Dili, June 28, 1998. iwo
anabwera akuthamanga kwa ife, akukuwa chinachake. Nkhope ya munthu mmodzi idapakidwa utoto wofiira ndi
woyera, mbendera ya ku Indonesia, ndipo nkhonya yake inagunda pachibwano changa, kunjenjemera chakuthwa pafupi ndi khutu langa
pamene ndinazandima kubwerera. Anzake anandizungulira ine ndi Felipe ndi Jose, awiri
Ophunzira aku yunivesite ya East Timorese, panjira yopapatiza. Anyamata awa anali
ndithu paramilitary achifwamba (Indonesian ndi East Timorese) ganyu ndi
Asitikali aku Indonesia kuti awone ndikuwopseza East Timorese. Iwo ankagwiritsa ntchito chitsulo
mipiringidzo, mipeni, ndi malupanga opindika. Jose anandiyang'ana ndipo ndinaona mantha omwewo
nkhope yake yomwe iyenera kuti inali pa ine. Kwa kamphindi ndinaganiza kuti inali chabe
maloto owopsa, ayenera kukhala, kufa ku East Timor.
Masiku khumi ndi asanu ndi atatu m'mbuyomo,
June 10, 1998. The
ndege yomwe ndinakwera kuchokera ku Bali kupita ku likulu la East Timor, Dili, imadutsa m'mphepete mwa nyanja
gombe lakumpoto kwa chilumbachi, ndi gombe lake losatha komanso mapiri obiriwira
perekani mpata kwa mapiri oyenda mtunda wa makilomita 150 a chigawo chakale cha Chipwitikizi chimenechi.
Anthu a ku East Timorese ankaoneka kuti akudikira moleza mtima patapita zaka zambiri nkhondo ya padziko lonse itatha
II, osanyamula mwala kapena mfuti, kapena kupereka ngakhale dziko lofatsa
kutsutsa. Mu 1974, akuluakulu ankhondo a Socialist adagonjetsa ulamuliro wankhanza
Portugal. East Timor, pambuyo pa zaka 450 za kulanda ndi kunyalanyazidwa, analonjezedwa
ufulu wodzilamulira ndi boma latsopano la Portugal.
Kufotokozera mwachidule
Nkhondo yapachiweniweni pakati pa East Timorese yolembedwa ndi asitikali aku Indonesia otsatirawa
Chaka ndi kuukira kwa Indonesia komwe kunatsatira kunasokoneza lonjezolo. Kutenga
Asilikali adachita zomwe munthu angayembekezere kwa gulu lankhondo lomwe linalipo zaka khumi m'mbuyomo
inachititsa kuti anthu a ku Indonesia aphedwe osachepera 500,000. Chotsatira
Zaka khumi, 200,000 East Timorese, gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a anthu, anaphedwa ndi
chipolopolo, bomba, napalm, ndi phosphorous yoyera kapena kufa ndi njala ndi matenda
mu kampeni yokhazikitsira anthu ku Indonesia komanso kukhazikitsa bata.
Felipe anali atanena izi nditangopita kumene
anafika, “Uyu ndi East Timor, Billy. M’chaka chimodzi mudzadziwa zambiri
zinthu zoopsa.” Iye anali wolondola. Koma anthu a ku East Timor sanatero
anasiya kumenyana ndi kuti masika ndi chilimwe pamene Suharto anagwa ndi Kummawa
Timorse anapita m’makwalala mwa zikwi makumi ambiri, inenso ndinkalalikira
chisangalalo chachikulu.
Ndinabwera ku East Timor
patatha mwezi umodzi ndili ku Jakarta, komwe ndidayendera nyumba yamalamulo ndikukhala nayo
ophunzira kukankhira Suharto ku ofesi. Kumeneko, ndinali nditamva nkhani yodabwitsa
zionetsero ku Dili sizinawukidwe ndi asilikali a ku Indonesia. Ndinadziwa
zionetsero zikachuluka. Ndinayenera kudzionera ndekha zomwe ziti zichitike.
Jose anali mnzanga woyamba
Apo. Monga ambiri
ophunzira Jose ankakhala ndi achibale ku Dili. Anali wosauka kwambiri moti sakanatha kumuona
makolo, alimi ang'onoang'ono kumapiri, kuposa kamodzi pachaka. Ndinakumana
iye kumapeto kwa msonkhano wachiwiri wodziyimira pawokha ku East Timor University pa
tsiku lomwe ndinafika ku Dili.
