Gibson
Paulo Freire, pa
kwambiri Brazil "Vagabond wa Zoonekeratu" ndi
mphunzitsi wodziwika kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, adamwalira pa Meyi 2, 1997
ku São Paulo, Brazil. Anali ndi zaka 75.Freire anapitiliza
malingaliro aumunthu ndi Marxist kuti apange lingaliro lodziwika
maphunziro odziwa kulemba ndi kuwerenga kuti munthu athe kumasuka. Iye
adaganiza kuti agwiritse ntchito "woweruza-woweruza"
njira zoganizira ophunzira zingayambitse zovuta
chidziwitso, kuzindikira kufunikira kokhala nthawi zonse
kuvumbulutsa maonekedwe opangidwa kuti ateteze chisalungamo, ndi kukhala a
maziko ochitira zinthu mogwirizana ndi demokalase. Ku
Freire, palibe maphunziro amtundu uliwonse omwe angakhale osalowerera ndale. Onse pedagogy
ndi kuyitana kuchitapo kanthu. Pagulu la anthu okhudzidwa ndi kusalingana ndi
aulamuliro, iye anasankha mbali ya ambiri, ndipo anaulula
kugawanika kwa anthu amene ankadzinenera kukhala pamwamba pa zonsezo.Freire anakhala dziko
atamangidwa kwa kanthawi kochepa chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito njira zophunzitsira kuwerenga
opangidwa ndi midzi yachikatolika pakati pa anthu osauka.
Anathamangitsidwa ku Brazil kwawo ndi ulamuliro wankhanza womwe ukukula
mu 1964. Anathawira ku Chile kukagwira ntchito ndi demokalase
boma la Allende losankhidwa lomwe linagwa ndi CIA-yopangidwa
kulanda boma. Anakhala zaka 15 ali ku ukapolo, akugwira ntchito ku Harvard
ndi bungwe la World Council of Churches ku Geneva, likukonza
ndi kulemba mabuku a chilungamo cha anthu.Mu 1989, patapita nthawi
anabwerera ku Brazil monga mtsogoleri wa chikhalidwe cha demokalase
Workers Party, Freire adasankhidwa kukhala mlembi wa maphunziro ku Sao
Paulo, mzinda wa anthu 13 miliyoni. Anatumikira zaka ziwiri.Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za 1970,
Freire ndi Pedagogy ya Oponderezedwa
ndi Maphunziro a Kuzindikira Kwambiri
adasesa dziko lapansi. Mabuku, ndi ena pafupifupi khumi ndi awiri
anatsatira, ananena kuti maphunziro, ngakhale mosagwirizana
madera makamaka chida cha osankhika, nawonso a
chida cha demokalase chofanana. Freire analimbikitsa njira
kuzindikira zokumana nazo ndi ulemu wa ophunzira ndi awo
chikhalidwe, njira zomwe zimatsutsa malingaliro
zomwe zinali m'munsi mwa machitidwe awo a chikhalidwe cha anthu. Freire ndi
kuphunzitsa anagwirizanitsa maphunziro, kumvetsa kuti opanda msoko
njira yophunzirira imakhala yachilendo ndi njira zophunzitsira zomwe zimagawanika
izo mu zidutswa zopanda nzeru. Kuwerenga kwa malo a Freire
zinali zovuta kupanga mapu, osati kuloweza malire.Freire adadzudzula
"banki" njira maphunziro kuti kuona ophunzira monga
maakaunti opanda kanthu kuti adzazidwe ndi madipoziti a chidziwitso. Iye
adachita kalembedwe kakusintha, wophunzira kukhala a
phunziro pakupeza ndi kuyesa chidziwitso. Choonadi
adakhala kufufuza kwa kumvetsetsa kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu, osati a
chiphunzitso chotsimikiziridwa ndi ntchito zoyesa. Chilimbikitso chinachokera
ziwonetsero kuti maphunziro amagwirizana ndi mphamvu. Za ku
kuti agwire ntchito, mphunzitsi-mtsogoleri amayenera kukhala mozama
okhudzidwa ndi moyo watsiku ndi tsiku wa ophunzira.Ku Latin America, kwa
Mwachitsanzo, njira yodziwika bwino ya Freireian yofunsira mafunso
tsatirani njira ya (1) kuphunzira mosamala ophunzira’
zozungulira ndi moyo watsiku ndi tsiku, kutsatiridwa ndi (2) a
"codification session" ndi ophunzira kumene chofunika
Zinthu zamoyo zinajambulidwa ngati zithunzi. Kenako (3) ophunzira
tikulimbikitsidwa kuyang'ana zithunzizo osati zenizeni,
koma monga mavuto, poyamba monga mavuto aumwini, ndiyeno monga
mavuto onse pamodzi ndi zifukwa. Monga codification
kubweretsa kuthetsa mavuto, mawu ofunikira adalumikizidwa ndi
zojambula za ophunzira za dziko lapansi, ndi zenizeni
adayikidwanso ngati cholengedwa chamunthu. Pomaliza, (4) ophunzira anali
adapempha kuti agwiritse ntchito luso lawo lolemba lomwe angopeza kumene ngati njira yopangira
mapulani osintha. Makamaka, chithunzi cha wamba
nyumba ndi hacienda wochuluka akhoza kuphatikizidwa ndi chojambula
wa mlimi akulima ndi mthandizi akupumula. Chifukwa chiyani akupumula?
