David Wagner ndi katswiri wodziwa bwino za umphawi, kusowa pokhala, komanso mfundo zachitukuko. Anayambitsa nawo Catalyst Collective, gulu lofunika kwambiri pamwambo wa ntchito zachitukuko, mu 1970s. Ntchito zake zambiri zikuphatikiza mawonekedwe achikale a kusowa pokhala, Checkerboard Square: Chikhalidwe ndi Kukaniza M'dera Lopanda Pokhala (wopambana mphoto ya C. Wright Mills) ndi Confronting Kusowa pokhala: Umphawi, Ndale, ndi Kulephera kwa Ndondomeko Yachikhalidwe, ndi Jennifer Gilman. Atapuma pang'ono ku yunivesite ya Southern Maine, komwe adaphunzitsa ntchito zachitukuko kwa zaka zambiri, David akusamukira ku Los Angeles, komwe akugwira ntchito ndi Los Angeles Community Action Network (LACAN). M'mbuyomu adathandizira kupanga POWER, Portland Organisation to Win Economic Rights. Buku laposachedwa la Wagner, Kutchuka Kosatheka: Anthu Osauka Omwe Anapanga Mbiri Yakale (Paradigm Publishers), ituluka kugwa uku, ndipo ikuphatikizanso anthu otchuka omwe adachokera osauka monga Marilyn Monroe, Babe Ruth, Malcolm X, Charlie Chaplin, Billie Holiday, Margaret Sanger, ndi ena ambiri.
HUGHES: Kodi mungalankhule za zomwe m'moyo wanu zidakupangitsani kuyang'ana pa umphawi ndi kusintha kwa chikhalidwe pazochitika zanu komanso maphunziro anu?
WAGNER: Makolo anga, makamaka bambo anga, anali ndi chisonkhezero chachikulu pa ine. Iwo anali mbadwo woyamba wa Ayuda a Kum'mawa kwa Ulaya, ndi sitepe chabe kuchoka ku umphawi. Bambo anga nthawi zonse ankadziwa za umphawi komanso kukhala ogwira ntchito. Analinso wankhondo pamigwirizano, koma chifukwa adakhala mu nthawi ya McCarthy, nthawi zonse "ankawombera" zokambirana zilizonse zamalingaliro amphamvu. Anali omenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe.
Pamene ndinali ndi zaka 14 sukulu yanga ku Malverne, Long Island, inakhala mlandu waku Northern wa kusagwirizana ndi anthu, ndipo ndinangoganiza kuti ndidzakhala wokangalika mโkunyanyala sukulu ndi zionetsero. Malverne anali Ayuda ochepa chabe, ndipo panthawiyo mwachibadwa tinkayang'ana anthu akuda monga ogwirizana athu pa chilichonse chokhudza ufulu wa anthu, ufulu, ndi ntchito. Ngakhale zili pamwambazi, sindinali womasuka kusukulu yasekondale. Radicalism chapakati pa zaka za m'ma 1960 sichinali kwenikweni ku Long Island. Sindinakonde ana olemera omwe anali kuyanjana kwanga koyamba ndi gulu lodana ndi nkhondo; pamene ndinafika ku Columbia mu 1968 ndinali wosokonezeka pangโono. Pofika mu October 1968, ndinaloลตa nawo misonkhano yonse. Ndinaona kuti ndinafunikira kuลตerenga Marx, Lenin, Trotsky, ndi Mao, chifukwa ndinafunikira kudziลตa pamene ndinaima. Inali nthawi yosangalatsa kwambiri osati ku US kokha, komanso padziko lonse lapansi, ndi zipolowe ku France, Mexico, Czechoslovakia, ndi kwina. Ndinedi chinthu cha nthawi imeneyo. Nditanena izi, monganso ana ena omwe akulirakulira panthawiyi, zandivutitsanso chifukwa nthawizo sizinabwerere. Sitinakhalepo ndi nyengo ya zipolowe ngati imeneyo kuyambira ku United States.
Pamene mudalowa m'munda wa ntchito za anthu, kodi chilungamo cha chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi umphawi zinkawoneka mosiyana ndi momwe zilili tsopano?