Nditafika ndi awiri
Atolankhani aku Germany a pawailesi yakanema, ophunzirawo anadzandikila, akumandinyanyira
mafunso okhudza mfundo zaku America komanso kuthekera kwa asitikali a UN akubwera
East Timor. Iwo anafotokoza kuti aliyense ku East Timor ankafuna anthu a ku Indonesia
kusiya.
Jose anabwera ku hotel yanga
tsiku lotsatira ndipo tinayenda makilomita ambiri mumsewu m'mphepete mwa nyanja kupita ku Areia Branca, ku
white sands beach, komwe tidathira m'madzi ndipo ana akuseka adalumpha
kuchokera pamapewa anga. Koma pafupifupi malo onse ku East Timor ali ndi zoopsa
nkhani. Ku gombe lokongolalo kunali matupi otupa a mazana ambiri atayandama
East Timorese anaphedwa ndi asitikali aku Indonesia m'masiku angapo pambuyo pake
Anthu a ku Indonesia anafika ku Dili pa December 7, 1975.
Ulendo wathu wautali pamodzi ukanatha
zatha mosiyana mwezi umodzi wapitawo. Jose akanamangidwa ndipo
kumenyedwa chifukwa cholankhula nane; Ndikadanyamulidwa paulendo wotsatira. Koma
asitikali anali atachoka m'misewu kuyambira pomwe Suharto adatuluka, ndikuchepetsa
za ndale zopondereza kwambiri padziko lapansi.
Mnzake wophunzira m'modzi mu
kuyenda mobisa
anakumbukira kuthawira ali mwana kumapiri Indonesia itangolanda East
Timor. Kulikonse anthu anagona pansi atafa pamene banja lake linkayenda
kudera la zigawenga. Anafunsa amayi ake chifukwa chake onse anali
kugona choncho. Mnzanga wina anandiuza kuti m’mudzi mwawo asilikali ankagwiririra
atsikana usiku; ndipo makolo nthawi zambiri ankatumiza ana aakazi kukakhala nawo
achibale mumzinda. Mzanga Francisco adalandira ma shoti amagetsi pamene
kuchita squat opanda nsapato mu chithaphwi cha madzi. Anandiuza kuti anali chabe
"anafunsa." Felipe mwamsanga anatchula theka khumi ndi awiri abwenzi awo amene miyendo yawo
anali atathyoledwa ndi ofufuza ankhondo.
Zithunzi zosindikizidwa mozungulira
dziko chaka chatha anasonyeza asilikali asphyxiating anyamata East Timorese ndi
mapaipi aatali amabaya kukhosi kwawo ndipo asilikali akumenyetsa misomali yambirimbiri
ana asukulu amaliseche, ogwiriridwa. Munthu wina wa ku Timor yemwe anali ku ukapolo anandipatsa zithunzizi
ndipo angapo a anzanga a Dili analira, dzanja likuphimba misozi yawo, pamene iwo anali
anawaphunzira.
Economics ku Indonesia
mavuto ndi
Kuchotsedwa kwa Suharto chinali chinthu chabwino kwambiri chomwe chingachitike ku East Timor m'zaka 23. Ku
kukopanso obwereketsa apadziko lonse lapansi ndikuletsa kwakanthawi kochepa kwambiri
Mavuto a ku Indonesia, boma latsopanolo linayenera kulola kuwonjezereka kwa ndale
ufulu ndi kuoneka ngati anthu ofuna kusintha zinthu. Kusintha kwa nkhope uku kumapereka mwayi
kutsegula ndi chiyembekezo chatsopano ku nkhondo yodziyimira payokha ya East Timor. Chiwerengero cha
mabungwe atsopano anatulukira kuti akulitse chiyembekezo chimenecho.
Chakumapeto kwa Meyi, patatha sabata
Suharto adasiya ntchito, ophunzira ochepa aku yunivesite adapanga wophunzira wodziyimira pawokha
komiti yosonkhanitsa anthu onse aku East Timorese kuti afunse referendum kuti apindule
kudziimira. “Kunali kofulumira kuchita kanthu kena katsopano,” anakumbukira motero wolinganiza zinthu.
"Sitinaumirizidwe monga momwe gulu lachinsinsi lidalili. Tinachitcha kuti
East Timor Student Solidarity Council. ”
Pa June 6, 1998, milungu iwiri
Suharto atatsika, zikwi za achinyamata a East Timorese anasefukira pang'ono
msonkhano wa anthu osankhika a pro-Indonesian East Timorese. Pamene bwanamkubwa adati Kummawa
Timor ankangofuna kuti pakhale lamulo lokulirapo la panyumba—“lapadera
kudzilamulira”—khamu la anthu linayamba kufuula kaamba ka ufulu wodzilamulira.
