T
he
New York Organic Fertilizer Company (NYOFC) imawoneka ngati pulasitiki
Chidole cha Fisher Price-chokongola komanso chojambula chokhala ndi buluu, chonyezimira
mbali ya aluminiyamu, ndi chifuko chofiyira ndi choyera chamizeremizere. Ngati sikunali
chifukwa chakununkha kwa ndowe zootcha, NYOFCO ingadutsenso ina
fakitale ku South Bronx kupanga magawo mafakitale. Ndi
fungo limene limasiyanitsa.
"The
zinthu zomwe zili ndi fungo lopangidwa ndi zinthu zachilengedwe zowola,”
Peter Scorzielli, woyang'anira malo a NYOFCO, akutero ku kampaniyo
chipinda chamisonkhano chokhala ndi mpweya wabwino. "Ndi mtundu womwewo wa
fungo ngati masamba owola. Sizikudziwika ngati zinthu zoopsa. ”
The
Zinthu zomwe NYOFCO imachita ndi zimbudzi zosinthidwa zotchedwa "sludge."
Magalimoto a NYOFCO ali m'matope ochokera kumalo osungira madzi oyipa, akusweka
onjezerani, ndikuziphika m'matumba ang'onoang'ono a feteleza omwe kenako amagulitsa
kwa alimi alalanje ndi soya ku Florida ndi Midwest. New York
City imalipira NYOFCO ndi kampani yake yamakolo-Synagro, ku Houston
kampani yosamalira zinyalala—$135.01 pa tani iliyonse yonyowa ya zinyalala
amanyamula. Kenako NYOFCO imatembenuza phindu pa kilogalamu iliyonse ya ma pellets
amagulitsa kwa alimi. Mzindawu udayamba kukonzanso matope mu 1992 pambuyo pake
inaletsa mtundu wake wakale wa kutaya zinyalala, kutaya m’nyanja.
"The
zinthu zomwe timachita ndi zotsutsana,” akutero Scorzielli.
"Koma timapereka ntchito zovomerezeka ku mzindawu. Timabwezeretsanso zinyalala.”
South
Magulu azachilengedwe a Bronx amawona kununkhira kwa NYOFCO kukhala kowopsa.
Jaime Rivera anati: “Ngati zikununkha, pali vuto.
wokonza bungwe la South Bronx Clean Air Coalition.
The
mgwirizano, pamodzi ndi mabungwe ena atatu omenyera ufulu - Sustainable
South Bronx, Amayi Akuyenda, ndi The Point-itanani NYOFCO
chachikulu choipitsa anthu. Anthu amadzudzula kampaniyo
kununkha komanso kutulutsa utsi wamavuto osawerengeka azaumoyo
monga nseru, mutu, maso okwiya, ndi mphumu, zomwe zimakhudza
kuwirikiza kawiri anthu okhala ku Hunts Point kuposa anthu a m'madera ena,
malinga ndi ziwerengero za dipatimenti ya zaumoyo mumzinda.
A
dokotala wa pachipatala chapafupi cha Lincoln Hospital cha mphumu adati
kuti palibe kafukufuku wachindunji, woyeserera wolumikizana ndi NYOFCO ndi oyandikana nawo
kuchuluka kwa mphumu, makamaka popeza Hunts Point yadzaza
zoipitsa zina monga malo otumizira zinyalala, malo opangira magetsi,
ndi utsi wa dizilo wochokera m’magalimoto. "South Bronx ndiye mpando
wa mphumu m’dziko,” akutero Dr. S.K. Venkapram. “Ndi
zovuta kufotokoza chifukwa chimodzi."
Nzika
kumva zotsatira za thanzi la NYOFCO mowoneka bwino. “Mimba yanga
amang’ambika ndikamva fungo,” akutero Silkia Martinez, yemwe amakhala
pafupifupi mailosi awiri kuchokera ku mbewu. "Kununkhira ndi chinthu chomwe
sichikulolani kuti musinthe tsiku lanu. Ndikamva kununkhiza, ndimabwerera
pamwamba pa nyumba yanga."
chomera
otsogolera, odziwa bwino madandaulo a anthu ammudzi, amamvera chisoni,
koma akuwonetsa kuti NYOFCO imagwirizana ndi chilengedwe chamzindawu
miyezo. "Miyezo yathu yamtundu wa mpweya imakhazikitsidwa ndi a
boma ndipo tikuyenera kutsatira, "akutero Scorzielli.
"Mulingo umaganizira momwe mpweya umakhudzira malo ozungulira
chilengedwe.”
Zithunzi za NYOFCO
Zokhudza chilengedwe chake zimayendetsedwa ndi dipatimenti
ya Environmental Conservation (DEC) ndi Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA), yomwe imayang'anira zilolezo zoyendetsera zinyalala,
mpweya wabwino, kapangidwe ka matope, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito nthaka.