Choyamba ndimafuna kupeza PhD, m'mbiri, wamkulu wanga. Ndinakhala ngati ndapunthwa pantchito yothandiza anthuโsindinaione ngati nkhani yandale. M'malo mwake sindimadziwa mpaka nditalowa pulogalamu ya Master's in Social Work (MSW) ku Columbia kuti panali kuthekera kokhazikika m'magulu ammudzi. Nditagwira ntchito yothandiza anthu, ndinaganiza zopeza MSW yanga. Zinali zowawa kwa ine, mwina chifukwa sindimakhulupilira momwe ntchito yachitukuko idakhalira, komanso sukulu yonse. Zinali ngati tauni yamzimu kwa ine. Nthawi zambiri anthu ankangoika maphunziro awo pa kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kake, ndipo kunalibe ntchito m'gulu la anthu. Ngakhale pamenepo ndinali kukayikira kwambiri za ntchito yothandiza anthu ngati njira yochitira chilichonse chovuta.
Panali gulu ku New York City, Radical Alliance of Social Service Workers (RASSW), lomwe linali lalikulu ndithu. Kuchokera mu gulu lophunzira la RASSW ndinakumana ndi mkazi wanga Marcia ndipo tinapanga Catalyst Collective. Ngakhale pamenepo tinali otalikirana ndi ntchito zambiri zothandiza anthu. RASSW inagawanika: panali gulu lolamulira la Chikomyunizimu, lomwe linathandizira "kuchokera mkati" njira yogwirira ntchito zachitukuko-kuona National Association of Social Workers (NASW) kukhala yofanana ndi mgwirizano, motero kuchirikiza ndi kuyendetsa ofuna kulowa mkati. izo. Anthu okhwima kwambiri, kuphatikizapo ena omwe adayambitsa Catalyst, sanawone konse NASW motere- adathandizira kwambiri mgwirizano wa mgwirizano, mgwirizano ndi makasitomala / ogula, ndi zochita zina zowonongeka.
Catalyst Collective, yomwe idatulutsa magazini yomwe pambuyo pake idakhala gulu la Journal of Progressive Human Services, chinali chinthu chachikulu chomwe chinatulukamo. Catalyst imatchulidwa kwambiri ngati nyumba ya akatswiri ambiri azaumoyo omwe adapanga gulu lakumanzere la maphunziro. Sizinali zimene tinali nazo mโmaganizoโyomwe inali magazini imene inasonkhezera kuchitapo kanthu. Tsoka ilo tidapeza mwachangu, monga momwe adachitira mayendedwe ena a "anthu opitilira muyeso" mu 1960s-1970s, kuti ophunzira anali omwe amawerenga magazini, osati akatswiri. Pofika kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1970 panali kusowa kwa zochitika zazikulu; makamaka chinali kuukira kwa New Right.
Kodi kukhala mu mzinda wa New York mโma 1980, pamene โkusowa pokhala kwamakonoโ kunali kukulirakulira, kunakhudza lingaliro lanu lopatulira ntchito yanu yochuluka kumvetsetsa kusowa pokhala?
Inde, ngakhale kuti panthawiyo sindinkadziwa. Ndikukumbukira mu 1979 pamene zisumbu zamagalimoto zidadzaza mwadzidzidzi ndi matupi opanda pokhala pa Broadway. Ndikuganiza kuti monga munthu yemwe amadziwa ndikutsata nkhani, wina sakanatha kuona kusowa pokhala ngati nkhani yandale komanso, monga chizindikiro chachikulu cha deindustrialization ku America. M'zaka za m'ma 1980, a New York Times inatulutsa mpambo wotchedwa โCalcutta Watsopano,โ amenewo anali lingaliro la nthaลตiyo, tinali titafikira pa mkhalidwe wa Dziko Lachitatu.
Kodi mungafotokoze zomwe zimayambitsa kusowa pokhala?
