lomwe latulutsidwa posachedwa kuchokera ku Center for Immigration
Kafukufuku ku yunivesite ya Houston.Buku labwino kwambiri la Timothy Dunn, The
Militarization ya US-Mexico Border, 1978-1992, imapereka
zofunika kwambiri analytical chimango ndi zambiri
zolembedwa kutipangitsa kuti tiyambe kumvetsetsa kukula
zovuta zomwe zimakumana ndi anthu osaloledwa omwe akulowa ku US
ku Mexico. Popereka kufotokoza mozama ndi a
kusanthula zokopa za kukulitsa malire
zomwe zachitika kuyambira kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1970, Dunn's
Bukuli limadzaza kusiyana kwakukulu m'mabuku a US-Mexico
malire. Dunn akutsutsa kuti nkhondo zankhondo zakhala zikuchitika
zikuchitika pafupifupi zaka makumi awiri zapitazi ku US
mbali ya malire akummwera kwa dzikolo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti a
kuwonongeka kwa chikhalidwe ndi ufulu wa anthu.Malinga ndi wolemba, "malire
control" idatuluka ngati mutu wofunikira mu ndale za US
mkatikati mwa zaka za m'ma 1970 pamene chuma chatsika,
kuchuluka kwa mantha a anthu olowa m'mayiko ena omwe alibe zikalata,
ndi ntchito yaukali ya Immigration and Naturalization
(INS) kampeni yapa media yomwe ikuwonetsa kuopsa kwa
"vuto lachilendo losaloledwa." Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, a
Boma la federal lagwiritsa ntchito mitundu yosiyanasiyana
kulimbikitsa chitetezo m'malire.Ngakhale njira zonsezi sizipanga
militarization, pa se, zambiri zimatengera kapena zimafanana zenizeni
mbali za chiphunzitso cha asilikali. Dunn amatanthauzira usilikali ngati
miyeso yokhudzana ndi chiphunzitso chankhondo chaku US
of low-intensity conflict (LIC), chomwe chili
"kukhazikitsa ndi kukonza kayendetsedwe ka anthu
pa anthu omwe akuwafuna kudzera mu kukhazikitsa
za njira zingapo zapamwamba kwambiri kudzera pa
kuyesetsa kogwirizana ndi kuphatikiza kwa apolisi, apolisi,
ndi magulu ankhondo."Chiphunzitso cha LIC chinatulukira mu 1980s
Utsogoleri wa Reagan monga gawo la zoyesayesa zake zosamalira
ndikukulitsa ulamuliro wapadziko lonse wa US pomwe ikupitilira pang'ono
mtengo kwa asitikali aku US. Magwero ake, komabe, amakhala ngati
m'mbuyo kwambiri monga oyang'anira Kennedy, atero a Dunn.Kukhudzidwa kwa Dunn kwa anthu komanso anthu
maufulu ndi phata la bukhuli. Monga ntchito ya LIC ndi
mitundu ina yankhondo ku Latin America
kusonyeza, ndondomeko ya militarization ndi poterera
kutsetsereka komwe kumadzetsa kuphwanya ufulu wa anthu
mwadongosolo komanso pofalikira. Pomwe chiphunzitso cha LIC ndi
zokonzedweratu za dziko lachitatu, Dunn amatsutsa momveka bwino
kuti nkhondo yotsika kwambiri "yabwera kunyumba"
pansi pa chiwonetsero cha "kukweza" malire.M'mabuku achidule, koma omveka bwino,
mwachidule za kusinthika kwa malire a US-Mexico, Dunn
limasonyeza kuti pali mbiri yaitali ya periodic
kulimbikitsa malire ankhondo, monga otchuka
"Operation Wetback" mu 1954. The wapadera wa
Nthawi yankhondo yoyesedwa ndi bukuli, komabe, ili
osamveka bwino. Koma a Dunn akuwoneka kuti akunena kuti
usilikali wamakono wakhala wokhazikika, kani
kuposa periodic.Mizu yamalire amasiku ano
militarization, Dunn akuti, ipezeka mu Carter
utsogoleri. Pofika mu Ogasiti 1977, Purezidenti Carter
analingalira kuwirikiza kawiri kukula kwa Border Patrol. Ena
mbali za pulogalamu ya Carter zidagwirizana ndi za LIC
chiphunzitso. Kugwiritsa ntchito zida kuyambira pakuwonjezeka
kumanga mipanda yolemba ntchito ma helikoputala ndi
zowunikira bwino pansi, mwachitsanzo, zidakula kwambiri.Zaka za Reagan zidawona INS ikukulirakulira
milingo yomwe sinachitikepo. Oyang'anira adakhazikitsa nkhani ya
olowa m'dziko lopanda zikalata monga chitetezo cha dziko
kumlingo waukulu kwambiri kuposa momwe Carter analiri
