Im'dziko la ndale za ndale, zopanda pake sizifika pansi. Mnzake yekhayo ku zopanda pake zopanda pakezo, zikuwoneka, ndizoyiwala pamodzi zomwe zimalola kuti zopanda pake zibwerezedwe.
Mkangano wapurezidenti wa Disembala pa National Public Radio unali chitsanzo chabwino kwambiri. Steve Inskeep, m'modzi mwa oyang'anira mkangano, adabweretsa chipwirikiti cha anthu osamukira kudziko lina mu kampeni yapurezidenti mopusa kwambiri. Pambuyo pothana ndi zovuta zambiri zandale zakunja - Iran, China, mbiri yakuipiraipira kwa dzikolo kunja, ndi World Trade Organisation - Inskeep adakakamiza ofuna kusankhidwa kuti ayang'anenso kwawo: "Kodi mungayembekezere kuti anthu aku America atembenukire osaloledwa akakumana nawo? ?โ Adafunsa choncho Senator Obama.
Osakhutira ndi kuyankha kwa Obama kuti ayang'ana kwambiri "kutseka malire athu ndikuletsa mazana masauzande a anthu kuti atsanulire," Inskeep adalimbikira. "Ndiye kodi zikutanthauza kuti anthu aku America sayenera kulowa m'malo osaloledwa?"
Obama adabwerezanso njira yake yachitetezo kumalire, Senator Dodd adati tiyike milandu yolemba ntchito anthu osavomerezeka, ndipo Senator Clinton adaphatikiza njira za aliyense polimbikitsa kuti "tiwononge olemba anzawo ntchito" ndikukhazikitsa "chitetezo cholimba kumalire ndi dongosolo lodziwa yemwe ali pano ndi zomwe ali nazo. 'zikuchita." Woimira yekhayo Dennis Kucinich ananyalanyaza kutsindika kwa osankhidwa ena pa chitetezo, m'malo mwake akunena kuti tiyenera kudalira zitsimikiziro za Constitution ya ndondomeko yoyenera ndi chitetezo chofanana kuti tipewe kukhala maso.
Kumvera izi kuyenera kuti kudapangitsa Congressperson Tom Tancredo (R-CO) kulumpha ndi chisangalalo podziwa kuti walowetsa nkhani yake yolimbana ndi anthu osamukira kumayiko ena kukhala nkhani zazikulu zandale. Ndi mpikisano wa Democratic mpaka anthu awiri, Clinton akuwoneka wokonzeka kutsimikizira kuti ndi wankhanza kuposa Obama. Poyimitsa kampeni ku South Carolina Clinton ananena mosapita m'mbali kuti, "Aliyense amene wachita zachiwembu mdziko muno kapena m'dziko lomwe adachokera ayenera kuthamangitsidwa nthawi yomweyo, popanda lamulo. Nthawi yomweyo apita,โ adatero New York Dzuwa Adalankhula mawu a senator.
Kukambitsirana kwaposachedwa kuli kumanja kotero kuti scapegoating ikuyendetsa mkangano. M'nkhaniyi, kusintha kwabwino kwa anthu olowa m'dzikolo sikuli bwino. Zaka ziwiri zapitazi zotsutsana ndi anthu othawa kwawo zikupereka umboni wochuluka wosonyeza kuti aphungu ochokera ku City Halls kupita ku Congress alibe chidwi chofuna kusintha anthu. Sitinawonebe mkhalidwe wandale wosonkhezeredwa ndi mamiliyoni a anthu osamukira kudziko lina ndi ogwirizana nawo omwe anadzaza misewu chaka chatha ndi kuitana kuti akhululukidwe. Popanda kusintha kwakukulu kwa ndale kusiyana ndi nkhanza zachilendo zomwe zimabisala ngati kuwongolera chitetezo kumalire, kukonzanso anthu olowa m'malire mwachikhululukiro sikungofuna chabe.