Deindustrialization, gentrification, and cuts in social benefits is the big three ndipo zinachitika pa nthawi zofananira monga kukhala olemetsa. Kutsekedwa kwa mafakitale ndi kuchotsedwa ntchito, komanso kuchepa kwapang'onopang'ono kwa mgwirizano ndi malipiro abwino ndi mapindu. Eni nyumba ndi otukula anasandutsa mizinda ikuluikulu kukhala malo abwino kwambiri otchedwa "yuppies." Kuchokera ku Carter kupita mtsogolo, kutsika kwa phindu lazachuma kwazaka zambiri, ndikuchepetsa koyipa kwambiri pansi pa Purezidenti Reagan ndi Clinton. Palinso zowonjezera zina monga de-institutionalization (ochulukira), kuchepa kwa chithandizo cha mabanja, ndi nkhondo yamankhwala osokoneza bongo, pakati pa ena.
M'mabuku anu a Checkerboard Square ndi Confronting Homelessness, mudakambirana za momwe nkhani ya matenda amisala monga zomwe zimayambitsa kusowa pokhala zakhala zikukulirakulira komanso kukhazikitsidwa. Kodi mukuganiza kuti nโchifukwa chiyani takhala tikuganizira kwambiri zimenezi, ndipo zotsatira zake zidzakhala zotani?
Ndikuganiza kuti nkhaniyi ipitilira zomwe amatilimbikitsa / otsutsa anena, inde, ndikosavuta kudzudzula kuchotsedwa kwadongosolo kapena matenda amisala kusiyana ndi zomwe zimapangidwira, ndipo zimatipangitsa ife (oti ndi "anthu abwinobwino") kumva otetezeka. Koma ndikuganiza kuti Achimereka, kwenikweni, samamvetsetsa zomwe zimapangitsa "matenda amisala" kapena, chifukwa chake, nkhani ya mowa ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Tonsefe timadziwa anthu apakati-ndi akatswiri a Hollywood-omwe amavutika ndi mavuto. Koma timathana ndi nkhanizi mosiyana kwambiri ndipo mukakhala ndi ndalama zambiri, mwachifundo komanso mwachifundo.
Mukakhala osauka kapena wolandira chithandizo moyo wanu wonse amawunikidwa ndipo โkuyangโana,โ monga momwe Foucault ananenera, kumangoyangโana chimene chiri cholakwika ndi munthuyo. Kuyang'ana koteroko nthawi zonse kumapeza zovuta, monga momwe zimakhalira mwa aliyense amene ndikumudziwa. Ndi kudzutsa nkhanizi ngati zoyambitsa ndiye vuto lenileni. Awa ndi malingaliro athu wamba pakulephera kwamagulu: vuto lili mwa inu (iwo). Ndipo ndizowopsa chifukwa pafupifupi aliyense, kuphatikiza anthu ambiri opanda pokhala komanso osauka, amakhulupirira kuti vutoli lili mkati mwawo.
Mukuwona kuti zonena zabwino za anthu osauka, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimangoyang'ana magulu achifundo, sizigwirizana ndi chilungamo. Kodi mukuganiza kuti zingatheke bwanji kuti anthu ogwira nawo ntchito azigwira ntchito zachilungamo popanda kugwera m'mawu ndi zachifundo?
Kaลตirikaลตiri kusintha kumachokera pansi kupita mโmwambaโanthu osauka ndi awo amene akuponderezedwa kapena kuvutika. Ndikuganiza kuti ogwira ntchito zachitukuko ndi opangidwa ndi dongosololi ndipo amalembetsa kwambiri malingaliro a ntchito kotero kuti akhoza kukhala ochepa kusiyana ndi anthu ogwira ntchito omwe ali ndi malipiro ochepa kapena anthu ogwira ntchito omwe ali ndi ubale wosiyana ndi makasitomala-mwachitsanzo aphunzitsi kapena atolankhani-ku. kukhala okhwima. Panthawi ina ngati muwona munthu wosauka kapena anthu ena opanda madigiri ngati othandizira kusintha, zikuwoneka kwa ine, mumachoka pamagulu aliwonse apakati "chilungamo cha anthu" paradigms.