utsogoleri. Ndipo atolankhani anali ogwirizana kwambiri
kuwonetsa zithunzi ndi mauthenga a alarmist omwewo, motero
kuthandiza kulimbikitsa maganizo a anthu kuti "abwerere
kulamulira malire athu."The INS ikuwonjezeka panthawi ya Reagan
Kuwongolera kumaphatikizapo chithandizo chamakono chamakono monga OH-6
ma helikoputala owonera ma spotter ochokera ku US Army,
mawonedwe ausiku ndi ma infrared scopes, ndi wailesi yakanema yocheperako
machitidwe oyang'anira. Chiwerengero ndi kukula kwa Border Patrol
masiteshoni ndi cheke komanso malo otsekera a INS adakulanso.Ndime ya 1986 ya Immigration ndi
Reform and Control Act (IRCA) idayimira nyumba yamalamulo
kutha kwa malire awa. Pambuyo pa IRCA, a
Border Patrol adatenga njira yofunikira momwe idakhalira
okhudzidwa kwambiri ndi "War on Drugs" pamodzi
malire. Koma zoyeserera zolimbana ndi kuzembetsa mankhwala osokoneza bongo (mwachindunji
gawo la chiphunzitso cha LIC) adathandiziranso anthu osamukira kumayiko ena
ntchito zolimbikitsa. (Chaputala 4 chili ndi zambiri
kukambirana za "nkhondo" mu borderlands, ake
zokhudzana ndi chiphunzitso cha LIC, ndi zotsatira za boma ndi
ufulu wa anthu.)Ulamuliro wa Bush unapitilira ndipo
adakulitsa zomwe zakhazikitsidwa ndi oyang'anira Reagan.
Ndalama za Border Patrol zidakula kwambiri komanso kusamuka
kukakamiza kunakhala kovutirapo. Komanso, kutsindika kwambiri
idayikidwa pakugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, zomwe zidapangitsa kugula ndi
kugwiritsa ntchito ma helikoputala ena ambiri ndi zina zamagetsi zamagetsi
zida zowunikira. Kuwonjezeka kwa zizindikiro za anthu ndi anthu
kuphwanya ufulu kwa Border Patrol ndi othandizira ena a INS kudatulukira
panthawiyi.Imodzi mwa milandu yoyipa kwambiri inali
1989-1990 INS kusokoneza chitetezo cha ndale ku Central America
ofunsira ku Lower Rio Grande Valley ku Texas. Malinga
kwa Dunn, opareshoni idapangitsa kuti atsekedwe, nthawi zambiri amakhala pansi
mikhalidwe yoลตaลตa, ya zikwi za amuna, akazi, ndi ana
kwa miyezi ingapo ndi kuthamangitsidwa kwakukulu kwa malo achitetezo
ofunafuna omwe zonena zawo zidakanidwa "mwachangu, nthawi zambiri
kusakonzekera koyambirira kwachigamulo." The INS
ngakhale anagwirizana ndi mabungwe osiyanasiyana azamalamulo a boma
pa opareshoni, zingakhale zoopsa kwambiri ya
mgwirizano woperekedwa ndi maubwenzi ambiri a mabungwewa ndi
anzawo ku Central America.Utsogoleri wa Bush unathandizanso
kukhazikitsa ubale wopitilira pakati pa INS ndi a
Asilikali aku US. Asilikali ndi National Guard, chifukwa
Mwachitsanzo, anathandizira angapo chitetezo malire malire okhudzana
ntchito zomanga, kuphatikizapo khoma la makilomita asanu ndi awiri
zitsulo zamalata pakati pa San Diego ndi Tijuana. (Pali
tsopano makoma angapo oterowo m'malire. Ndipo Clinton
utsogoleri wachulukitsa kutalika kwa khoma la San Diego.)Utsogoleri wa Clinton, Dunn akutsutsa,
yakhazikitsa kwambiri nkhani ya anthu olowa m'mayiko ena opanda zikalata
ngati umodzi waupandu womwe uyenera kuthetsedwa pang'onopang'ono
njira zolanga. M'malire, kusamukira
ntchito zachitetezo zakwera kwambiri, makamaka mu
mawonekedwe amtundu wapamwamba wa blockade Border Patrol
ntchito m'madera akumidzi ndi pafupi ndi malire. Zinali
m'mawu awa pomwe tsoka la Epulo 6, 1996 lidachitika
Temecula anatulukira.Nkhani yovomerezeka, monga yanenedwera ndi Los
Angeles Times, ndikuti Border Patrol anali kutsatira
galimoto pa liwiro lotetezeka, koma osati kuthamangitsa izo. The Border Patrol
wakhala ndi lamulo loti asachite nawo mpikisano wothamanga kwambiri
kuyambira 1992 pamene kufunafuna kofananako kunatha ndi imfa ya asanu ndi mmodzi
anthu omwe ali pafupi ndi sukulu ya Temecula.Koma omenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe akuti