NYOFCO
panopa ikugwira ntchito pansi pa Mutu V wa Clean Air Act, yomwe imafuna
kuti idziyang'anira yokha ndikupereka zotsatira za mayeso a smokestack kwa
komiti ya mizinda ndi anthu ammudzi zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi zilizonse. Kampaniyo
alinso ndi udindo wofufuza zinthu zapoizoni zomwe zimapezeka nthawi zambiri
m'matope am'tawuni, kuphatikiza zitsulo, mankhwala, mabakiteriya, ma virus,
ndi tiziromboti.
ngakhale
NYOFCO yaphwanya miyezo ya chilengedwe, posachedwa mu Seputembala
pamene imodzi mwa utsi wake unaphulika, Dipatimenti ya Zachilengedwe
Conservation idapereka chilolezo chatsopano, chazaka 16 kumapeto kwa 2001.
Beth
Petrillo, wasayansi wa EPA mu dipatimenti ya biosolids, amatcha NYOFCO's
Ubwino wa mpweya ndi malamulo a matope "okhwima" ndipo akuti
pali "ziro tizilombo toyambitsa matenda" mumatope. "DEC ikubwera
pambuyo pa aliyense, "adatero Petrillo. "Ndikuganiza za NYOFCO
kuchita zonse zomwe angathe.”
koma
wasayansi wina, Ellen Harrison wa Cornell Waste Management
Institute, amatsutsa. M'mapepala ofufuza zamaphunziro, Harrison watero
adafotokoza zomwe zikuchulukirachulukira zazaumoyo wa anthu zokhudzana ndi matope ndi
ntchito yake ya nthaka. "Sludge ili ndi mitundu yambiri ya organic
ndi mankhwala achilengedwe,” akutero Harrison pafoni. "Apo
ndife angapo omwe timakhulupirira kuti malamulo apano samawongolera
akwana iwo.”
In
pepala lina, Harrison amalimbikitsa kuti boma lisinthe
a Clean Air Act ndikuyamba kufufuza zingapo za
nthawi zambiri zosadziwika bwino za matope, zoopsa zake paumoyo wa anthu,
kudalira kwa EPA pa kafukufuku wakale, komanso kusowa kwa ndalama
kwa apolisi.
ngakhale
asayansi amadziwa kuti kufunika kumvetsa zikuchokera
sludge ndi yachangu kwa okhala ku Hunts Point kuposa ya federal
mabungwe. "Ndikadaganizira za momwe mbewuyo imakhudzira
ali ndi anansi,” akutero Harrison. "Zinthu zomwe zimachitika
kwa oyandikana nawo: zovuta zamagalimoto, NYOFCO, fungo lake ndi
zoopsa zamoto ndi mpweya. "
T
he
nkhani ya NYOFCO ndi Hunts Point ndi yakale, yotsitsimutsidwa posachedwa
ndi zionetsero zingapo za anthu oyandikana nawo. Pamsonkhano wina kugwa kunja
ofesi yachigawo ya dipatimenti yosamalira zachilengedwe,
ana asukulu, okhalamo, ndi wolemba ndakatulo wapafupi anaimba kuti, “Ayi
mphumu yowonjezereka, sikudzakhalanso mphumu.” Munthu mmodzi anavala chovala chakuda
ndi chigoba choyera cha maché skeleton mask ndikunyamula chokulirapo
mphumu inhaler ngati ndodo ya mfumu. Munthu wina anavala a
chigoba cha gasi chotentha cha pinki pomwe oyandikana nawo khumi adapereka maumboni okhudza
matenda awo.
Pambuyo pake,
ochita zionetsero ochepa adalowa mnyumbamo, gulu la motley la amayi
ndi makanda, ana asukulu Achikatolika ovala yunifolomu, ndi anthu ammudzi
okonza mu "Green the Ghetto"
T-s
ma hirts.
Pofuna kuwona a Thomas Kunkel, director of the DEC, adakhala mkati
malo ofikira ku ofesi yake, pakati pa ma ferns ndi alonda, mpaka
Kunkel adakumana nawo kwa mphindi 15 ndipo adalonjeza kuti awunikanso
madandaulo.
About
zionetserozo, a Frank Morero, membala wa board ya mderalo,
akuti, “Iwo akudwala ndi kutopa ndi kudwala ndi kutopa.”
Part
za mkangano wa NYOFCO uli pamalo ake komanso kuchuluka kwa
zinyalala zake: 60 peresenti ya zinyalala zonse za mzindawo.
"NYOFCO
ikuwotcha zinyalala zambiri za mzindawo,” akutero mmodzi
wokhala, Martinez. Ayenera kudula ndi theka kapena kuposa.
Boma lililonse liziwotcha lokha.”
Rivera
imaganizira malo a NYOFCO ndi kuchuluka kwa matope omwe amayendetsa
gawo la "khalidwe losankhana mwachilengedwe" pakupeza ndalama zochepa,
anthu ochepa. “Mbali ina ya chilungamo cha chilengedwe ndi chilungamo
kugawana zinthu, "adatero. "Zomwe ndikupeza,
ena onse ayenera kukhala nawo. "
Rivera
zikusonyeza kuti dera lililonse limachita ndi zinyalala zake, koma ndi choncho
zovuta kuwona NYOFCO mdera lililonse, pazifukwa
za malo akuthupi ndi zokometsera zapafupi. Ngakhale NYOFCO idatero
kutseka, matope akanayenera kupita kwinakwake. Chokhacho
Njira ina, malinga ndi Petrillo, ingakhale kutumiza matope
panjanji kupita kumalo otayirako zinyalala ku Arizona.
