Mu referendum pa Meyi 7, anthu aku Ecuador adavotera mafunso khumi okhudzana ndi malamulo, zamalamulo, zandale, komanso zachikhalidwe. Pokonzekera voti, owonera ambiri adawona zisankho ngati zotsutsana pazaka zinayi za Purezidenti Rafael Correa komanso chiyembekezo chake chopambana mu 2013, m'malo mopikisana pazovuta zilizonse zomwe referendum idadzutsa.
Mavoti omwe adatuluka poyamba adawonetsa kuti Rafael Correa adachokapo ndi chigonjetso chake chachisanu ndi chimodzi kuyambira pomwe adapambana utsogoleri mu 2006. Mpikisanowo unali pafupi kwambiri kuposa momwe ena amaganizira, iwo amakangana.
Kwa Correa, zomveka bwino komanso zamphamvu zandale zidalimbikitsa lingaliro lake lochita referendum. Kutsatira kuchulukirachulukira kwa kutchuka pambuyo pa zipolowe zomwe zidalephera pa Seputembara 30, 2010 zomwe zidawopseza udindo wake wandale, kupambana mu referendum kudzalola Correa kukhalabe pampando.
Mafunso
Referendumuyi idayamba ngati nkhani imodzi yokha yosintha malamulo a zilango kuti awonjezere nthawi yotsekeredwa asanazengereze mlandu kwa ophwanya malamulo kuti athe kuthana ndi nkhani zachitetezo cha anthu. Kenako inakula kufika pa nkhani khumi. Mafunso asanu oyambilira asintha malamulo oyendetsera dziko lino a 2008 ndipo asanu otsalawo anali okhudza kufunika kokulirapo, ndale, ndi zachuma.
Mafunso ofunikira mu referendum anali okhudza kusintha njira zoweruzira milandu zomwe Correa adaziwona ngati zachinyengo komanso zopanda ntchito, komanso kulola kukulitsa mphamvu za Purezidenti. Kudutsa kwa mafunso awiri oyambilira kungathetseretu malire a malamulo okhudza kutalika kwa kutsekeredwa m'ndende, ndi cholinga chofulumizitsa kuchuluka kwa milandu yamilandu m'mabwalo amilandu. Funso lachitatu lingachepetse kuphatikizika pakati pa makampani ofalitsa nkhani ndi mabanki, makamaka kuletsa mabanki abizinesi kukhala ndi makampani ena komanso kuletsa makampani azama media kuti asatenge nawo mbali pazinthu zina zachuma pofuna kupewa mikangano. Funsoli linali lofunika chifukwa atolankhani adakhalabe m'manja mwa oligarchy achikhalidwe ndipo adatsutsana kwambiri ndi boma lomwe lilipo.
Lachinayi likasintha zonse zimene ambiri ankaona kuti ndi zachinyengo, zosagwira ntchito bwino, ndiponso sizigwira ntchito bwino. Wachisanu adzakulitsa khonsolo yomwe imasankha oweruza kuti akhale oimira nthambi zina za boma. Otsutsa adati izi zipangitsa kuti purezidenti achepetse ufulu wa makhothi, zomwe zikutanthauza kulanda mphamvu. Koma Correa ananena kuti kuchita zimenezi nโkofunika kuti achepetse katangale, kuthetsa ziwawa mโmakhoti, komanso kuti makhoti azigwira bwino ntchito.
Gulu lachiwiri la mafunso asanu linakhudza nkhani zambiri zomwe sizigwirizana ndi malamulo. Wachisanu ndi chimodzi angaimbe mlandu wopeza chuma mosaloledwa mโmalo achinsinsi, chinthu chomwe chinali kale mโgulu laupandu mโboma. Funso lachisanu ndi chiwiri liletsa juga ndi juga. Lachisanu ndi chitatu likanaletsa kuzunza kapena kupha nyama pofuna zosangalatsa. Funso ili lingaganizidwe pamlingo wamba. Pa mafunso khumiwo, ili linali lovuta kwambiri, makamaka mโmadera monga
Funso lachisanu ndi chinayi lingapangitse bungwe loyang'anira kuti liziyang'anira zachiwawa, zogonana, kapena zatsankho muzofalitsa ndi zosindikizira. Otsutsa ambiri adatanthauzira izi ngati kuyesa kuchepetsa ufulu wa ofalitsa nkhani kuti atseke mikangano ndipo iyi inali imodzi mwa mafunso omwe amatsutsana kwambiri pa referendum.
