Palibe kukayika kuti pali mliri wa khansa ku US Cancer ikukula mwachangu pa matenda amtima monga chomwe chimayambitsa imfa. Khansara ndi vuto lalikulu la thanzi la anthu padziko lonse lapansi. Malinga ndi lipoti la World Cancer Report la 2014 loperekedwa ndi World Health Organization (WHO), khansa ikukula "mwachangu kwambiri" padziko lonse lapansi. Ziwerengero zomwe zanenedwa ku US ndi zokayikitsa, "Chifukwa palibe kaundula wa khansa m'dziko lonselo, palibe njira yodziwira kuti ndi anthu angati omwe amadwala khansa ku United States chaka chilichonse." National Cancer Institute inanena mu 1996 kuti chiลตerengero cha kansa mwa ana chinawonjezeka ndi 10 peresenti pakati pa 1973 ndi 1991. New York Times Nkhani ya patsamba loyamba ya January 8, 2003 inanena kuti chiwerengero cha odwala khansa mwa ana chinawonjezeka ndi 20 peresenti mโzaka 20 zapitazo, ndipo kwa makanda osakwana chaka chimodzi anawonjezeka ndi 36 peresenti. Bungwe la International Agency for Research on Cancer posachedwapa linatulutsa lipoti la World Cancer Report la 2014. Lipotilo linanena kuti chiwerengero cha khansa padziko lonse chikuyembekezeka kukwera ndi 70 peresenti m'zaka 2 zikubwerazi. Pazaka makumi awiri zapitazi ofalitsa nkhani akhala akudzaza ndi nkhani zokhudza chibadwa cha khansa. Moti anthu ambiri tsopano amakhulupirira kuti matenda a shuga, khansa ndi kunenepa kwambiri nthawi zambiri ndi "matenda achibadwa." Nkhani zabodza zoterozo kwenikweni zikuimba mlandu wozunzidwayo. Komabe anthu ambiri sanganene kuti chimfine, chibayo, kapena ebola ndi matenda obadwa nawo. Pali kumvetsetsa kwanthawi zonse kuti othandizira akunja amatha kupitilira chitetezo chamkati mwachilengedwe. Sikuti tonsefe tidzadwala kapena kufa ndi mliri. Gawo lalikulu la "Cancer imayambitsa chiyani?" zofalitsa zofalitsa nkhani ndi zabodza kuti kwenikweni ndi chibadwa, osati chilengedwe. Kupotoza koopsa kumeneku kwa miliri yaposachedwapa monga khansa ndi kunenepa kwambiri, kwalongosoledwa mโnkhani yakuti โObesity Prevention Source, Genes Are Not Destiny, Harvard Public Health:โ
โKusintha kwa majini sikungafotokoze kufalikira kwa kunenepa kwambiri [kapena khansa, ndemanga yanga] padziko lonse lapansi. Ndi chifukwa chakuti jini la majini limakhalabe lokhazikika kwa mibadwo yambiriโฆ. Ndiye ngati chibadwa chathu sichinasinthe, nchiyani chasintha mโzaka 40 zapitazi pamene kunenepa kumawonjezeka? Malo athu.โ Center for Disease Control (CDC) imatsimikiziranso kukula kwa chilengedwe monga chomwe chimayambitsa matenda patsamba lake: "Zowonadi, matenda ena osowa ... atha kukhala chifukwa cha kusowa kwa jini imodzi, koma matendawa akuyimira kwambiri. gawo laling'ono la matenda onse a anthu. Matenda ofala, monga matenda a shuga kapena khansa, amayamba chifukwa cha kusagwirizana kwa majini ndi chilengedwe.โ Mkhalidwe wa CDC udatsimikiziridwa momveka bwino ndi kafukufuku wamkulu wa mapasa 53,666 ofanana, omwe adasindikizidwa mu The Journal of Translational Medicine, omwe adatsimikiza kuti kuthekera kwa genome kulosera matenda "sikudziwitsa zambiri." Kuyambira Nkhondo Yadziko 11, chilengedwe chathu chaipitsidwa kwambiri ndi poizoni. M'buku Ndale za Khansa Zasinthidwanso, ndi Samuels Epstein, MD, 1998, Epstein akunena kuti kupanga mankhwala opangidwa ndi organic organic skyrocketed kuyambira 1940, ndi zinthu zochokera ku petroleum ndi gasi wachilengedwe cha m'ma 1945. Plasticizers ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo adayambitsidwa kuyambira 1945 mpaka 1955. CDC135 imalemba pa webusaiti yake 80,000. zinthu zomwe zimaganiziridwa kuti "zingakhale zoyambitsa khansa zapantchito." Ochepa kwambiri mwa mankhwala XNUMX omwe akugwiritsidwa ntchito masiku ano adayesedwapo ngati ali otetezeka.