"The
Nkhani ya danga ndi udindo ndiyovuta,” anatero David
Rosner, pulofesa wa sayansi ya chikhalidwe cha anthu pa yunivesite ya Columbia
Mailman School of Public Health. “Kodi timataya kwa osauka, akumidzi
m’madera osati akumidzi?”
yatsopano
Woimira Congress ku York Serrano anayesa kuthana ndi funsoli lokhudza chilengedwe
kusankhana mitundu mu 1999 pomwe adayamba kufufuza ku South Bronx.
Ngakhale kuti sichinapange chilichonse cholimba kapena kutsogolera kutseka
ya NYOFCO, njira ya Serrano-yodziwika ndi chilengedwe
kusankhana mitundu ngati kuphwanya ufulu wa anthu osati thanzi kapena kuipitsa
vuto—likuwonetseratu tsogolo la mikangano imeneyi.
"Ife
ali mu nthawi yeniyeni ya kusintha, "akutero Rosner. "Apo
ndi gawo latsopano la mkangano wokhudzana ndi tsankho lachilengedwe komanso
kulephera kwa sayansi kuyankha mafunso okhudza ngozi zathanzi. ”
In
1968, EPA idaperekanso chigamulo chomwe chinatsimikizira kuti chilengedwe
chilungamo chinali chifukwa chokwanira cha EPA kukana zilolezo zamakampani
kumanga zomera zomwe zingathe kuwononga chilengedwe. “Izi zinali choncho
mphindi yayikulu mu EPA," Rosner akutero. “Iwo sanatero
anagwiritsa ntchito makonzedwe amenewo, koma ndi ofunika mwanzeru chifukwa
ndi mbali ya mkangano.”
Mosasamala
za zotsatira za ufulu wachibadwidwe ndi zionetsero zoyandikana nawo, NYOFCO
akupitiriza kugwira ntchito. Mkati mwa zomera umapereka zabwino kwambiri
yang'anani m'tsogolo.
The
Njira yosinthira matope kukhala ma pellets a feteleza imafuna a
zovuta zama engineering equation. Dothi lakuda la mzindawo
zotayira madzi zinyalala amayenda pa malamba conveyor mu mndandanda
wa churning heaters momwe kutentha kwambiri kumapha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi
sinthani kusasinthasintha kwa matope kukhala dothi louma, ngati keke. The
ma pellets, osungidwa m'modzi mwa ma silo angapo, amatumizidwa kumunda wawo
kopita ndi njanji. Zonsezi zimachitika pakangodutsa ola limodzi,
ndi NYOFCO kukonza matani 130 owuma amatope tsiku lililonse.
"The
kutseka kwa NYOFCO kungakhale kovuta kwambiri, "adatero boma
manejala wa board ya m'deralo, John Roberts. Ngati mzinda
imatseka NYOFCO popanda njira ina, mzindawu ungakumane nawo
chindapusa cha $ 1 miliyoni patsiku, atero a Roberts, kutengera zomwe mzindawu walamula
kuletsa njira zina zotayira zinyalala. “Ndiye ngati mzinda watero
zomwe zawayandikira, ali ngati NYOFCO. "
Liti
kununkhiza kumakhala kochulukira, okhalamo angatchule Dipatimenti ya
Environmental Conservation kapena NYOFCO kudandaula. NYOFCO yapanga
"Fomu yodandaula ndi fungo" kuti athetse mafoni anayi kapena asanu
chipinda chowongolera chimalandira mwezi uliwonse. “Kodi kununkhizako kumanunkha
monga china mwa zinthu zotsatirazi?” mawonekedwe amawerengedwa. “Zowola
mazira, mafunde otsika, nthaka yonyowa, zinyalala, mphira wowotchedwa, ammonia, utoto
woonda, petulo.” Woyimbayo akangotchula mtundu wa fungo,
NYOFCO imatumiza "katswiri wa fungo" kuti akafufuze.
koma
popeza NYOFCO yakhala vuto lazaka khumi kwa anansi ake, cal
kukankhira katswiri wa fungo kuti apereke lipoti kumawoneka ngati kopanda pake. “Iwo
alembe ntchito oyang'anira awo," akutero Martinez. “Ndalama zimagula
chilichonse."
Mosasamala
za zomwe zimapanga matope komanso kuchuluka kwake komwe kumadutsa ku Hunts
Mfundo, fungo lochokera ku NYOFCO likutsalira. Amalowa m'masweti, masokosi,
ndi mathalauza. Patapita maola angapo, aliyense amene wapitako kudzala akali fungo
monga phala yowotchedwa, mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, kapena ndowe za anthu. Ndi chikumbutso
kwa mlendo aliyense.
Nancy Cook ndi
wolemba pawokha wokhala ku New York, yemwe amagwira ntchito m'matauni ndi
nkhani za chikhalidwe. Amalembera t
he
Stamford
Wolimbikitsa
, t
he
New York Dzuwa
,
ndi
Artnews
.