Miyezi isanu ndi inayi m'mbuyomo, m'dzinja
1997, Manuel Carrascalao, membala wakale wa chigawo cha sitampu ya rabara.
nyumba yamalamulo ndi mchimwene wake wa bwanamkubwa wakale wa chigawo, anasonkhanitsa anthu kuchokera
zipani ziwiri za ndale za 1975, UDT ndi Apodeti
Reconciliation Movement. Gulu latsopanoli likuyembekeza kulimbikitsa zokambirana ndi mgwirizano
pakati pa East Timorese ndipo adapempha Suharto kuti achotse asitikali ndikuthetsa anthu
kuphwanya ufulu.
Monga Fretilin, phwando lomwe
anali atamenya nkhondo yolimbana ndi kulanda dziko la Indonesia, UDT
anakhala moyo wosaloledwa zaka 23 zimenezi. Waung'ono, wophatikizana wa Apodeti
ntchito ndi thandizo la Indonesia. Francisco Lopez Carvalho, Apodeti
membala, yemwe anali msilikali wa intelligence wa ku Indonesia kwa zaka 17
anali mtsogoleri wina wa gulu la Reconciliation. Pofika 1998, ngakhale ambiri a Apodeti
amafuna referendum.
Felipe ndi ophunzira ena,
osakhululuka pa chisankho chogwira ntchito ndi anthu aku Indonesia omwe Carrascalao,
Carvalho, ndi ena ambiri adapanga, adaseka mowawa kuti awapha onse.
Chakumapeto kwa April, monga wophunzira
zionetsero zotsutsana ndi ulamuliro wa Suharto, CNRM (National Council of
Maubere Resistance), bungwe lodziyimira pawokha lazaka khumi lotsogozedwa ndi
M'ndende Xanana Gusmao, adazindikira mwayi watsopano wobweretsa
ogwira nawo ntchito ndi omwe adagwira nawo ntchito kale kuti atenge nawo mbali. Iwo
adalandira anthu a Reconciliation ndikudzitcha kuti National Council
ya Timorese Resistance (CNRT)
Ophunzirawo adapanga magulu atatu
misonkhano kuyambira June 10 mpaka 15. Zinali ziwonetsero zoyamba zomwe zinalipo
osawukiridwa ndi achitetezo, omwe adatsalira m'misasa. Sukulu yasekondare
ndi ophunzira anamwino, aphunzitsi achikatolika ndi pulayimale akuphunzitsa,
achichepere ena ndi achikulire anagwirizana ndi ophunzira 2,000 aku yunivesite. Mlimi mmodzi
m'zaka za m'ma 60, yemwe adamenyana ndi chigawenga cha Indonesia, adandiwombera bicep
ndipo anagwedeza chibakera. “Ndakonzeka,” iye anatero.
Komabe, ophunzirawo anali
osakhala okonzeka kuchotsa zionetsero zawo pachitetezo chachifupi cha campus. Iwo
sanawope kufa, aliyense anatero, koma amawopa anzawo
ophunzira. Ophunzirawo ankadziwa kuti ayenera kuchoka pasukulupo posachedwa. Iwo
amafunikira kulimba mtima ndi galimoto kuti awonetsere anzawo
East Timorese. Mwayi wopereka galimotoyo unabwera mawa lake
chionetsero chawo chachitatu, pamene msilikali anapha Herman Soares wazaka 21
pamene ankatola nkhuni mumsewu pafupi ndi Manatuto. Ku Manatuto, achinyamata
anthuwa adawononga malo angapo apolisi usiku.
Ku Dili tsiku lotsatira,
June 17, anthu masauzande ambiri anasonkhana pazipata za sukuluyo monga mabasi, magalimoto, ndi
minivans ali pamzere. Ndikuyembekezerabe kuguba ngakhale midadada yochepa kupita
Banja la Soares, ophunzira adadzaza ndi pamwamba pa magalimoto. Za
zaka tsopano, ophunzira ku Southeast Asia akhala akugwiritsa ntchito apaulendo ngati njira
sonyeza. Tinadutsa m’tauni kuseri kwa thabwa lophiphiritsira lopakidwa vanishi
bokosi. Mashopu, onse a anthu aku Javanese ndi China ochokera ku Indonesia,
adatsekedwa. Palibe apolisi kapena asilikali omwe adawonekera.