Funso lomaliza lidafuna olemba anzawo ntchito kulembetsa antchito awo ku Social Security Institute. Izi zinali zosatsutsana kwambiri pamalingaliro ndipo adakondwera ndi chithandizo chapamwamba kwambiri.
Otsutsa
Pamene voti ya Meyi 7 idayandikira, makampeni osiyanasiyana omenyera komanso otsutsa referendum adakwera kwambiri. Choyamba chinali chikhalidwe chodziletsa ndipo tsopano chimanyozetsa kwambiri oligarchy omwe, ndi utsogoleri wa Correa, adataya mphamvu zake zandale zaka 200. Ngakhale anali kunja kwa boma, adapitilizabe kukhala ndi ziwonetsero pawailesi yakanema ndipo adagwiritsa ntchito izi kuukira ndikudzudzula Correa nthawi iliyonse. Otsogola otsutsawa anali anthu monga Meya wa Guayaquil a Jaime Nebot ochokera ku Conservative Partido Social Cristiano (PSC, Social Christian Party) ndi bilionea รlvaro Noboa, wotayika kwanthawi yayitali woyimira pulezidenti wa Partido Renovador Institucional Acciรณn Nacional (PRIAN, National Action Party of Institutional Renewal) .
Achiwiri anali otsutsa ndale omwe adasonkhana mozungulira Lucio Gutiรฉrrrez wa Partido Sociedad Patriรณtica (PSP, Patriotic Society Party). Mkulu wankhondo, Gutiรฉrrrez adawonekera pagulu pa Januware 21, 2000 pomwe adagwirizana ndi zigawenga zomwe zidachotsa Jamil Mahuad pampando atakhazikitsa mfundo zazikuluzikulu zazachuma komanso kukweza chuma.
Ngakhale kuti chipwirikiticho chinalephereka, mothandizidwa ndi omwe adagwirizana nawo, Gutiรฉrrez adapambana utsogoleri patatha zaka ziwiri. Mwamphamvu, komabe, wamkulu wakaleyo adasunthira kumanja ndikukumbatira zomwezo zomwe adatsutsa m'mbuyomu, zomwe zidamulekanitsa gulu lake lachitukuko.
Komabe, a Gutiรฉrrez adatha kukhalabe ndi chithandizo cholimba m'madera apakati pamapiri. Kulingalira
Gulu lachitatu la otsutsa kumanzere, omwe kale anali ogwirizana nawo ku Correa, adanena kuti kuchuluka kwa mphamvu m'manja mwa Correa kunathandizira kubweza kukulitsa demokalase yomwe ili mkati.
Kutsatira Acosta, nduna zinayi zamsonkhano ndi nduna ziwiri za nduna za boma zidasiya mgwirizano wandale ku Correa kuti alowe nawo otsutsa. Chofunikira kwambiri, awa adaphatikiza Alexandra Ocles, mayi waku Afro-Ecuadorian yemwe anali nduna ya secretariat ya Pueblos, Movimientos Sociales y Participaciรณn Ciudadana (SPPC, Peoples, Social Movements, and Citizen Participation), nthambi yachinayi (pamodzi ndi wamkulu, malamulo, oweruza, ndi masankho) a boma. Otsutsa awa adatulutsa mawu omwe, pomwe adalandira kusintha kwabwino mu
Ogwirizana akalewa adawona referendum ngati kulandidwa mphamvu kwa purezidenti komwe kumaphwanya mfundo za polojekiti yawo yandale. Correa adadzudzula zochita zawo ngati kusamvera boma lake. Acosta adatsutsa kuti, ngakhale amachirikiza ma referendum ndikugwirizana ndi zina mwazinthu, amatsutsa zoyesayesa za Correa kusokoneza magawano pakati pa nthambi za boma. Makamaka, adalimbikitsa chitetezo cha ufulu wa oweruza.
