Cecilia Zarate-Laun
Pomaliza
Chaka cha United States Congress ndi kayendetsedwe ka Clinton anapanga Colombia
wachitatu wamkulu wolandila thandizo lankhondo ku US, kuvomereza $1.3
mabiliyoni ambiri a projekiti ya mayiko awiri yotchedwa Plan Colombia. The
Cholinga cha thandizoli, pafupifupi 70 peresenti ya zida zankhondo
ndi maphunziro, ndi dipatimenti ya Putumayo kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Colombia.
Putumayo akutenga
dzina lake kuchokera ku mtsinje wowoloka dipatimenti kuchokera kumadzulo kupita kummawa ndi
ndi malire achilengedwe pakati pa Colombia ndi Ecuador ndi Peru. Likulu
wa Putumayo ndi Mocoa. Chiwerengero cha anthu ku dipatimentiyi posachedwapa chanenedwa kuti
332,434 okhalamo. Dera lake lalikulu lili mโdera la nkhalango zamvula
ndipo ili ndi madera achilengedwe atatu: Putumayo Wapamwamba, Putumayo Wapakati, ndi Pansi
Putumayo. Mitsinje yake ikuluikulu iwiri, Putumayo ndi Caqueta, inali ya yambiri
zaka mtundu waukulu wa zoyendera. Mu 1985 mbadwa ya Putumayo
Chiwerengero cha anthu chinali 11,900. Anthu amtundu wa Ingas,
Kofanes, Sionas, Huitotos, Paeces, and Embera-Chami.
Ndondomeko ya
Atsamunda ku Putumayo amabwerera kuzaka za zana la 16. Spanish Conquistadors
adafika akufunafuna golide ndi kwinini. Amishonale achikatolika ndi encomenderos
adabwera m'derali ndikukhazikitsa midzi yakutali pogwiritsa ntchito amwenye
ogwira ntchito, makamaka a Ingas, omwe anali mbadwa za Inca Empire.
AJesuit adabwera m'zaka za zana la 19 ndipo kenako, mu 1886, Holy See ndi
boma la Colombia linapatsa amonke a Capuchin a ku Spain ntchito ya
kuyambitsa โchitukuko chachikristuโ ku Putumayo. Amonke awa analamula kuti a
malamulo odzipatsa okha ufulu wogawa malo omwe ali
midzi, ndipo adayambitsa tawuni ya Puerto Asis. Izi zalamulo
Zolamula zidachokera ku boma la Colombia, lomwe mpaka 1980 linali ndi cholinga
Kuthetsa moyo wachiyanjano wamagulu amtundu. Makhalidwe amenewa anayamba
kusintha mu 1958 chifukwa cha zovuta zachikhalidwe ku Colombia komanso ndi
kukhazikitsidwa kwa chitetezo chatsopano mu Constitution yatsopano ya 1991.
Kuyambira 19th
Malinga ndi kunena kwa lipoti la 1993 lonena za Putumayo lofalitsidwa ndi Comision
Andina de Juristas, pakhala pali magawo asanu ndi limodzi a chitukuko cha zachuma
Putumayo, ambiri a iwo anatsagana ndi ziwawa zambiri.
1. Mpira
Economy: Kuyambira kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 19 mpaka 1920s, a
ndondomeko inayamba yomwe inaphatikizapo dera la Amazon pa chuma cha padziko lonse.
Malo ang'onoang'ono a minda ya mphira m'mphepete mwa mtsinje, makamaka m'manja
amalonda achingerezi, omwe adadziwika panthawiyi. Mitsinje ndiyo inali yaikulu
gwero la zoyendera, kutumiza labala yaiwisi ku madoko a Amazon ku
Atlantic. M'zaka za m'ma 1920 mphira wopangidwa ku Malaysia anakhala wotsika mtengo, ndipo
choncho kupanga labala kwa Putumayo kunasiyidwa. M'kati mwa
chitukuko cha minda ya labala, zikwi za anthu wamba anafa akugwira ntchito
kwa Kampani ya Casa Arana, pamalire a Colombia ndi Peru. M'buku
lofalitsidwa ku Lima ndi woweruza wa ku Peru Carlos Valcarcel, akufotokoza zambiri
anthu opitilira 20,000 adaphedwa m'minda yamitengo ya mphira
Putumayo mu nthawi ya zaka 10.