Zomwe zili zoyenera, nthawi zonse ndakhala ndikutsutsa pang'ono kupembedza kwa Paulo Freire, komwe kumadziwitsa maphunziro amakono. Vuto ku USA sikuti anthu osauka amafunikira aphunzitsi, mosasamala kanthu kuti ali kumbali yawo kapena ali ndi "chikumbumtima". Freire amagwiritsidwa ntchito kulimbikitsa kudzikuza kwa tonsefe kubweretsa chidziwitso ndi malingaliro kuchokera kunja. Kugwiritsidwanso ntchito mopambanitsa ndiko โchilungamo cha anthuโ monga chonulirapoโmawu a mโzaka za zana la 19 Tchalitchi cha Roma Katolika cholinga cholimbana ndi sosholizimu ndi communism ndi anarchism.
Chifukwa cha mfundoyi, ndi njira zotani zomwe zingapangidwe ndi anthu ogwira nawo ntchito kapena ena omwe amathandizira kuti pakhale chitukuko cha kulimbana kuchokera pansi?
Ndikuganiza kuti kupambana kapena kuchita bwino pang'ono komwe ndawonako kunali pamene "makasitomala" apanga ngati anthu osauka kapena pansi pa zilembo zina paokha. Ndiye, ngati anthu ena apakati ali ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu / maganizo kuti agwirizane, izi zimagwira ntchito bwino kuposa zomwe ambiri a ife tayesera kuchita-omwe ali anthu apakati omwe amayesa kulinganiza osauka. Ndilibe chilichonse chotsutsana ndi izi, sindinaziwonepo zikugwira ntchito. Zachisoni, ndidakhalanso munthawi yomwe akatswiri anali amphamvu kwambiri kuposa "makasitomala". Izi siziri zomwe akatswiri ambiri, kaya a Marx kapena Freire, adawoneratu, ndipo ndikuganiza kuti zimalankhula za kusokonekera kwa anthu aku America. Mukadakhala ku France kapena ku Brazil, anthu angaganize kuti kusintha kumachokera pansi, apa Achimereka satero.
Ntchito yanu yakhala yapadera pofufuza bungwe la ndale la anthu opanda pokhala pamene likupereka kafukufuku wovuta wa ntchito zachitukuko. Kodi mungawunikire bwanji ntchito ya anthu ogwira nawo ntchito pakupanga makampani osungiramo malo ogona komanso ntchito zopanda pokhala?
Chabwino, m'njira zina zimakhala zovuta kuwona akatswiri akuchita chilichonse. Kupatula ophunzira ndi anthu omwe akugwira ntchito kusukulu, onse ndi anthu apansi (motengera madigiri). Ndikuganiza kuti gulu lonse la "chita zabwino" linali lolakwika pamakampani oteteza anthu, omwe, kwa ine, samaphatikizapo ogwira ntchito zogona komanso mwina ogwira ntchito oyang'anira milandu omwe amayika anthu m'misasa. Ndizida zonse zopanda phindu, zachinsinsi, komanso zaboma zomwe zimapanga, pamodzi ndi malingaliro ndi masukulu athu, momwe timawonera anthu ndikutanthauzira mavuto awo. Monga [Michael] Lipsky's "olamulira amsewu," zomwe ndimakonda. Ponena za kukhudzidwa, izi sizinachokere kwa ogwira ntchito za anthu, koma kuchokera kwa anthu ochepa, a Mitch Snyder kapena a Bob Hayes, omwe adakhudzidwa ndi makhalidwe abwino. Anthu amakopeka kwambiri ndi khama lawo lopereka chithandizo kotero kuti nthawi zambiri sawona mbali ya kusowa pokhala ndi ndale. Ndimaphunzitsa za kusowa pokhala ndipo pali ophunzira ngakhale kumapeto kwa maphunziro omwe amatsutsa matanthauzo awa. Ukatswiri umapitilirabe kukankhira njira yapadera - kotero ndimapeza ophunzira omwe ali odzipereka kwa omenyera nkhondo, koma samasamala za ena kapena omwe amamvetsetsa mavuto onse obwera chifukwa cha kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo kapena matenda amisala ndipo ndiyo njira yawo ya moyo ndi ntchito, kulemba zilembo. vuto, ngati kuti amathetsa chirichonse.
Mukutanthauza chiyani kuti "kusowa pokhala ndi nkhani yandale?"