Tsiku lotsatira 10,000 mwaulemu
oguba, kuphatikiza ogwira ntchito m'boma la East Timorese Indonesian atavala zovala zawo
yunifolomu, anatenga thupi la Herman kumanda. Pamanda a Santa Cruz, kotero
yodzaza ndi tsoka lalikulu la East Timor, linali louma komanso lopanda mphepo komanso labata
kupatula chisoni cha amayi ake a Herman ndi rhythmic fosholo ya
dziko lolimba.
Titangonyamuka kuchoka
manda, mbendera, zosaoneka pang'ono mpaka tsiku limenelo, zinawonekera. Kulimbikitsidwa ndi
ziwerengero zathu komanso momwe timamvera, tinayamba kuthamanga kenako ndikuthamanga. Pamene tinayandikira
asilikali, asilikali ovala zipolowe ndi zida basi anathamangira ku
polowera koma osapitirira. Achinyamatawo anawakakamiza kuti amenyane.
Tinapita kusukulu
mabwalo a nyumba ya malamulo yaing'ono. Anthu angapo aku Indonesia osankhidwa
Aphungu a East Timorese adalowa nawo ulendo wobwerera kunyumba ya Herman,
atazunguliridwa ndi chitetezo cha ophunzira. M'modzi wa iwo adagwira patsogolo pake a
chomangira chamutu chokhala ndi mawu oti "Referendum" pamenepo. Aphunguwo adawoneka kuti agwidwa
mphoto, osati ochita ziwonetsero.
Zionetsero zofananazo zinapitirirabe
kwa masiku angapo zidafika pachimake pagalimoto yamagalimoto ndi mabasi 150 ndi
mazana a njinga zamagalimoto. Kulikonse kumene tinali kupita, anthu aang’ono ndi achikulire ankathaŵa
kung'anima chizindikiro cha chigonjetso, kugwedeza ndi kuyimba ndi ife. Kulemera kwakukulu kunali
kukweza anthu awa, chiyembekezo chatsopano chikuwoneka momwe adayimilira ndikumwetulira
ndipo adapukusa mitu yawo posakhulupirira.
Koma zopinga zatsopano posachedwa
adawonekera. ophunzira
anali okondwa chifukwa akazembe atatu a ku Ulaya okhala ku Jakarta anakonza zoti a
ntchito yofufuza zowona ku East Timor kuyambira Juni 27 m'malo mwa European
Mgwirizano. Koma tidamva kuti kuyambira pa 26, boma la Indonesia ndi
kazembe wachigawo wosankhidwa adakonza zolimbikitsa East Timorese omwe
adathandizira kupitiliza kusakanikirana kwa Indonesian. Chifukwa palibe amene anali wotsimikiza kuti izi
zingatanthauze, Student Solidarity Council, pofuna kupewa mikangano,
adaletsa kuguba ndikulimbikitsa ophunzira kuti apewe kusagwirizana ndi gululo
kusonkhana.
Pamene ine ndi Jose tinali kuyenda
ulendo wakutsogolo kwa nyanja pa tsiku la msonkhano wophatikiza, tidafika pa 100
Amuna a ku East Timorese ndi ku Indonesia akuyenda mozungulira kuchokera ku ofesi ya bwanamkubwa.
Anavala nsapato zolimba, osati nsapato zamasiku onse. Bambo wina anakonza wailesi pansi
jekete lake. Awa anali osankhika a zigawenga zosiyanasiyana zaku Indonesia,
ma intelligence agents omwe amadziwika kuti Intel.
Poyamba, pro-Indonesian
Kuphatikizikako kumawoneka ngati nthabwala, anthu 60 okha. Ndiye, ndi nyanga kulira ndi
injini zikulira, magalimoto 20 ndi njinga zamoto zina 20, mwina anthu 1,000
onse, anazungulira chipikacho. Zinali zomvetsa chisoni, tikaganizira za Chiindoneziya
zonena za akuluakulu a boma la East Timor.
Posakhalitsa ndinaona galimoto 6 ija
magalasi akutsogolo adaphwanyidwa kapena kusowa. Magalimoto anali atagendedwa ndi miyala
adalowa mdera lina la Dili. Otsatira achichepere odziyimira pawokha, ndinamva, anali nawo
adaletsanso magalimoto asanu ndi atatu kulowa mumzinda.
Zambiri "pro-integration"
ochita ziwonetsero adandiuza kuti adakakamizidwa kapena kunyengedwa kuti alowe nawo pamsonkhano.