2. Patsogolo
chuma: Mu 1933 pambuyo pa nkhondo ndi Peru pomwe Colombia idateteza
ku Amazon, boma la Colombia linayambitsa njira yosamukira ku
Putumayo, kubweretsa alimi ochokera m'madipatimenti oyandikana nawo a Narino, Cauca, ndi
Huila, ndi lingaliro lolimbitsa malire ndikugwiritsa ntchito gulu lake lankhondo kuti
tetezani. Colombia idayambitsa matauni monga Puerto Leguizamo ndikumanga misewu yopita
Florencia ndi Pasto monga chiwonetsero chaulamuliro pagawo lake.
Anthu ankabwera atakopeka ndi golide mโmitsinje.
3. The
chuma cha m'ma 1950s: The situation of chaos and institutional disorder in
nthawi yotchedwa La Violencia (pafupifupi 1946-1957) pakati pa
dziko, pamene anthu oposa 200,000 anaphedwa, anayambitsa chiwawa
kusamutsidwa kupita kumadera akutali monga Putumayo. Malo achonde kwambiri
dziko anali anaikira mu manja ochepa pafupi ndi mizinda ikuluikulu ndi
Chikhulupiriro cholakwika chakuti malo a ku Amazon ndi achonde chinabweretsa anthu ambiri
anthu wamba kudera lino. Koma kusowa kwa misewu ndi ndalama zogwirira ntchito komanso otsika
Kuchuluka kwa nthaka kunachititsa kuti anthu ambiri a mโdzikoli akhumudwe.
4. The
chuma cha m'ma 1960s: Mu 1960s chitukuko cha Putumayo chinakhala
kugwirizana kwambiri ndi kukwera kwa mafuta. Izi zinabweretsa kumangidwa kwa misewu.
Mizinda idayamba kukula ndipo ambiri ofunafuna chuma adafika kufunafuna malo ndi
ntchito. Mu 1963 kubowola mafuta kunayamba ndipo mu 1973 Texaco idavomereza kukonzanso
za minda yake yamafuta ku boma la Colombia kuti litukuke ndi
kampani yamafuta aboma, Empresa Colombiana de Petroleos (ECO- PETROL). Mu
nthawi imeneyi chiwerengero cha anthu chinali chopangidwa ndi ogwira ntchito m'tauni m'minda mafuta ndi
alimi, amene anadzaza zigwa za mitsinje kudzala mbewu chakudya monga
chimanga, chinangwa, ndi plantain. Mwatsoka, izi zamphamvu ndondomeko ya
utsamunda sunathandizidwe ndi boma pomanga ntchito zofunikira
ndi misewu yopita kumisika kapena popereka chitetezo kwa nzika zake.