Ndi nkhani yazandale komanso mphamvu. Monga chisamaliro chaumoyo, chingasinthidwe ndi ndondomeko ya boma. Pali mayiko omwe ali ndi anthu ochepa osowa pokhala chifukwa cha ndondomeko za chikhalidwe chawo. Inde, ilinso nkhani yachuma chandale.
Chimodzi mwazovuta zomwe mudaziwona ku Checkerboard Square zinali zamphamvu pakati pa anthu opanda pokhala ndi oyimira akatswiri. Kodi nโchiyani chinakuchititsani kuganizira kwambiri zimenezi?
Ku Portland, Maine, ndinaona kuti panali magulu a eni eni awa, panthawi ina atatu a iwo, ndipo izi zinandichititsa chidwi. Ndinali ndi wophunzira uyu yemwe ankatsogolera mzinda wa mahema, kotero ndinayamba kudziwa ambiri a zisudzo m'dera lopanda pokhala komanso lopanda pokhala. Nโzosadabwitsa kuti maganizo awo pa nkhani ya kusowa pokhala, mabungwe a anthu, ndi zinthu zina zambiri anali osiyana kwambiri ndi akatswiri. Ndikuzindikira tsopano kuti iyi inali mphindi mu nthawi ndipo inazimiririka mkati mwa dongosolo lalifupi la bukhuli.
Ndizowona ndipo ndizovuta kwambiri kuti anthu ndi osavuta kukonza akakhala ndi malo okhala, chakudya, ndi zina zotero. Chifukwa chake m'gululi mwina munali ambiri omwe adakhala m'nyumba ndikukhazikika. Ena amadzizindikiritsabe ndi abale awo opanda pokhala. Mwa kuphatikiza omwe anali opanda pokhala komanso osowa pokhala, ndidapanga lingaliro losiyana la anthu ammudzi kuposa anthu ambiri.
Nkhani zambiri za kulowerera ndale zokhudzana ndi kusowa pokhala zimangoyang'ana akatswiri omwe amawalimbikitsa monga osintha. Kodi mukuganiza kuti anthu osowa pokhala atengapo gawo lotani pazandale zachitetezo?
Ndikukhulupirira kuti "makasitomala" ali ndi chikoka chachikulu-mwa kukana ndi njira zina m'mabungwe a anthu. Bukhu langa The Poorhouse (Rowman & Littlefield, 2005) akuwonetsa momwe otchedwa "akaidi" adabwera kudzalamulira mabungwe a New England, ndipo raison d'รชtre ya lingaliro losauka / nyumba yogwirira ntchito inazimiririka. Zambiri mwa izi sizidziwika pokhapokha ngati wina ayang'ana. Malamulo osatsatiridwa, anthu amaloledwa kulowa m'malo ogona omwe sakuyenera kukhala, chiwerengero chachikulu chokhala m'malo obisika. Komanso anthu omwe amapeza zambiri za momwe angalembetsere phindu linalake ndikuzipeza pophunzira zomwe anganene. Mwa chikhalidwe chake uku ndi nkhani zobisika. Ndi nthawi zina pomwe kukana kobisika kumasunthira kukana ndale. Anthu ambiri angakonde kusuntha kapena kusamenyana.
Panali nthawi pakati pa 1989 ndi 1991 pamene zinkawoneka ngati osowa pokhala ndi magulu ogwirizana akhoza kukhala ndi mphamvu zokwanira kusokoneza ndondomeko. Amenewo anali masiku a Up and Out of Umphawi. Ndikuganiza zambiri kunja kwa ndale zam'deralo zakhala zovuta kuyambira pamenepo. Anzanga ku Los Angeles (LACAN) alepheretsa Mzinda wa LA ndi ochita malonda akufuna kuti asinthe Skid Row kukhala yuppie zone, koma ndikulimbana kosalekeza.
Kodi mungasiyanitse njira yokonzekera magulu ndi magulu olimbikitsa anthu?