Bambo wina anati mfumu ya m’mudzi mwake inamuuza iye ndi ena kuti alowa nawo
ziwonetsero za ophunzira za ufulu. Anachita mantha kwambiri kuti asachoke kamodzi
ankadziwa chimene chinali kuchitika. Anthu ogwira ntchito yomanga anauzidwa
adzachotsedwa ntchito ngati sanakweze magalimoto. Ena ankayembekezera kutero
kulandiranso kuchokera ku Jakarta mtsogoleri wawo wauzimu, Bishopu Belo, 1996
Wopambana Mphotho ya Nobel Peace. Enanso adanyamulidwa ndikulipidwa a
malipiro a mwezi umodzi ndi mfumu ya chigawo chakum’mawa kwa dzikolo. Ena
Anali a ku Indonesia “osamuka” ochokera ku West Timor. Izo zinkawoneka kwa ine, mwinamwake
ndi kukondera kwina, kuti unyinji wa khamuwo unachita manyazi kudzipeza uli kumeneko.
Mosasamala kanthu za malingaliro awo, iwo anangogwira mbendera zoperekedwa kwa iwo mopupuluma.
Tsiku lotsatira, June 27, a
Asilikali a "pro-Indonesian" adasonkhananso kukapereka moni kwa akazembe. Magalimoto
anagendedwa ndi achichepere odziyimira pawokha. Amuna okhala ndi zida m'magalimoto adawombera,
kupha munthu mmodzi ndi kuvulaza ena.
Ku Dili kunali anthu okwera magalimoto
anapatsidwa mbendera zazing'ono za ku Indonesia ndipo anauzidwa ndi okonza kuti azifuula "Viva
Indonesia, Viva Integrasi” pamene akazembewo anayandikira. Koma ambiri
ziwonetsero zinkangoyang'ana akazembe akudutsa.
Chikwi ochirikiza kudziimira
anthu (osati ophunzira aku yunivesite omwe atsogoleri awo ndi chitetezo cha ophunzira anali
kuwasunga midadada iwiri pa campus) anali kuponya miyala
kusonkhana kophatikizana. Gulu la apolisi oyendayenda linafika—nthawi yoyamba
asilikali anali atawonekera patatha mwezi umodzi - ndipo anawombera utsi wokhetsa misozi
bweretsanso gulu la anthu odziyimira pawokha. Amuna a Intel adanyamula zitsulo,
nunchuks, tchire-mipeni, ndipo ngakhale spiked mace kapena awiri.
Felipe, Jose, ndi ine tinazungulira
nyumba yamalamulo kuti ipeze m'modzi mwa anthu omwe amalimbikitsa ufulu wodzilamulira. Tili m'njira, tinatembenuka
m'mphepete mwa msewu wolakwika pomwe amuna okwana theka adatiukira. Nditamenyedwa
kangapo ndipo anachonderera kuti ndinali woyendera Indonesia, mmodzi wa iwo
mwachiwonekere adaganiza kuti mzungu wakufa sangawoneke bwino komanso woletsa
anzake. Ife atatu tinachokapo tikunjenjemera. Ndinali nditamva kukoma kwanga
"mgwirizano."
Tinapeza anthu 10,000
kuperekeza bokosi la Manuel Soares (losagwirizana ndi Herman) ku
maofesi a bwanamkubwa. Asilikali anaimitsa bokosilo kuti lifike
khomo la nyumbayo. Mkangano unayambika ndipo nthawi yomweyo asilikali anagwetsa misozi
gasi. Khamu la anthu linayankha ndi miyala. Asilikaliwo ankaoneka kuti akugwiritsa ntchito yawo
M-16s. Aliyense anabalalika ndi kukonzanso patali kuti agube kuzungulira mzindawo.
Dili anali atamasuka mu
mwezi watha. Apo anali
Sipanakhalepo malipoti oti amangidwa ngakhale m'midzi momwe asilikali ankagwirira ntchito
wopanda kufufuza. Tsopano kusatsimikizika kunafika pa likulu. Dili anali atatsekedwa
kuyambira m'mawa. Palibe mabasi omwe ankayenda tsiku lonse komanso magalimoto ochepa. Usiku umenewo misewu
anali osiyidwa.
Pafupifupi anthu awiri anali
kuphedwa: mmodzi wowomberedwa ndi amuna omwe amagwira ntchito kwa mtsogoleri wa chigawo cha Indonesian ndi
Intel agent yemwe ndidamuwona atakuta magazi kumbuyo kwa ambulansi yapolisi.