5. Koka
chuma: Kuyambira 1970s zosaloledwa cukuchuluka kwa coca
chakopa anthu ambiri ndipo chuma ichi chabweretsa ndalama zambiri
kuposa kuchuluka kwa mafuta. Ngakhale anthu omwe adabwera ndi lingaliro lakutukuka
ulimi ndi madera a komweko adaphatikizidwa mu izi
chuma, chosowa. Mbewu zovomerezeka sizinalandire ngongole kapena luso
thandizo kuchokera ku boma la Colombia. Ma cartel a Cali ndi Medellin
adapindula ndi kuthedwa nzeru kwa alimi polimbikitsa kulima
za mbewu zosaloledwa za coca. Mu Marichi 2000 panali mahekitala oposa 120,000 a
coca yolimidwa ku Colombia, kumene oposa 60 peresenti anali ku Putumayo,
ntchito anthu wamba 50,000. Malinga ndi lipoti la "Los Cultivos Ilicitos"
kuchokera ku Defensoria del Pueblo, hekitala imodzi ya coca imatulutsa makilogalamu 1,250 a
coca amachoka masiku 100 aliwonse. Kuti mupange 1 kilo ya coca paste, ndikofunikira
kutulutsa masamba 568 a masamba a coca, kutanthauza kuti pali avareji ya
Makilo 2.2 a phala pa hekitala iliyonse mwa zokolola zitatu pa chaka. Mu
1993 kilogalamu imodzi ya coca inagula $600 ku Colombia. Kilo yomweyi ku United States
akhoza kugulitsidwa pakati pa $10,500 ndi $40,000. Phindu lalikulu kwambiri lili mu
msika wapadziko lonse pakufunika. Plante, boma la Colombia
ofesi yolowa m'malo mwa mbewu, yawerengera kuti pa ma peso 1,000 aliwonse omwe a
wogula coca paste amalipira, walimi waku Colombia amalandira mapeso asanu ndi limodzi okha. Ngakhale
kotero, phindu la wamba ndi lalikulu kuposa mbewu zachikhalidwe
imapanga.
6. The
chuma chapano: Zomwe zikuchitika ku Putumayo zikuwonetsa kuphatikiza
zinthu zingapo zandale, zachuma, ndi njira. Dziko la Putumayo ndi
chuma chikukangana ndi zigawenga, ma paramilitaries, ndi a
Boma la Colombia, lomwe kudzera mu Plan Colombia limalimbikitsa United States
zokonda monga kulowa msika kwa zinthu zake ndi kupeza zosaphika
zipangizo, makamaka mchere ndi denga la nkhalango. United States
boma likufuna makamaka kulimbikitsa "kukhazikika" ku South
America, samalani ndi zotsatira za kufalikira kwa ziwawa ndi
chisokonezo ku mayiko oyandikana nawo a Venezuela, omwe amagulitsa kwambiri mafuta ku
US, ndi Brazil, bwenzi lalikulu lazamalonda.
Ufulu Wachibadwidwe
Kuphwanya
The
Nkhondo yauve ku Putumayo idayamba m'ma 1980s. Kuwonjezeka kwa chiwerengero cha
Imfa zachiwawa zimalumikizidwa mwachindunji ndi kulima koka ndi
kukhalapo kwa zigawenga. Mfundo yakuti Putumayo imadutsa malire a Peru ndi Ecuador
idapangitsa kuti ikhale yabwino pakugulitsa cocaine, ndi kuchuluka kwa kupezeka kwa
alonda ndi amuna omenya. Mitengo yokwera ya tsamba la coca inapatsa alimi ndi
ndalama zachibadwidwe, zomwe zinasintha njira zawo zachikhalidwe
moyo ndikuwonjezera njira yothetsera mikangano mwachiwawa.
Mphamvu zakumaloko zinali
mโmanja mwa andale ochokera mโzipani ziwiri za ndale, a Liberals ndi
Conservatives, omwe adasunga miyambo yawo yachikhalidwe, monga
kupereka ntchito zaboma posinthana ndi mavoti kapena kugwira ntchito pazisankho zawo
kampeni. Mwanjira imeneyi, iwo ankayangโanira ndalama za mโtauniyo komanso za mโmadera awo
maboma. Zomwezo zinachitika pa mlingo wa boma, kumene ngakhale ndi
ndalama zambiri kuchokera ku ndalama zamafuta, panalibe ndalama zothandizira
monga magetsi, mafoni kapena kuyeretsa madzi kumidzi.
Ngati misewu idamangidwa, inkamangidwa kuti ilumikizane ndi matauni omwe amapaka mafuta
mafakitale anali kupangidwa. Mu 1983, FARC (Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias
de Colombia) adatsegula 32nd Front ku Putumayo, kuti ateteze
wamba, amwenye ndi okhazikika (makamaka opanga ang'onoang'ono a coca
masamba) motsutsana ndi nkhanza za ogulitsa mankhwala osokoneza bongo. FARC inakhazikitsa msonkho wotchedwa gramaje
zomwe zinayambitsa chipolowe pakati pa ogulitsa mankhwala osokoneza bongo, zomwe zinayambitsa magulu onse awiri
Mgwirizano ndi mikangano yomwe pamapeto pake ikanatha kulumikizana ndi FARC
bizinesi ya coca.