Magulu a anthu adapanga gawo lomaliza lotsutsa referendum. Odziwika kwambiri anali Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador (CONAIE) ndi Popular Democratic Movement (MDP). Yakhazikitsidwa mu 1986, CONAIE idadziwika kuti ndi imodzi mwamagulu amphamvu kwambiri komanso olinganizidwa bwino kwambiri pomwe, mu 1990, idatsogolera zipolowe zamphamvu zomwe zidatsutsa kulimba kwa oligarchy. Mu 1995, idathandizira kukonza mgwirizano wandale wa Movimiento Unidad Plurinacional Pachakutik (MUPP, Pachakutik Movement for Plurinational Unity) kuti apikisane nawo pazandale.
MPD inapanga mapiko osankhidwa a Maoist Partido Comunista Marxista Leninista Ecuatoriano (PCE, Ecuadorian Marxist Leninist Communist Party) ndipo adapeza thandizo lalikulu kuchokera kwa aphunzitsi a Uniรณn Nacional de Educadores (UNE, National Union of Educators). Ali paudindo, Correa adagwira ntchito yogawa ndikuwononga magulu azikhalidwe komanso mabungwe aziphunzitsi omwe adatha kusonkhanitsa maziko othandizira olekanitsidwa ndi omwe adapanga mgwirizano wachisankho wa Purezidenti. Zotsatira zake, omenyera ufulu omwe atha kupanga maziko a Correa adakhala adani ake akulumbira. Kwa iwo, kuyesa kwa boma kupititsa patsogolo chitetezo cha anthu kunatanthauza kuyimba mlandu kwa kusamvana.
Mogwirizana ndi CONAIE ndi MPD, Acosta adayambitsa gulu lotchedwa Montecristi Vive kuti atsutsane ndi referendum. M'mphepete mwa nyanja mumzinda wa
Kodi Zotsatira Zikutanthauza Chiyani?
Ngakhale ambiri adawona referendum ngati kuyesa kudalira boma la Correa, ovota mwachiwonekere adavoteranso pafunso lililonse. Zotsatira zake, kuwona zotsatira ngati chiwonetsero cha kutchuka kwa Correa ndikosavuta komanso mwina kulakwitsa.
Osauka akumatauni amakhalabe maziko a Correa, ngakhale ataya thandizo
Chothandizira champhamvu kwambiri cha Correa mu referendum chinali pamphepete mwa nyanja yomwe m'zaka zaposachedwa idavotera kwambiri ofuna kusankha. Omenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe adanenanso kuti izi ndi umboni wakusokonekera kwa boma la Correa, koma zitha kuyimiranso kugawanika kwatsopano kwa ndale za Ecuador m'magulu m'malo motengera zigawo. Izi zidawonekera kale pazisankho zaposachedwapa m'mphepete mwa nyanja
Momwemonso, madera apakati a kumapiri anali amodzi mwa malo omwe amatsutsa kwambiri referendum. Pamwamba, zikhoza kuwoneka kuti izi zikuyimira kuyambiranso kwa CONAIE ndi Pachakutik, koma awa ndi malo omwe Gutiรฉrrez ali ndi maziko ake amphamvu kwambiri ndipo motero ayenera kutanthauziridwa ngati mapiko abwino m'malo motsutsa kumanzere kwa Correa.
Atapambana zisankho zisanu ndi chimodzi komanso kutchuka kwake kudakwera pafupifupi 60 peresenti, katswiri wa zachikhalidwe Jorge Leรณn akunena kuti referendum inalibe chochita ndi pulezidenti wofuna kulimbikitsa kapena kuwonjezera mphamvu zake. M'malo mwake, Leรณn anatsutsa kuti zinali zokhudzana ndi kufunikira kwake kukondedwa ndi kukondedwa ndi anthu. Kuphatikiza apo, chisankho chikadalibe zaka ziwiri, referendum ingakhale njira yoti Correa awonetsere kuti omwe amamutsutsa alibe kulemera kapena kupezeka.
Correa akadali wandale wotchuka kwambiri
Makamaka magulu a anthu amafuna pulezidenti yemwe sakhala waulamuliro, wosakwiya msanga, wosagawanika, komanso womvera zosowa zawo. Koposa zonse, referendum inavumbulutsa dziko losweka kwambiri lomwe likuwoneka kuti likugawikana kwambiri malingana ndi mitundu, magulu, ndi zigawo.
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Marc Becker ndi wolemba Pachakutik: Indigenous Movements and Electoral Politics in