Malinga ndi Scientific American (July 2014): "The Toxic Substances Control Act, yomwe yasinthidwa komaliza mu 1976 imalola makampani kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala atsopano popanda kusonyeza poyamba kuti ali otetezeka. M'malo mwake imayika mtolo wa umboni pa EPA. Komabe mwa mankhwala opitilira 50,000 omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamalonda, EPA yayesa 300 okha. โ
Dziko ladzala ndi mankhwala oopsa. Mankhwala a mafakitale ndi aulimi akhala akuipitsa madzi apansi pansi omwe akutumikira mamiliyoni ku California kwa zaka zosachepera 50. Mamiliyoni a mankhwala ophera tizilombo oyambitsa khansa atsanuliridwa kumalo aulimi ku US komanso padziko lonse lapansi ndikuyipitsa chakudya chapakhomo komanso chochokera kunja.
Ku US, Allied Signal Company inapanga mankhwala ophera tizilombo a Kepone, okhudzana ndi DDT, ndipo adataya mu James River Estuary kwa zaka za m'ma 1960 ndi 1970. Mtsinje wa James unatsekedwa kwa zaka 13. Zogulitsazo zidaletsedwa padziko lonse lapansi mu 1990, koma eni ake a nthochi adapempha kuti agwiritse ntchito kwa zaka zitatu. Kepone ikhoza kukhalapo kwa zaka mazana ambiri. Mu 3, chilumba cha Guadalupe chinaletsa kulima mbewu chifukwa cha kuipitsidwa kosalekeza kwa kepone. Guadalupe ndi amodzi mwa anthu omwe ali ndi khansa ya prostate yapamwamba kwambiri padziko lapansi. Posachedwapa, a Duke Energy Company anapezeka ndi mlandu wotaya phulusa lamoto lamoto mumtsinje wa Day River. Kutaya kwapoizoni tsiku ndi tsiku, kapena kutchedwa โngoziโ zapanthawi zonse ku US, European Union, ndi Japan, sikunachepeko kwenikweni pazaka 2003 zapitazi. Poizoni ambiri akhala akudziwika kuti amayambitsa khansa. Kulumikizana pakati pa zowononga zachilengedwe ndikukula kwa khansa kunayamba mu 40, pomwe Percival Pott adafalitsa kafukufuku wokhudza kusesa kwa chimney cha Chingerezi komwe kudayambitsa khansa ya pachimake chifukwa cha mwaye ndi phula lamakala. Zina mwazinthu zomwe zimadziwika kuti zimayambitsa khansa ndi: arsenic, asbestos, benzene, formaldehyde, ionizing radiation, soot, radon, utoto watsitsi, mankhwala osagwiritsa ntchito arsenical ndi ma polychlorinated biphenyls.
Kafukufuku wa 2006 pa omwe adapulumuka bomba la Atomiki la Hiroshima ndi Nagasaki pazaka 55-58 pambuyo pakuwonetsa ma radiation adawonetsa kuyankha kwamtundu wa radiation kwa zotupa za chithokomiro komanso khansa. Bungwe la Presidentโs Cancer Panel linanena kuti โmtolo weniweni wa khansa yochititsidwa ndi chilengedwe wapeลตeredwa mopambanitsa.โ Mankhwala ambiri achilengedwe amapezeka mwa anthu pafupipafupi. Zapezeka kuti amayi omwe ali ndi ma PCB ochuluka, (polychlorinated biphenyls) kapena DDT m'magazi awo atangobereka kumene amakhala ndi chiopsezo chowonjezeka cha khansa ya m'mawere. Kuphatikiza apo, zowononga zachilengedwe zawonetsedwa kuti zimakhudza ntchito ya majini mpaka kalekale. Chidziwitso ichi chotchedwa epigenetics chawonetsanso mu zinyama kuti DDT ingayambitse zotsatira zoipa kwa ana: mankhwala owopsa ndi othandizira ena amatha kusintha kwamuyaya zomwe majini amatsegulidwa popanda kusintha ma code a majini, omwe amadziwika kuti kusintha kwa epigenetic. โMasiku ano, palibe amene amakayikira kuti zotsatira za epigenetic zimathandiza kwambiri pa chitukuko, kukalamba ngakhalenso khansa.โ Zokonda zamafakitale zili ndi mbiri yobisa zomwe zakhala zikudziwika kale zasayansi zokhudzana ndi kulumikizana kwachilengedwe ndi khansa.