Mu 1986 ku
Matawuni a Orito, Puerto Asis ndi Valle del Guamuez, anawonjezeka
chiwerengero cha imfa zachiwawa. Ku Puerto Asis anthu 73 anafa mwachiwawa, ayi
kuwerenga matupi otayidwa mโdzala kapena mโmitsinje.
Zandale,
makamaka ku Puerto Asis, Union Patriotica (UP), wachitatu mwalamulo
chipani cha ndale, chinakhala champhamvu kwambiri. UP idakula ngati ndale
chipani cha Communist Party, zigawenga za FARC zomwe zidaganiza zosiya
manja awo ndi kukhala okangalika mu ndale, olimbikitsa magulu ena ndi anthu
omwe sanasangalale ndi maphwando awiri achikhalidwe. Ngati wina anapezeka
kunyamula Mawu, magazini a Chipani cha Chikomyunizimu cha ku Colombia, akanatha
kuwonongera munthuyo moyo wake. Zigawenga za UP zidangochitika zokha
ankawaona ngati zigawenga kapena anthu amene amawamvera chisoni. Oyendetsa maboti akugwira ntchito
Mtsinje wa Putumayo ankaonedwa kuti ndi mamembala a FARC, chifukwa asilikali ankakayikira
anawanyamulira zigawenga ndi chakudya. Pa Marichi 4, 1989
Likulu la UP ku Puerto Asis linafufuzidwa ndi mabuku ake aakaunti
kusowa. Rigoberto Torres, wogwirizira UP wamba, adaphedwa ndi a
Captain wa National Police yemwe anali mtsogoleri wa kampeni yotsutsa
magulu otsutsa ndale. Chaka chomwecho, omenyera ufulu wa UP 12 anaphedwa
ndipo otsalawo anathaลตira kumadera ena a dzikolo. Ili linali gawo la a
National kampeni yothetsa UP ndi magulu ankhondo mothandizidwa ndi
Asilikali ankhondo ndi ndalama za ogulitsa mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Otsatirawa ankafuna kupindula
kukondera kwa anthu osankhika aku Colombia odana ndi chikominisi. Chifukwa chake,
UP idasowa pazandale mu 1989.
Mu 1980s a
bungwe lachiwiri linapangidwa, Civic Movement of the Putumayo. Zinali
wochulukitsa, wosiyanasiyana komanso wopitilira kukayikira kuti agwirizana ndi
zigawenga. Icho chinachita pamwamba pa maphwando ndipo chinafuna magetsi, ngalande
machitidwe, misewu, ndi ntchito zokwanira zaboma. Mu 1987 atsogoleri a gulu ili
anayamba kuphedwa. Mwachitsanzo, mtolankhani, Luis Cristobal Arteaga, anali
anaphedwa ku Valle del Guamuez pa August 20, 1990. Kuwonjezerapo atsogoleri 15
of an indigenous movement, OZIP (Organizacion Zonal Indigena del Putumayo),
anaphedwa mโzaka zake zinayi zoyambirira za kukhalako. OZIP imalimbikitsa anthu amtendere
kuwukira maofesi aboma kukakakamiza boma la Colombia kukumana
malonjezano ake monga maudindo a malo, thandizo laukadaulo, ngongole ndi
kukwezeleza ufulu wa anthu. Kukhazikitsidwa kwa ndale kumawona anthu ammudzi
ngati zigawenga zomwe zingatheke. Lingaliro ndi kufooketsa udzu udzu kuyenda ndi
kuwaimba mlandu wogwirizana ndi zigawengazo.