Kusasunthika kwa Congress pakusintha kwathunthu sikuli chifukwa choti omenyera ufulu wa anthu othawa kwawo apumule kapena kuti ma Democrat asachite kalikonse. M'malo mwake, malamulo okhudza anthu olowa ndi anthu otuluka amasemphana ndi mfundo zokhazikitsidwa ndi malamulo oyendetsera dziko lino, chilungamo chenicheni, komanso kulingalira bwino kotero kuti pali zambiri zoti zitheke kukonzanso kwathunthu.
Malamulo ambiri omwe amawononga kwambiri anthu osamukira kumayiko ena akhazikitsidwa zaka 20 zapitazi panthawi ya chipwirikiti chotsutsana ndi olowa. Kusintha malamulowa kungathe kuchitidwa mofanana kwambiriโlimodzi ndi limodzi. Nawa otsutsana anayi pagulu loyipa kwambiri:
1. ZINTHU ZOKHUDZA. Mu 1988, pamene Reagan-Bush Woyamba, Congress inakhazikitsa kusintha kwakukulu kwa Immigration and Nationality Act (INA), lamulo lalikulu la anthu olowa m'dzikolo. Zina mwa zosinthazi zinali kukhazikitsidwa kwa lingaliro lazamalamulo losiyana ndi lamulo la anthu olowa m'dzikoloโupandu wokulirakulira, gulu la milandu ina yomwe inkachititsa kuti womangidwayo akhale wothamangitsidwa. Panthaลตiyo, milandu itatu yokha inali mโgulu la milandu yoipitsitsaโkupha, kuzembetsa zida zankhondo, ndi kuzembetsa mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Okhala ovomerezeka okhazikika (ie, okhala ndi makhadi obiriwira) ndi anthu osavomerezeka omwe adapezeka ndi mlandu woipitsitsa adathamangitsidwa.
Masiku ano, gulu lowonjezereka la milandu lasintha kukhala mutu wovuta wazamalamulo womwe ngakhale maloya olowa ndi anthu osamukira kumayiko ena amavutika kuti athetse. Kuchokera pamilandu itatu yoyambirira yakula kufika mโtigawo tingโonotingโono 21 zophatikizapo maupandu ambiri amene anthu ochepa angawaone ngati oipitsitsa kapena oipaโmwachitsanzo, kuzemba msonkho, chinyengo, ndi kulandira katundu wakuba.
Congress ikhoza kuthana ndi gulu lamilandu lomwe likukulirakulira masiku ano. Njira yanthawi yomweyo ndiponso yofunika kwambiri ingakhale kubwezera maganizo oipitsitsawo kukhala mmene analili poyambaโkupha, kuzembetsa zida, ndi kuzembetsa mankhwala osokoneza bongo.
2. KUGWIRITSA NTCHITO KUGWIRITSA NTCHITO MALAMULO OYAMBA NTCHITO. Muzochitika zomwe zidakulitsa kwambiri chilango cha gulu loipitsitsa, Congress idaganiza kuti kuthamangitsidwa chifukwa chopezeka ndi mlandu woipitsitsa kutha kugwira ntchito mobwerezabwereza. Ndiko kuti, munthu akhoza kuthamangitsidwa pansi pa chigamulo choipitsitsa ngakhale ngati cholakwacho chinachitika mchitidwewo usanatchulidwe kuti ndi wolakwa kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, September 1996 asanafike, munthu amene anaimbidwa mlandu wozemba msonkho ankathamangitsidwa mโdzikolo pokhapokha ngati ndalama zimene boma linataya zinali zopitirira madola 200,000. Chifukwa chake, munthu wopezeka ndi mlandu wopereka misonkho yolakwika ya $15,000 sanachotsedwe mu 1995. Pa Seputembara 30, 1996 Congress idachepetsa malire achuma kukhala $10,000.
Panalibe kulakwa kwatsopano, kuzengedwa mlandu, kapena kuweruzidwa kuti ndi wolakwa. Panalibe ndondomeko ya apilo kapena kuganiziridwa kwa zinthu zambiri zomwe maloya ndi oimbidwa mlandu amawunika posankha momwe angayankhire. Akadadziwa kuti kuthamangitsidwa kunali kotheka, ambiri omwe akuimbidwa mlandu akadakhala kuti adazengedwa mlandu kapena kukambilana mapangano osiyanasiyana.
Kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo mobwerezabwereza sikudziwika m'malamulo athu. Malamulo oyendetsera dziko lino amaletsa malamulo akale m'magawo awiri a Gawo 1 okhudza maboma ndi maboma.
Lamulo loona za anthu olowa ndi anthu otuluka, komabe, siligwirizana ndi malamulo oyendetsera dziko lino omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi makhothi a boma ndi aboma. Malamulo a Ex post facto ndi ovomerezeka pa nkhani ya anthu olowa ndi anthu otuluka chifukwa pali milingo iwiri ya malamulo olowa ndi mtundu wina uliwonse wa malamulo. Mโkhoti Lalikulu mu 2003, Rehnquist anafotokoza kuti: โKhoti limeneli lavomereza molimba mtima ndiponso mobwerezabwereza mfundo yakuti boma la Congress likhazikitse malamulo okhudza alendo amene sangavomerezedwe kwa nzika zake.โ Chiphunzitso champhamvu champhamvu, monga momwe mbiri yazamalamulo iyi imadziwika, imapatsa Congress mphamvu zopanda malire pankhani yothamangitsidwa.
3. APOLISI A M'DZIKO LAPANSI MALAMULO A ANTHU OCHOKERA M'dziko lina. Mu 1996 a Republican-controlled Congress pamodzi ndi pulezidenti wa Democratic kuti apereke lamulo la Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act (IIRAIRA), kusintha kwa INA komwe kumakhudza kwambiri ndale zamasiku ano zotsutsana ndi anthu othawa kwawo. Pakati pa kusintha kwa malamulo okhudza anthu olowa ndi kutuluka, IIRAIRA inali ndi mfundo zitatu zomwe zinapatsa mabungwe apolisi aboma ndi am'deralo mphamvu zogwira ntchito zina zolowa. Ndime imodzi imalola a Attorney General kuti achite mapangano ndi mabungwe aboma ndi aboma kuti alole apolisi a m'boma ndi am'deralo kuphunzitsidwa ndi akuluakulu a boma olowa ndi kulowa m'boma kuti afufuze, kugwira, ndi kumanga anthu omwe akuwaganizira kuti akuthamangitsidwa. Mfundo yachiwiri imapatsa Attorney General mphamvu zochotsa zofunikira zophunzitsira zomwe zimaperekedwa koyamba ngati "kuchuluka kwa anthu obwera" kumafuna kuyankha mwachangu. Gawo lomaliza mwa ziganizo zitatu zoletsa likuti kusabisa zidziwitso za kusamuka kwa munthu kuchokera ku Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE-panthawiyo, INS).
Mkhalidwe wazamalamulo udafika poipa kwambiri kwa osamukira kumayiko ena mu 2002 pomwe John Ashcroft, yemwe panthawiyo anali Attorney General, adapereka lingaliro lovomerezeka mwalamulo kuti, m'matanthauzidwe ake, akuluakulu azamalamulo m'boma ndi am'deralo ali ndi mphamvu zomanga aliyense amene akuwona kuti ndi wothamangitsidwa. M'miyezi yaposachedwa akuluakulu a mzinda wa Danbury, Connecticut kupita ku Waukegan, Illinois adalira zinthu zomwe zinali zosadziลตika kale kuti asinthe apolisi awo a mumzinda kukhala ofanana ndi antchito a nthawi yochepa a Border Patrol.
Bungwe la Waukegan City Council chilimwe chatha lidavomera kuti apolisi a ICE aziphunzitsa apolisi kuti ayambitse kuthamangitsidwa. Malinga ndi New York Times, pangano la mzindawo ndi ICE likungothamangitsa opezeka olakwa. Komabe, anthu obwera mumzindawu akuchita mantha. Osamukira kumayiko ena akuzengereza kunena zaumbanda ndipo anthu ena, kuphatikiza nzika zomwe zili ndi achibale omwe alibe zikalata, achoka mumzindawu kuti asadziwike ku Chicago.