Chitsanzo chimodzi chodziwika bwino ndi nkhani ya ionizing radiation ndi khansa. Poyang'anizana ndi umboni wochuluka wosonyeza kuti mphamvu ya nyukiliya imayambitsa khansa, Boma la US linakana kuvomereza kuti ogwira ntchito ku mafakitale a nyukiliya omwe adadwala khansa anali ndi khansa ya chilengedwe chifukwa cha kuvulala kwawo ndi ionizing pa ntchito. โPambuyo pa zaka zambiri zokana, boma likuvomereza kuti kuyambira kuchiyambi kwa nyengo ya atomiki, ogwira ntchito opanga zida za nyukiliya akhala akukumana ndi ma radiation ndi mankhwala omwe atulutsa khansa ndi kufa msanga. Zikuganiziridwa kuti kukana kwa boma kudachitika chifukwa cha kukakamizidwa ndi makampani a nyukiliya, komanso mabizinesi a capitalist onse, kukana kulumikizana kulikonse pakati pa khansa ndi chilengedwe. Khomo lozungulira la akuluakulu aboma (EPA FDA, etc,) omwe pambuyo pake amalembedwa ntchito ndi makampani oyipitsa adalembedwa bwino m'bukuli. Chinyengo Chapoizoni. Choopsa kwambiri pa Tsogolo la Umoyo Wachibadwidwe ndicho kugwirizana pakati pa World Health Organization (WHO) ndi International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). "WHO yakana mwamphamvu kuchita maphunziro okhudza thanzi la uranium 238 pambuyo pa Mkuntho wa Desert, Bosnia, ndi Kosovo.
Chifukwa cha kukana uku ndi mgwirizano womwe unapangidwa mu 1959 pakati pa IAEA, yomwe imalimbikitsa mphamvu za nyukiliya padziko lonse lapansi, ndi WHO, ponena kuti ngati bungwe limodzi likufuna kuchita kafukufuku wokhudza ntchito ya winayo, mgwirizano wapakati umafunika. IAEA sinavomerezepo maphunziro otere. โ Mapangano otere omwe amalepheretsa kuphunzira ndi udindo amapita kumtima kwamakampani a capitalist. Ndi gawo la ndondomeko yodziwitsa anthu za disinformation. Boma litachitapo kanthu kuti lichepetse kuipitsidwa, lidapanga EPA ndi Clean Air Act. Kagwiridwe ka ntchito ka mabungwe owongolerawa nthawi zambiri kumakhala kofooka, kusapeza ndalama zambiri, komanso kumakakamizika chifukwa cha kukakamiza kwamakampani. Monga momwe ananenera mu Occupational Health, lolembedwa ndi Barry S. Levy, MD ndi David H. Wegman, MD โโฆchilakolako cha ogwira ntchito kaamba ka chitonthozo, ndalama, chitetezo, ndi kusanguluka chimakanizidwa mosalekeza ndi kufunikira kwa phindu kwa owalemba ntchito.โ Mpikisano wapadziko lonse wopeza phindu ndi kupulumuka ndizomwe zimachitika kwambiri pabizinesi pansi pa dongosolo lachuma lomwe lilipo. Zotsatira zake ndikupeza phindu kwakanthawi kochepa chifukwa cha chitetezo chanthawi yayitali cha ogwira ntchito ndi anthu onse. Akuluakulu amakampani amayankha nthawi zonse podzudzulidwa ndi machitidwe awo oipitsa mwa kunena kuti mwina machitidwe abizinesi angatanthauzidwe kukhala achisembwere, koma sizololedwa.