mu 1987 a
gulu lankhondo lidapangidwa ku El Azul, pafupi ndi Puerto Asis, lomwe linali gawo la
gulu lankhondo lachinsinsi la mtsogoleri wankhondo wa Medellin cartel, Gonzalo
Rodriguez Gacha. Anali kuthawa chizunzo chapakati pa dzikolo
ndi apolisi ndi asilikali. Kukhalapo kwa maziko awa kunatsutsidwa ndi a
boma la intelligence, koma kwenikweni nkhondo yolimbana ndi mankhwala ku Putumayo
zinali zongopondereza ogulitsa mankhwala osokoneza bongo apakati omwe sanali ogwirizana
kwa ma cartel ndi omwe kutsekeredwa kwawo kunasonyeza kuti boma linali
kuchitapo kanthu motsutsana ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Kwenikweni, amenewo anali omwe sanali
zipani za mapangano azachuma ndi magulu ankhondo, omwe adathandizira
ufulu woyenda ndi malonda. Chitsanzo ndi nkhani ya Edgardo Londono,
amene famu yake inali pafupi ndi Puerto Asis. Akuti adamangidwa
chifukwa anakana kupereka ma peso 25 miliyoni kwa mkulu wa apolisi
ku Putumayo, popeza anali atalipira kale ndalamazo kupolisi
dongosolo.
pa
kuyamba ubale pakati pa ogulitsa mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndi FARC inali imodzi mwa
mgwirizano, kuchita malonda pamodzi popanda chiwawa wina ndi mzake.
Mamembala awiri a FARC's 32nd Front adayang'anira eyapoti ku El Azul,
kuteteza bwalo la ndege ndi kulipiritsa msonkho pachitetezo chimenechi. Amenyani amuna
ogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi Rodriguez Gacha adawapha ndipo FARC ndi gulu laling'ono la zigawenga,
EPL, kenako idaukira El Azul, ndikulephera nkhondo. Mu 1990 magulu atatu a FARC
Analanda malowo ndipo anapha asilikali 60 kumeneko.
Zachitukuko
Akuluakulu adanyalanyaza vuto lomwe lidayamba posachita chilichonse pomwe anthu
kukakamiza nzika zankhanza. Gulu lotchedwa Los Combos limayang'anira gawo lalikulu la
dera, ndipo mphamvu zandale ndi zachuma za ogulitsa zidawonjezeka.
Omenyera ufulu ndi Conservative adagwirizana ndi ankhondo kuti azunze
kumanzere ndi otsutsa ena andale. Akaputeni a apolisi ku Puerto Asis
adatsutsidwa pamaso pa Procuraduria ngati "ogwirizana ndi magulu ankhondo,
powalola kuti azigwira ntchito m'derali komanso kulekerera kukhalapo kwa
malo ophunzitsira ankhondo."
British
mercenary Peter MacCalese anali kuyang'anira kuphunzitsa asilikali.
Gulu lina lotchedwa MACQ (Death to Communist and Civics), lotchedwa Los
Masetos, adatuluka mu maphunzirowa. Panali anyamata 200 amene anachokera
madera ena a dziko, chifukwa lingaliro linali lozungulira opha
kuzungulira madera omwe akuyembekezeredwa. Pambuyo pa kuphedwa kwa Rodriguez Gacha, a
ankhondo adabwera motsogozedwa ndi abale a Castano, Carlos ndi
Fidel. Carlos Castano lero ndi mtsogoleri wankhanza wadziko lonse wa AUC (Autodefensas
Unidas de Colombia), gulu lankhondo lalikulu kwambiri mdzikolo.
Munthu
ufulu wa anthu unkaipiraipira. Ku Las kunali kupha anthu ambiri
Sukulu yakumidzi yaku Palmeras yomwe ili pamtunda wa makilomita asanu kuchokera ku Mocoa, pa Januware 23, 1991.