Akatswiri ambiri ayesa kulemba zimenezi. Zotsatira zandale, zamalingaliro, komanso zokonzekera za anthu opanda pokhala omwe adatulukira zinali zofunika. Zinandipangitsa, monga ndikuganiza ndikuwonetsa Kulimbana ndi Kusowa Pokhala, kukambirana kwenikweni kwa njira zitatu pakati pa mizinda ndi opereka chithandizo ndi olimbikitsa bungwe ndi anthu opanda pokhala. Zinkatanthauzanso kuti mโmizinda ingapo kuphwanya malamulo kunalephereka ndipo anthu ankasiyidwa okha mโmizinda ya mahema awo kapena kuti nyumba zinamangidwa. Koma ndithudi izi zinali makamaka mphamvu za m'deralo.
Mu Checkerboard Square mudanena kuti "mosiyana ndi oyimira milandu, anthu osauka ambiri ... Kodi mukuganiza kuti opereka chithandizo atha kusamukira kumayendedwe popanda kukhala mabizinesi apamsewu?
Pokhapokha pamene magulu a anthu ali amphamvu, kaya m'madera kapena m'madera ambiri - m'pamene pali chiyembekezo chothandizira popanda kulowerera pang'ono. Koma ndaphunziranso kuti magulu ambiri ochezera a pa Intaneti sakhala kwanthawizonse ndipo ambiri omwe amayamba ntchito amakhala okhazikika. Nthawi zambiri sindimagwirizana ndi omwe amaganiza kuti kupereka chithandizo kuli ndi kuthekera kwakukulu. Lingaliro lathu la "ntchito," monga chisamaliro chaumoyo ndi maphunziro lathandizidwa kwambiri. Izi sizikutanthauza kuti sizingakhale bwino kugwetsa mbali za commodified state. Koma zidakhala zochulukira ku New Left, mayendedwe a azimayi, mayendedwe olumala, ndi otsutsa ena kuti amenye nkhondoyo ndi nkhondo yolimbana ndi nkhani zambiri za demokalase.
Nditha kupereka chitsanzo: pamsonkhano ndi Occupy ndi anthu ena opitilira muyeso zaka zingapo zapitazo, ndidati, bwanji ngati anthu onse adapita kuzipatala ndi madotolo ndikukana kuwonetsa makadi awo azaumoyo? Munthu woyamba amene adalankhula adachita mantha kwambiri, anali ndi matenda / olumala, ndipo adanena kuti ichi sichinthu chomwe angatengerepo mwayi. Izi zikuwoneka kuti zikuyimira chikhalidwe chathu, ngakhale "otsutsa". Anthu sanakhudzidwebe mokwanira kuti afune ngakhale chithandizo chamankhwala, ndipo izi ndizopindulitsa kwambiri komanso osati-zaumoyo wabwino. Koma ngati mutayesa kusintha zimenezo, anthu amachita mantha. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, otsutsa amathandizirana wina ndi mzake mwamantha, koma mungakhale bwanji ndi radicalism popanda kuthandiza anthu kuthetsa mantha awo?
Pazifukwa zambiri, ndimamvabe - ndipo zitha kundilekanitsa ndi anthu ena akumanzere - kuti pokhapokha gulu lina "kumanzere" lingathe kukopa chidwi cha anthu osauka komanso zikhumbo zotsutsana ndi boma la America. gulu lamphamvu ku U.S. Sindikudziwa momwe zidzakhalire, koma ndimanjenjemera pamene otchedwa otsalira akuwopa kuukira kwa Obamacare-ngati kuti ndi malamulo awo. Malamulo aboma nthawi zambiri amakhala ngati nyundo "yolumikizana," monga Piven ndi Cloward adanenapo, ndi osauka ndi makasitomala. Kodi nchifukwa ninji timawopa kudzudzula mkhalidwe waufulu monga momwe uliri? Kwa ine, zonse za capitalism ndi boma ndi adani athu achilengedwe, koma ndakumana ndi anthu ambiri akumanzere omwe amakonda boma ndipo sangadikire kuti apeze ntchito kapena ndalama zawo.
Kodi mungapereke zitsanzo zina zowoneka bwino za momwe kuyesetsa kutsata chilungamo cha chikhalidwe ndi zachuma kungagwire ntchito ndi zikhumbo zotsutsana ndi boma, kapena zoyesayesa zomwe zimatsutsa boma?