Mabungwe omwe amagulitsidwa pagulu amalamulidwa ndi lamulo kuti aziyika zofuna za eni ake pazachuma kuposa china chilichonse, kuphatikiza zabwino za anthu. Mwachiwonekere kachitidwe kachuma kakapitalist kameneka ndi kakhalidwe. Lawrence Summers, katswiri wazachuma wa World Bank, anafotokoza mfundo za Captains of Modern Capitalism mโmakalata amene anatumizidwa pa December 12, 1991: โNdikuganiza kuti mfundo ya zachuma imene imachititsa kutaya zinyalala zapoizoni zambiri mโdziko la anthu olandira malipiro ochepa nโkosatheka. tiyenera kulimbana nazo.โ Dongosolo lamakono lazachuma, ukapitalisti, ndilo โdongosolo limene limaipitsa chisa chake, ponse paลตiri mikhalidwe ya anthu ndi malo achilengedwe okulirapo amene amadalira.โ
Bungwe la American Medical Association lili ndi mauthenga ambirimbiri omwe ali ndi mutu wakuti AMA Morning Rounds. Mawu otsatirawa ndi mawu aposachedwapa a pa August 22, 2014: โKafukufuku Watsopano akusonyeza kuti khansa siingathe kuthetsedwa.โ Iwo akupitiriza kunena mawu a katswiri wa zamoyo wokhulupirira chisinthiko amene anati โmaselo athu okhoza kukhala ndi kansa ndi chinthu chachibadwa.โ Nkhani ya mโmagazini yotchedwa Scientific American ya pa May 21, 2010, ya mutu wakuti โKodi Ndi Makhansa Angati Amene Amachititsidwa ndi Chilengedwe?โ limati: โKoma mwachionekere asayansi sangatsutse mbali yeniyeni ya zinthu zoipitsa chilengedwe chifukwa chakuti kudziลตa chilengedwe, chibadwa, ndi moyo zimaoneka kukhala zogwirizana.โ Kenako nkhaniyo inagwira mawu a Dr. Clapp wa ku Boston University School of Public Health kuti: โNdi kulakwa kuyesa kugawira mankhwala alionse kapena kukhala ndi kachigawo kakangโono ka khansa.โ
Kuvomereza mliri wa khansa ya ana kukulowa mโgulu la chikhalidwe monga mapulogalamu a pa TV, mafilimu, ndi mabuku, mwinamwake kuthandiza anthu kuvomereza zenizeni za ana odwala khansa. Mayankhidwe azachipatala ku mliri wa khansa amangokhalira kulimbikitsa kuyezetsa komanso kusintha kwa moyo. Kuyezetsa koteroko sikungapeweretse khansa. Mammograms ndi colonoscopy adapangidwa kuti azindikire khansa yoyambirira kapena kusintha kosasinthika, koma samalepheretsa kukula kwa khansa mwa anthu onse. Kusintha kwa moyo sikungatheke kukhala ndi kuthekera kwakukulu kothana ndi mliri wa khansa.
Maboma ntchito zaumoyo wa anthu adalandira 3 peresenti yokha ya ndalama zoposa $ 2 trilioni zomwe US โโโโanagwiritsa ntchito pa Health Care mu 2009. Dokotala wotchuka Rudolph Carl Virchow (1821-1902), akuti "Medicine ndi sayansi ya chikhalidwe cha anthu, ndipo ndale zilibe kanthu ngati mankhwala ndizovuta. โ Khansara siyingalephereke pansi pa dongosolo lazachuma laposachedwa la phindu pamaso pa anthu. Mu Capitalism a Ghost Story, Arundhati Roy akulemba kuti, "Sitikumenya nkhondo kuti tisinthe dongosolo lomwe likufunika kusinthidwa." Tiyenera kufuna kuchitapo kanthu potengera chidziwitso cha sayansi kuti chilengedwe ndiye chinthu chofunikira kwambiri chomwe chikuyambitsa mliri wa khansa. Mabungwe a zaumoyo, omwe udindo wawo ndi kuteteza thanzi la anthu onse popewa matenda, komanso akatswiri onse azaumoyo, akuyenera kukakamiza anthu kuti achitepo kanthu lero ndi tsiku lililonse. Mwatsoka, kwakukulukulu amakhala chete.
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Nayvin Gordon ndi dotolo wamabanja wogwirizana ndi Doctors Medical Center ku Oakland CA.