bungwe nthawi zambiri limaphwanya mfundo zake. Ndithudi, opulumuka
ya lipoti la ngozi la Epulo 6 lomwe gulu la Border Patrol linali
kuthamangitsa galimotoyo mothamanga kwambiri ndipo inali pafupi ndi
galimoto yomwe osamukira amantha omwe anali mkatimo anali kuyesa kuyigwedeza
Border Patrol achoka.Ozembetsa anthu osamukira kwawo opanda zikalata atero
akhala akugwiritsa ntchito misewu yakumbuyo yaku East San
Diego County poyang'anizana ndi kuchuluka kwa Border Patrol
m'dera la San Diego, nyumba ya bungweli ndi lodziwika kwambiri
"Opaleshoni Gatekeeper."Woyang'anira Chipata, womwe unayamba pa October 1, 1994, ndi
zolimbikitsa zankhondo, "territorial denial" strategy
zomwe zimayesa kuletsa osamuka kulowa US (monga
kutsutsana ndi njira yakale yogwira anthu othawa kwawo pambuyo pake
amawoloka) kudzera pakutumiza patsogolo kwa Border Patrol
othandizira, komanso kuchuluka kwa kugwiritsa ntchito matekinoloje owunika ndi
kuthandizira zomangamanga.Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa zovuta mu
kuwoloka m'madera omwe ali ndi mizinda kumene ntchito zoterezi
ali olembedwa ntchito, okhoza kukhala ochokera kunja komanso ozembetsa amva
anakakamizika kuyesa kuwoloka m'madera akutali kwambiri
malire (ophatikiza maulendo otopetsa) ndi/kapena kugwiritsa ntchito zambiri
njira zoopsa monga kuyesa kuyendetsa kudutsa Border
Malo oyendera.Owerenga ena angakhumudwe zimenezo
Dunn amayang'ana kwambiri pazambiri
makhalidwe a militarization ndipo kawirikawiri amanyalanyaza
zamalingaliro ndi zongopeka (povomereza
kufunika, ngakhale). Kuphatikiza apo, Dunn samayika momveka bwino
patsogolo masomphenya ake omwe amalire, ndipo, mpaka kumapeto
(mwina gawo losangalatsa komanso lokopa kwambiri la
buku), silimafufuza njira zofotokozera zambiri
kuchulukitsidwa kwa apolisi m'malire a
kukula mofulumira, kudutsa malire, kuphatikizika mwachuma
zone, kudalira kwambiri ntchito ya malipiro ochepa.Izi zati, cholinga cha Dunn momveka bwino
kulemba bukhu ndiko kuliza alamu, kubweretsa kuunika a
zosokoneza, zowopsa, ndipo, mpaka pano, zonyalanyazidwa kwambiri
m'malire a US-Mexico. Pankhani imeneyi, a
buku ndi ntchito ndithu.
Dunn sakuganiza kuti malire
usilikali wakhala mbali ya chikumbumtima, owerengeka
polojekiti. M'malo mwake, zikuwoneka kuti zachitika pang'onopang'ono
mafashoni, zotsatira zowonjezeredwa kukhala de facto
kumenya nkhondo kumalire a US-Mexico. Zochitika zaposachedwa
zikusonyeza kuti zimenezi zikuchulukirachulukira.Magawo a National Guard, mwachitsanzo, tsopano
thandizirani Border Patrol ndi zinthu zofunikira monga
mayendedwe a anthu ogwidwa. Ndipo mu October, Bill
Clinton adasaina malamulo oti amange 14
mile, khoma lachitsulo katatu pakati pa San Diego ndi Tijuana
(ngakhale zotsutsidwa ndi Border Patrol) ndi kuwirikiza kawiri
chiwerengero cha ma Border Patrol agents pazaka zisanu zikubwerazi.
Pakadali pano, andale ambiri akupitiliza kuyitanitsa
kutumizidwa kwa National Guard ndi / kapena asitikali
malire kuti agwire anthu odutsa opanda zikalata.Cholinga chachikulu cha Timothy Dunn ndikukwiyitsa
kuganiza kofunikira komanso kufufuza kwina pamalire
kumenya nkhondo. Kwa ife omwe ali ndi chidwi ndi osamukira kudziko lina
ndondomeko yomwe ili yowolowa manja komanso yoganizira za ufulu wa anthu,
titha kuyembekeza kuti The Militarization of the US-Mexico
Border, 1978-1992 amawerengedwa kwambiri ndikukambidwa.Matthew Jardine ndi wofufuza komanso
wolemba za ufulu wa anthu ndi zochitika zapadziko lonse lapansi. Ake
buku laposachedwa, lolembedwa ndi Constancio Pinto, ndi
lotchedwa East Timor's Unfinished Struggle: Inside the
Timorese Resistance ndipo idatulutsidwa kumene ndi South End
Onetsetsani.