Ndikuganiza kuti timachita izi pang'onopang'ono nthawi zonse tikapempha anthu osowa pokhala omwe safuna malo ogona, anthu omwe akufuna kusokoneza kayendetsedwe ka ntchito, komanso omwe amakana kuvomereza mayankho a boma ndi mabungwe. Chaka chino, pamene mzindawu unaganiza zogulitsa zomwe osowa pokhala amazitcha "Checkerboard Square" ku hotelo yamitundu yosiyanasiyana, tinali ndi mgwirizano wabwino kuno wa magulu oyandikana nawo, osowa pokhala ndi osauka, malonda ang'onoang'ono omwe amachitira anthu omwe amapeza ndalama zochepa. Olanda anthu. Ndikuganiza kuti nkhondo zamtunduwu zikuchulukirachulukira. Mwachitsanzo, ku Turkey chaka chatha nkhondo yolimbana ndi zakuthambo inakula kwambiri moti dziko lonse linali litanyanyala. Ana omwe ali pabwaloli omwe ali okhwima ndi amtsogolo (ngati pali abwino) ndipo amandilimbikitsa. Koma amawoneka osiyana kwambiri ndi achikulire akumanzere chifukwa ambiri ndi otsika komanso "opanda grid." Ndizosangalatsa: amasiyidwa nthawi imodzi, otsutsana ndi authoritarian komanso otsutsa boma.
Mu Checkerboard Square mudafunsa ngati kusintha kwa chikhalidwe kungachitike popanda kukhudzidwa ndi anthu osauka omwe akukonzekera. Kwinakwake mwalembapo za kuopsa kwa ma tokenizing, njira ndi kugwirizanitsa ndi ndale. Ndi gulu lanji lomwe likufunika pakali pano poyesa kuthetsa umphawi ndi kugawanso zinthu?
Limeneli ndi funso lofunika kwambiriโosati pa kusowa pokhala kokha koma pankhani zonse zogawira. Ndicho chifukwa chachikulu chomwe tilibe chisamaliro chenicheni chaumoyo wapadziko lonse: tilibe gulu la anthu osauka ndi ogwira ntchito chifukwa cha izo. Zedi ndi ochepa ogwira ntchito, mapulofesa, anthu ogwira ntchito zachitukuko, koma ogwira ntchito ndi omwe ali kuti? Kodi pali mphamvu zopezera chithandizo chaulere chaulere?
Chimodzi mwa zotsatira zoyipa za kayendetsedwe ka zaka za m'ma 1960 chinali kutsimikizira kugawanika kumeneku pakati pa anthu ophunzira kwambiri ndi anthu ena onse. Ndi kubwereranso ku ndale za m'zaka za zana la 19, kumene Brahmins olemera ankalamulira kuthetsa, gulu la amayi ndi zina zosintha. Ndi zomvetsa chisoni ndipo zomwe mwanjira ina ziyenera kugonjetsedwa. Ndipo sindikuganiza kuti ikhoza kugonjetsedwa ndi anthu apakati- (kapena apamwamba-). Iyenera kukhala yakunyumba. Mtundu woterewu uyenera kukhala wamitundu yosiyanasiyana, wokhala ndi atsogoleri ambiri aku Africa-America ndi Latino.
Ndikuwona izi zikuchitika kuposa momwe ndikadaganizira zaka 20 zapitazo. Tinali ndi gulu lalikulu lotchedwa POWER, Portland Organization to Win Economic Rights - anthu osauka onse - omwe adasankha pulezidenti wa mwamuna waku Africa-America komanso wachiลตiri kwa pulezidenti wa Native America / African-America. Iwo anali ndi zochitika zambiri ndipo anthu anazizindikira izo.
Pamisonkhano ya LACAN, ndinagwetsa misozi nthaลตi yoyamba imene ndinaona azungu achikulire a dazi akukunga nkhonya mogwirizana ndi anthu a ku Africa-America ndi Latino. Zoonadi, awa ndi mawonedwe chabe, mphindi. Koma ndikofunikira kukhala ndi mgwirizano pakati pa mitundu, mafuko ndi jenda. Zina mwa izi zikuchitika ku West Coast.