Mwachionekere asilikaliwo sanali kuyambitsa nkhondo yakupha. Komabe panali momveka a
mfundo zankhondo zoyambitsa ziwawa ndi chithunzi cha nkhondo yapachiweniweni, kutali
kuchokera ku chenicheni cha pafupi mgwirizano wa ufulu wodziimira.
Tsiku lotsatira apolisi ndi
asilikali ankalondera maofesi omenyedwa a bwanamkubwa okha. "Pro-integra-
tionists” anali atapita kwawo. Zoopsa za dzulo zinkaoneka kuti zatha. Zikwi za
ochita masewera odziyimira pawokha adaperekeza akazembe omwe adadzacheza nawo kumsonkhano ndi a
Gulu loyanjanitsa.
Tsiku lotsatira, June
29 Komabe, zochitika zinafika pachimake. Ku Baucau, maola awiri kum'mawa kuchokera ku Dili,
pa ulendo wa kazembe kwa bishopu, mantha plainclothes
Asilikali apolisi adawombera ndikupha Orlando Marcelino, a
Mlimi wazaka 35, ndi kuvulaza ena.
Koma ku Dili, osadziwa
kuwombera ku Baucau, chisangalalo chinali chosangalatsa. Kalavani yayikulu, yayitali mailosi atatu
magalimoto 1,000 ndi mabasi ndi zikwi za njinga zamoto zidanyamula 50,000
owonetsa kwa maola 4 kudzera ku Dili. Kubweretsa magalimoto onsewa pamodzi
m'dziko losauka wotero anakantha ngakhale achinyamata East Timorese ngati zosaneneka. Iwo
zinkawoneka kuti anthu enanso 130,000 a mumzindawo anali atafola misewu,
ndipo adakondwera pamene gulu la anthu oyenda pansi likuyenda. Pambuyo pa tsiku limenelo, palibe
zinali zomveka kunena za gulu lodziyimira pawokha. Zinali zopitirira
zomwe ndimamva ngati gulu. Kuyenda sikunali nsomba m'nyanja, koma
nyanja yokha.
Komabe, chachikulu
kusonkhanitsa anthu kunabweretsa vuto kwa atsogoleri a ophunzira. Zingakhale zovuta kufanana
izo. Inali nthawi yoti tiyime kaye ndiganize njira. Patapita masiku angapo, Orlando
Maliro a Marcelino anachitikira ku Baucau, tauni yomwe ili moyang’anizana ndi nyanja
mapiri amiyala ophulika. Banja la Orlando ndi ena mazana ambiri adamutsatira
bokosi lamaliro ndi matabwa akuluakulu amadutsa msewu wautali wopita kumapiri pamwamba pa tawuni.
Dzuwa linali litangolowa kumene ndipo thambo labuluu linali ndi lofiira ndi lachikasu ndi
wakuda, ndipo chakum’maŵa kutali kunali utawaleza wautali kwambiri. Achinyamata okwiya oleredwa
nkhonya zawo nakuwa m’dzina lakulimbana. Mu kufulumizitsa
mdima, bokosi linatsitsidwa.
M'kati mwa tsinde la
mayendedwe odziyimira pawokha Anthu
kusagwirizana kunabuka m’milungu iwiri yotsatira ponena za chikumbukiro cha July 17 cha Kum’maŵa
"Kuphatikizana" kwa Timor ndi ulendo woyandikira wa United Nations
nthumwi yapadera ku East Timor. Ena analimbikitsa kusamala; ena ankafuna
kutsutsa kwina.
M'mbiri, zosawerengeka
maulendo a alendo odziwika anali pafupifupi nthawi yokhayo yolanda dziko
chidwi. Kulola kuti chikondwerero chophatikizana chapachaka chipitirire popanda
zionetsero za ufulu wodziyimira pawokha, pamene dziko likuyang'ana, zinakwiyitsa ophunzira ena. Koma
Xanana Gusmao, wa kundende ya Cipinang ku Jakarta, adapempha kuti ziwonetsero zithe
mpaka chidziwitso china. Ankafuna kubwereranso kumagulu osankha,
osati ndi gulu latsopano la ophunzira koma ndi utsogoleri wokhazikika.
Xanana sanafotokoze chilichonse kapena kufunsa maganizo a ophunzira, ndipo zidali bwino
ena. Kodi anali ndi chidziwitso china chomwe ophunzirawo analibe?
Osati kuti Wophunzira
Solidarity Council inali ndi kusagwirizana kwakukulu ndi Xanana ndi CNRT.