a hacienda pamene ife timatuluka thukuta ndi kukhala m’manyumba? Makamaka mu
m'mayiko omwe akutukuka kumene, Freire ankawoneka ngati mtsogoleri wa gulu
zomwe zimatha kulumikizana ndi kuwerenga, kuzindikira zamagulu, kusintha, ndi
chitukuko cha chuma cha dziko.Pali mavuto
ndi ntchito ya Freire. Iye anakhala, motsutsana ndi zionetsero zake, an
icon, yopembedzedwa ndi magawo osiyanasiyana a maphunziro
ndi mabungwe omenyera ufulu. Makampani ochepa osindikizira
chinachokera ku kuyamika mopanda chilema munthu wodzichepetsa amene moyo wake unali
kunali kudzudzula anthu.Koma Freire anayimba
yekha munthu wotsutsana. Ndale zake sizinali choncho
zomveka bwino. The Marxist Freire adalimbikitsa kusanthula kwa
ntchito ndi kupanga. Monga polojekiti yonse ya Socialist,
Freire sanathe kuthetsa kusagwirizana kwa anthu
kumasulidwa ndi chitukuko cha chuma cha dziko. Waumunthu
post-modern Freire anakana zapakati kalasi ndi kuganizira
pa kusokoneza chikhalidwe ndi chinenero. Muzochitika zonsezi, Freire
anayenera kudalira makhalidwe a mphunzitsi-mtsogoleri kuti akhale mkhalapakati
mikangano pakati pa aphunzitsi apakati komanso mozama
anadyera masuku pamutu. Kotero, ndi kuyesetsa pang'ono, ntchito zake zinali
nthawi yomweyo zoperekedwa ndi mabizinesi capitalist ngati
Con Edison, mayendedwe okhazikika a Marxist ku Guinea
Bissau ndi Grenada, ndi mapulogalamu a umphawi osintha umphawi mu
United States.Conservative mu ambiri
Njira, Freire adathandizira machitidwe okhazikika asukulu
ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mabuku ophunzirira pambuyo pa chisinthiko, omwe amalembedwa pafupipafupi
zikhulupiriro za chipani—ndi kupitirira kutsutsa. Pambuyo pake
mabuku ake adasinthidwa ndi zolemba zake zakunja
zokambirana pa kapu ya vinyo. Iye anakakamizika kutero
kupepesa kwa omenyera ufulu wachikazi ndi ena omwe amatsutsa
chinenero cha amuna cha mabuku ake oyambirira.Komabe,
Freire amayang'ana kwambiri gawo la malingaliro ndi utopian
masomphenya, zosowa za kulingalira za tsogolo labwino zisanathe
kukwaniritsidwa, ndi kufunikira kofunikira kwa utsogoleri mokwanira
mmodzi ndi anthu, anakulitsa machitidwe a kayendedwe kwa
kusintha kwa chikhalidwe. Kumvetsetsa kwake kwa kuyanjana kofanana kwa
gulu, mtundu, kugonana, ndi dziko monga zofunika pa nthawi imodzi
kuchitapo kanthu pozindikira kusintha zomwe zidachitika kale pazachikazi ndi
postmodernism. Njira zake zimatsegula njira yomwe ophunzira
fufuzani zonse zomwe angathe kuchita monga odzimasula okha, ndi
mbiri ya anthu omwe amasiya kukhala zida zawo
kuponderezedwa kwanu.Paulo Freire,
Pano.
Rich Gibson ndi
Coordinator wa International Social Studies Education ku
Wayne State University ku Detroit. Mawu ake "The
Promethean Literacy" amatsutsa ntchito ya Freire mu
chiphunzitso ndi machitidwe.