4. Mpanda WA M'malire. Zaka ziwiri zapitazo Congress idavomereza kumanga mpanda pamtunda wamakilomita 700 kumalire akumwera. Anthu aku Republican adalandira thandizo lalikulu kuchokera kwa a Democrats, kuphatikiza Clinton ndi Obama, kuti agwiritse ntchito $ 1.2 biliyoni kuti alipire mpanda. Mapulani apano operekedwa ndi dipatimenti yoona za chitetezo cham'dziko (DHS) amayika mpanda - kusakanikirana kovutirapo kwa masensa amagetsi ndi zotchinga zakuthupi - kudzera m'malo omwe anthu ali ndi anthu komanso payekha. Ku South Texas, komwe kutsutsa mpanda kwakhala komveka kwambiri, osachepera yunivesite imodzi yakomweko, maboma angapo amizinda ndi maboma, komanso eni malo osaneneka akulephera kupeza zonse kapena magawo a malo awo.
Mu Januwale DHS idayamba kutumiza makalata kwa eni malo omwe ali m'mphepete mwa Rรญo Grande kulengeza cholinga cha bungweli kuti alowe m'malo achinsinsi kuti awone malo omwe adamangidwa mpanda. Eni malo amene ankayembekezera kuti ofufuza malo a boma posachedwapa anathetsedwa ziyembekezo zawo zinathetsedwa ndi woweruza wa boma ku Texas amene anagamula kuti boma lingaloลตe mโmalo aumwini mosasamala kanthu za chitsutso cha eni ake.
Zotsatira za chikhalidwe cha anthu za kumangidwa kwa mpanda zingakhale zoopsa. Monga momwe zimachitikira Border Patrol ikakulitsa kukhala tcheru, anthu osalembedwa amakankhidwa kuti alowe mdzikolo kudzera m'madera akutali kwambiri komanso akupha. Palibe wothirira ndemanga wamkulu yemwe amakhulupirira kuti mipanda imaletsa kusamuka.
Ngakhale kuchulukirachulukira kwa zigawenga, kubwerezabwereza, ndi kukakamiza kwanuko zonse zimafuna kuti Congress isinthe mfundo zomwe zakhala zikuchitika kwa zaka zambiri, nthawi zina zaka makumi angapo, mpanda womwe waperekedwawo sunamangidwebe.
Ngati Congress idula ndalama nthawi yomweyo, sizidzamangidwanso. Anthu okhala m'malire, makamaka ku South Texas, akukana mpanda momveka bwino - kapena, monga momwe amafotokozera kwanuko, khoma - koma amafunikira thandizo.
ANgati oyimira pulezidenti amafufuza mavoti ndi ndalama, ICE imathamangira m'nyumba ndi kuntchito kufunafuna aliyense amene angachotsedwe. Julie Myers, mlembi wothandizira wachitetezo cha dziko lomwe amayendetsa ICE, posachedwapa adauza a New York Times kuti bungweli likukonzekera kuthamangitsa anthu opitilira 200,000 chaka chino. Kwatsala chaka chimodzi kuti pulezidenti watsopano atengere White House, chiyembekezo chilichonse choti kayendetsedwe katsopano kangabweretse malingaliro osiyanasiyana osamukira kumayiko ena afika mochedwa kwambiri kwa anthu masauzande ambiri. Ngakhale zili choncho, palibe mwa omwe adatsutsana nawo a demokalase omwe adawonetsa kuti asintha mfundo za kayendetsedwe ka Bush - komanso zaka 20 zapitazi za malamulo osamukira kumayiko ena.
Ndi purezidenti wosakondedwa m'miyezi yake yomaliza paudindo, Congress ikhoza kuchitapo kanthu. Kaya zitero ndi nkhani ya chifuniro cha ndale. Koma ngati ma Democrat sakakamizidwa kuti athandize olowa m'dziko lino, sikuti kungosintha kokhako kungakhale kukonzanso malamulo olowa m'dzikolo. Pali zambiri zoti zichitike ndipo anthu masauzande ambiri adzapindula ndi kusintha kosiyanasiyana.
Z
Cรฉsar Cuauhtรฉmoc Garcรญa Hernรกndez ndi loya.