Anthu asanu anaphedwa, akuimbidwa mlandu wa zigawenga, ndi kuwukira pamodzi
Asilikali ndi Elite Corps a National Police pogwiritsa ntchito ma helikopita. Pakati
amene anazunzidwa anali Hernan Cuaran, mphunzitsi wa pasukulu wazaka 25. Cuaran anali
kuphedwa pamaso pa ophunzira ake. Pamene mwana adanena kuti Cuaran ndi wawo
Mphunzitsi, wothandizira anayankha kuti: โAyi. Onsewo ndi zigawenga.โ Artemio
Pantoja, woimba ma plumber amene anali pa nyumba ya sukuluyo, ndipo mwana wake wamkazi anali
mlembi wa likulu la apolisi ku Mocoa, adanenetsa kuti amalemekeza moyo wake
popeza mwana wake wamkazi amagwira ntchito ku station. Wothandizira wotchedwa Mocoa ndi Colonel
Linares analamula kuti onse aphedwe. Kenako Mtsamunda Linares adalengeza poyera
mawu akuti "iwo anali zigawenga zomwe zidaphedwa pankhondo omwe amapita
tumizani pipeline.โ Mlembi wa zamkati m'boma la Putumayo
adatsutsa mawuwa, chifukwa amawadziwa ozunzidwa komanso chifukwa panalibe
bomba ku Mocoa. Nzika zokwiya zaku Mocoa zidachita zionetsero pagulu
motsutsana ndi mchitidwewu.
Izi
zidabweretsa anthu othawa kwawo, omwe adatenga nawo mantha, kusatsimikizika,
kusakhulupirira, chisoni, ndi mkwiyo chifukwa ufulu wawo wonse monga nzika unaliri
kuphwanyidwa ndipo boma la Colombia likuwoneka kuti silisamala za mavuto awo.
mu 1990
Purezidenti waku Colombia Cesar Gaviria adalamula kuti pakhale ma komiti ndi
mesas de trabajo (magulu ogwira ntchito), ndi kutenga nawo mbali kwa nzika zonse
kuzungulira dziko, kukambilana za Constitution yatsopano. Omwe ali ku Putumayo
inakhala misonkhano ya tawuni yotseguka, kumene anthu amafunsa osati otsogolera okha
la maboma koma mgwirizano wake ndi ogulitsa mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndi
ankhondo ndi kulephera kwake kuwateteza. Kumapeto kwa 1990 asilikali
anaukira National Secretariat ya FARC, pa tsiku la chisankho, pamene referendum
kuvomereza lamulo latsopanoli kunachitika. Yankho lochokera ku FARC linali
kuwononga zida zachuma m'dziko lonselo. Ku Putumayo kokha,
kuyambira pa Disembala 10, 1990 mpaka Epulo 1991, zidachitika 20.
motsutsana ndi ECOPETROL, kuyimitsidwa kwa ntchito 2 ndi kutsutsana kwachindunji 10 ndi a
gulu lankhondo.
Current
Situation In Putumayo
In
1998 asilikali adabwerera ku Putumayo ndipo alipo ambiri
wa dera. Pali gulu lankhondo ku El Placer. The paramilitaries
alipo m'matauni ndi zigawenga kumidzi. The
kwa anthu ndizovuta kwambiri, chifukwa ngati apita ku
madera akumidzi amatchulidwa kuti ndi othandizira kapena othandizira. Ngati wamba
bwerani m'matauni, nthawi yomweyo akuimbidwa mlandu wa zigawenga. Mu zonse ziwiri
milandu amaphedwa. Mu 1999 anthu 13 aphedwa ku Putumayo kupha 77
anthu, malinga ndi chikalata "Luz para la Vida" kuchokera ku Defensoria
del Pueblo ndi Ofesi ya UN High Commissioner for Refugees Office.
Mwambiri
m'zaka za m'ma 1980 magulu a msika adasankha mitengo ya coca: kupezeka ndi kufuna. Iwo
zikuwoneka kuti tsopano mtengo wa coca umatanthauzidwa ndi asilikali ndi
zigawenga, zomwe zimapatsa mtengo. Mwa kuyankhula kwina palibe chinthu choterocho
misika yaulere ku Putumayo. FARC imayika mtengo wa kilo imodzi ya coca ndipo imalola kokha
kugulitsa kwa iwo omwe aloledwa ndi iwo. N'chimodzimodzinso ndi asilikali.