Monga Xanana, adanyadira kudzitcha kuti ndi odekha. Monga Fernando Da
Araujo, mtsogoleri wa Renetil, bungwe la ophunzira a East Timorese kunja
East Timor, anandiuza kuti, “Umenewu ndi utsogoleri umene tikufunikira panopa.”
Ndithudi panali ngozi
chiwawa chofulumira komanso chakupha, ngakhale kuti posachedwapa anthu a ku Indonesia analetsa
asilikali akulimbana ndi zionetserozo. Gulu lachinsinsi linanena kuti pa
Kumayambiriro kwa msonkhano wa July, akuluakulu a asilikali a m'madera adagwirizana kuti a
ndondomeko yowombera kupha. Zikuoneka kuti olamulira awa anali pafupi ndi
Mkamwini wa Suharto, General Prabowo, yemwe anali mkulu wa Kopassus,
Asilikali Apadera a ku Indonesia, motero sankasamala za mayiko
maganizo kapena angongole. Ayenera kuti ankafuna kunyoza mkulu wa asilikali
Wiranto ndi Purezidenti wodzozedwa kumene Habibie.
Komabe, ophunzira ambiri sanatero
ndikufuna kudikira. Mnzanga wina anandiuza kuti, “Ndife okonzeka kufa kuti tibweretse zathu
ufulu wa dziko. Ndi nthawi yathu.”
Panali zifukwa zingapo
kwa malangizo a Xanana. Sizinali zoonekeratu kuti nsembe zambiri m'misewu
zidzabweretsa East Timor kufupi ndi ufulu wodzilamulira. Koma zomwe ndidamva kwambiri kuchokera ku CNRT
atsogoleri anali kuti dziko liyenera kuwonetsedwa kuti East Timorese sanali
wokonda ndewu mwachibadwa. Ndithudi, anthu ambiri a ku East Timor amene ndinakumana nawo anakhulupirira
kuti ankakonda kumenyana kwambiri pakati pawo kuposa anthu a m’madera ena
ndi kuti dziko lidakhulupiriranso chimodzimodzi za iwo. Akufuna referendum
m'malo molengeza ufulu wodzilamulira adawonetsanso nkhawa imeneyi.
Zotsatira za CNRT
kaonedwe analemera pa kayendedwe pa miyezi yotsatira, tipping bwino
kutali ndi chinthu chomwe chidalimbikitsa anthu ambiri atsopano
zionetsero. Makumi zikwizikwi m'misewu anapanga atolankhani mayiko ndi
maboma akunja amazindikira. Inalimbikitsa kulimbikitsa mgwirizano m'mayiko
padziko lonse lapansi, zomwe zidakhudzanso nkhani zawo zapadziko lonse lapansi komanso
mfundo za boma.
Bodza mobwerezabwereza
zikumveka zokwanira ngati choonadi pamene
zina zazing'ono zikumveka. Kuthetsa zionetsero zodziyimira pawokha kunagwira ntchito bwino
za Indonesia. Momveka bwino kuposa mu 1975, popanda kulowererapo ku Indonesia,
sipakanakhala chiwawa pakati pa East Timorese. Koma wamng'ono
Mkangano wopangidwa ndi ziwonetsero zachinyengo zolimbikitsa kuphatikiza zidawoneka ngati
zizindikiro za nkhondo zapachiweniweni. Atolankhani akunja sakanachitira mwina koma
fotokozani zidziwitso zaboma, monga za Minister of Foreign Affairs Ali Alatas,
kuti referendum ndi kudziyimira pawokha kungabweretse kubwereza koopsa kwa
1975 nkhondo yapachiweniweni. Taonani zimene zinachitika pamene akazembe a ku Ulaya
adayendera, Alatas adatero. Dziko la Indonesia linayenera kusunga mtendere.
Pamene boma lidalengeza
gulu lankhondo la anthu 1,000 lichoka kumapeto kwa Julayi ndikuwulutsa 100
Atolankhani aku Indonesia ndi akunja kupita ku Dili kuchokera ku Jakarta kukanena izi,
Indonesia idapambana pampikisano wofunikira wapadziko lonse lapansi. Atolankhani ochepa adawulutsa
malipoti agulu lankhondo lachinsisi la kuchuluka kwa asitikali aku Indonesia ku
zotera zakutali.