Zolimbikitsa zambiri zokhudzana ndi chitetezo komanso kusowa pokhala zimachitika m'boma, ma municipalities kapena m'chigawo, komabe njira zambiri zopezera ndalama ndi ndondomeko za kusowa pokhala zimachitika ku federal. Kodi mukuganiza kuti pali chiyembekezo choti magulu azaka zapakati azikonzekera zinthu zambiri pagulu la federal?
Mfundo yabwino kwambiri. Ndikuganiza kuti magulu ndi magulu ambiri amaganiza za komweko ndipo amadzimva ofooka kwambiri kuti asatengere nkhani zazikulu. Komanso momwe makonzedwe ammudzi amagwirira ntchito - ukoma wosakhala bwino wa Alinsky ndi ena - uli ndi malire ndi zolinga zazing'ono. Sindikudziwa yankho lake, nthawi zonse munthu amayembekeza kuti ngati moto, maburashi adzawonjezera ndikuyaka malawi. Ndikuganiza kuti ndizoyenera kuponya momwe dongosolo lamagulu awiri likutsutsidwa pano. A Democrats nthawi zonse amakhala okonzeka kuyatsa kutentha kwa GOP, ndipo, mwachitsanzo, kuno ku Maine, amadzudzula chilichonse pa bwanamkubwa wathu wopenga. Malingaliro opapatiza amagulu awiriwa amapangitsa anthu kukhala m'mavuto malinga ndi china chilichonse kupatula malingaliro "akale, akale omwewo". Amachita izi mwanjira ina kuti anthu asadzudzule boma ladziko ndi Obama, ndipo ndizofala kwambiri.
In Checkerboard Square munagwira mawu womenyera ufulu wa anthu opanda pokhala akunena kuti, โ[Dongosolo] lidzasuntha kokha pamene tiwakakamiza [kuti] ndiyeno kokha monga momwe tingawakakamizire kusintha.โ Kodi mukuganiza kuti ndi njira zotani zosokoneza, kapena njira zotsutsana ndi umphawi, kuphatikizapo kupeza nyumba, masiku ano?
Ndimasamala za iwo omwe amakokomeza zachiwonetsero kapena amakhulupirira kuti palibe. Nthawi zonse zimakhala penapake pakati. Othandizira ndi othandizira amagulidwa chifukwa amayenera kuthana ndi opereka ndalama ndi ndale. Ichinso ndichifukwa chake masukulu athu amangophunzitsa njira zogwirira ntchito. Amayesetsa kukonzekera m'badwo wa "chiyanjano cha anthu" chomwe chimatanthauzidwa ngati "omwe ali nawo" atakhala mozungulira tebulo lamakampani. Choncho palibe kutsutsana kuti njira yawo sikugwira ntchito.
Ku Los Angeles, ndawona ziwonetsero za zigawenga za anthu osauka, ndipo ndikuganiza kuti zili ndi zotsatirapo: m'modzi womwe ndidapitako, gulu linazungulira siteshoni ya LAPD ndipo mumawona m'maso mwa apolisi, anali ndi mantha pang'ono. kuti anthu anali olimba mtima kuti abweretse nkhani zachipongwe pamakomo awo; analamulidwa kuti asachite kalikonse ndipo anayimirira pamenepo akuimba nyimbo zachipongwe. Apanso ku West Coast, Occupy adalimbikitsa zigawenga, makamaka m'malo ngati Oakland.
Ndikuvomereza kuti kuyambira kumapeto kwa 1960s / koyambirira kwa 1970 sitinawone kupambana kwakukulu kwa njira zosokoneza. Koma ndizovuta kulingalira njira ina. Kuthekera kwa zisankho kumawoneka kofooka, momwe zisankho za U.S. zimapangidwira. Mwina china chake chitha kudzutsa anthu kuti asinthe kutsika kwa zaka khumi ngakhalenso zantchito. Sindimamva ngati wolosera wabwino kwambiri.
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Craig Hughes ndi wolemba pawokha komanso membala wa Team Colours Collective.