Mwambiri a
Kilo ya cocaine imagulitsidwa pa 1.5 mpaka 1.7 miliyoni pesos (pafupifupi $6800-$7,700) ndi
phindu lonse pa hekitala ndi 200,000 pesos (pafupifupi $90). Poyerekeza a
carga, yomwe ili pafupifupi ma kilo 100 a chimanga, imagulitsidwa 30,000 pesos, ndipo pambuyo pake.
Kulipira ndalama walimi watsala ndi 10,000 pesos (pafupifupi $4.50)
galimoto. Akuti zigawenga zimalola alimi kubzala coca bola
amabzalanso mbewu za chakudya. Salola kumwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo.
Kuyambira m'ma 1990
anthu ku Putumayo awona kukhalapo kwa asitikali aku US
pamodzi ndi asitikali aku Colombia pantchito zowononga coca. Izi kawirikawiri
zimachitika kumapeto kwa chaka, pamene asilikali a US adzabwera ku usilikali
ku Puerto Leguizamo kuphunzitsa asitikali aku Latin America.
Woyenera kutero
mvetsetsani kuti ku Putumayo atsamunda akuyenera kubzala coca ngati yokha
kuthekera kwaulimi komwe kumatsimikizira kusamalidwa kwawo. Muzu wa
vuto ndi kusamvana komwe sikunathe; bola ngati palibe
thandizo laukadaulo, palibe ngongole, palibe misewu, komanso njira zotsatsa, ndi
Putumayo peasant, yemwe nthawi zambiri amakhala wamba wosamutsidwa kuchokera kumadera ena
dziko, alibe njira ina kuposa kubzala coca kuti apulumuke. A
njira yankhondo si njira yothetsera.
Gulu
amavutikanso chifukwa achinyamata sakufunanso kuphunzira, koma amafuna
amagwira ntchito ngati โraspachines,โ kapena otola masamba a coca. Tsopano ndi kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa,
ambiri akufuna kulowa nawo zigawenga chifukwa amati sakufuna
boma kuti liwaphe. Amati amakonda kufa ndewu. Anthu wamba
amakonda kusinthanitsa mbewu m'malo mwamtendere komanso thandizo la ngongole ndi luso
ndi thandizo la ndalama. Kwa nthawi yayitali, Colombia wakhala likulu la
mkangano padziko lonse lapansi, pankhani ya kupanga ndi kugulitsa
mankhwala osaloledwa. Mu 1998 Colombia anali mtsogoleri ku United Nations
kuyitanitsa anthu apadziko lonse lapansi kuti apange njira yatsopano komanso yolinganiza
njira yapadziko lonse yolimbana ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Kuyimba uku kudatha ku New United
Mapangano a mayiko mu 1998 anagogomezera kwambiri za โchitukuko china,โ chomwe
kukhala ndi cholinga chokweza njira zina zachikhalidwe ndi zachuma m'madera
amene afunikira kutembenukira ku mbewu zosaloledwa kuti apulumuke. Njira ya UN ikugogomezera
kukhazikitsidwa kwa magwero atsopano a ntchito ndi mgwirizano pakati pa mayiko kuti
pewani kusamutsa mbewu zosaloledwa kuchoka pa malo ena kupita kwina.
mu 1998
Purezidenti Pastrana adavumbulutsa Plan yake Nacional de Lucha contra las Drogas,
zomwe kuwonjezera pa chitukuko china zinafuna kuthetseratu zoletsedwa
mbewu. Dongosololi lidatsindika za chikhalidwe cha anthu, kukhazikitsidwa kwa zomangamanga, ndi
chitukuko cha anthu. Koma kumapeto kwa 1999 Pulani iyi idasinthidwa mozondoka
malingaliro ake omanga mtendere, ndipo idakhala gawo la Plan Colombia, yopangidwa
mogwirizana ndi United States. Kulimbana ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo kunakhala a
kupondereza, ndondomeko ya usilikali, motsogoleredwa ndi lingaliro la dziko
chitetezo cha US komanso osaganizira pang'ono zofuna za Colombia
ndi zoyesayesa zamadiplomate ku UN. Pafupifupi 70 peresenti ya Plan Colombia ndi
adapatsidwa kugula ma helikoputala omenyera nkhondo ndi luntha laukadaulo
zida, zophunzitsira ndi zida zapadera zankhondo zankhondo, ndi za
kuthetsedwa kwa mankhwala oletsedwa osati kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa ndi herbicides, koma
komanso popanga tizilombo toyambitsa matenda towononga mbewu za coca.
Malinga ndi
Ofesi ya Ombudsmans ku Colombia (Defensoria del Pueblo), chikhalidwe ndi ndale
Mavuto aku Colombia akuwonekera pakuwonongeka kwa madera amenewo
dziko lomwe lili ndi zamoyo zosiyanasiyana, monga Putumayo, ndi
kuwononga kwambiri nkhalango yamvula yotentha ya Amazon. Mbewu za Coca
ndi zotsatira za kuthedwa nzeru kwa anthu osauka ambiri omwe achotsedwa pokhala
chiwawa ndi mikangano ya anthu m'madera ena a dziko. Iwo afika
ndikudula nkhalango, kuwononga zachilengedwe za mitsinje, madzi,
ndi nthaka, ndikulepheretsa zomera ndi nyama zachikale malo awo achilengedweโฆ
Njira yotchedwa "kudula nkhalango katatu" kumachitika: coca imabzalidwa, kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa
zimachitika, ndipo alimi amathawira kukabzala koka kumalo atsopano. Malinga ndi deta
zotengedwa kuchokera kwa akatswiri a boma la Colombia, pa hekitala iliyonse ya coca, zinayi
mahekitala a nkhalango akuyenera kuwonongedwa.
Mankhwala akupha
kuwononga tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, monga algae, mabakiteriya otulutsa nayitrogeni, protozoa,
ndi mphutsi, amene kudziwa zamoyo wa nthaka ndi kuteteza ake
chiwonongeko. Kuwonongeka kumeneku kumasokoneza mayendedwe achilengedwe.
Monsanto's Roundup, yomwe ndi mankhwala akuluakulu omwe amapoperamo
Colombia kuti achepetse mbewu za coca ndi poppy, ali ndi phosphorous, yomwe imapitilira
kukhudzana ndi madzi kumagwira mpweya ndi kuwononga nsomba mu nyanja, nyanja, ndi
madambo. Kupopera mbewu kumawononga mbewu monga chinangwa, plantain, chimanga,
ndi zipatso zotentha. Momwemonso, alimi omwe adakumana ndi spray adanenanso
matenda otsekula m'mimba, kutentha thupi, kupweteka kwa minofu, ndi kupweteka kwamutu chifukwa cha iwo
kukhudzana ndi mankhwala kutsitsi.
Mu Januwale 2001
Putumayo ikhala malo oyambilira omwe akuyenera kuchita nawo Plan Colombia, ndi
kupopera kowononga ndiko kuphatikizirapo.
Dziko
adaganiza zowononga Putumayo ndipo anthu ake amazunzidwa. Pambuyo pa kukhala
osaphatikizidwa kwa nthawi yayitali, potsiriza akuphatikizidwa koma ngati ozunzidwa ndi nkhondo.
Mayankho okhawo omwe amalandira pazosowa zawo zambiri ndi zankhondo, liti
chofunikira mwachangu ndi yankho lachitukuko. Ufulu wawo wonse ukuphwanyidwa: anthu,
ufulu wachibadwidwe, ndale, chikhalidwe, zachuma, chikhalidwe, ndi chilengedwe. Izi
imakhala chitsanzo cha momwe Plan Colombia idzagwiritsire ntchito pagulu lankhanza
kumene osauka ndi odzichepetsa amakhala anthu a m'dziko lawo.
Z
Cecilia Zarate-Laun ndi woyambitsa nawo komanso Mtsogoleri wa Pulogalamu ya Colombia Support
Network yokhala ndi likulu ku Madison, Wisconsin (www.colombia-support.net).