Ophunzira ankalemekeza Xanana ngati a
mtsogoleri wamkulu ndi pulezidenti tsogolo, koma mawu ake kuti chilimwe nthawi zina
zinkawoneka zosamvetsetseka za chiyembekezo ndi malingaliro a ufulu opangidwa ndi
kuphulika kwa zionetsero zazikulu zomwe zidawadetsa nkhawa. Adatero Xanana Time
chakumapeto kwa June kuti pansi pa Purezidenti Habibie referendum sikanakhala
adapeza. Anapanga mapulani angapo, zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri mpaka khumi poyambirira
zoperekedwa ndi gulu lodziyimira pawokha mu nthawi zovuta kwambiri kumayambiriro kwa
khumi. Kukankhira mwamphamvu kungabweretse mavuto ndi asitikali onyada aku Indonesia.
Ulamuliro wa Habibie unali wofooka kwambiri; asilikali amphamvu kwambiri. Kusintha sikunachitikebe
kutanthauza kudziyimira pawokha ku East Timor. Masankho aku Indonesia omwe Habibie
zomwe zidalonjezedwa mchaka cha 1999 mwina zitha kubweretsa boma lovomerezeka
Ulamuliro wa East Timorese. Zionetserozo zinakwaniritsa cholinga chawo. Diplomacy,
chipiriro, ndi kusinthasintha zitenga gawo lotsatirali.
Ophunzira ambiri komanso mobisa
omenyera ufulu wawo anaganiza zosiyana kwambiri ndi zimenezo—kuti mavuto azachuma ndi mavuto
Ulamuliro wosayanjanitsika umapereka mwayi wabwino kwambiri wa referendum ndi ufulu wodzilamulira.
Zinali zotheka kuti asilikali azilamulira momasuka komanso molimba mtima
chaka chamawa, kupatsidwa chipwirikiti kukula ndi kutsutsa ulamuliro ndi mphamvu zonse
ku Indonesia.
Pambuyo pake, pambuyo pa Antero Benedeto
Da Silva, mtsogoleri wa Students Solidarity Council, adabwerako kuchokera kukaona
Xanana ku Jakarta mu Ogasiti, CNRT idayika Mgwirizano wa Ophunzira osakondwa
Council pansi pa aegis ake. Chifukwa cha zovuta, anthu a CNRT adatero
kwa ine, payenera kukhala mndandanda umodzi wa malamulo. Koma panalinso china
vuto. Anthu angapo a Reconciliation tsopano adatenga maudindo apamwamba mu
Mtengo wa CNRT. Adzakhala ndi ulamuliro pa ophunzira amene anali nawo poyera
wotchedwa kuti ndi wosakhwima ndi wopupuluma. Ophunzira sanakhulupirire izi mokwanira
ogwira nawo ntchito.
Chifukwa chiyani olamulira aku Indonesia akugwirabe ku East Timor? Kuopa zotsatira za centrifugal pa ena
madera odziyimira pawokha kapena osakhutira akadali chifukwa chachikulu
Indonesia sanalole kupita. Ena amatsutsa, komabe, kuti pali ngozi yochepa
kugawikana kwa chigawo cha Indonesia; kupulumutsa nkhope, kuchita phindu lankhondo,
ndi ma depositi amafuta ndizomwe zimasunga Indonesia ku East Timor. Osamala
njira ya Xanana ndi CNRT ikutanthauza kuti anthu aku Indonesia achoke
pang'onopang'ono, kunyada kulibe. Koma kuti East Timor ndi malo okhawo omwe ali nawo
kuyimilira kwapadziko lonse lapansi, gulu logwirizana komanso lolimbikitsa ufulu wadziko lonse,
ndipo mbuye wina wachitsamunda alibe kanthu kwa anthu omwe akufunafuna
ufulu ku Aceh kapena West Papua/Irian Jaya. Kapena kwa ankhondo ndi olamulira
osankhika, omwe sakufunabe kuyesa chiphunzitso chakuti "mbali" zina za
Indonesia sichikanapatsidwa magetsi ndi ufulu wa East Timorese.
Anthu aku East Timorese adayenera kutero
pirira modabwitsa. Koma akhalanso osagonja. The
Asilikali aku Indonesia sadzafafaniza gulu lankhondo kapena gulu lankhondo
zigawenga, omwe nthawi zambiri samayambitsa mikangano koma amakhalabe magwero amphamvu
kunyada kwa East Timorese. Ambiri a East Timorese adayenera kupanga a
kulimbana ndi matenda opatsirana; zigawenga ndi oyera,
osagwiritsidwa ntchito.
East Timor tsopano yawona a
ufulu wofunafuna kwanthawi yayitali ndipo zikuwoneka kuti sizingatheke kuti asitikali aku Indonesia achite
athe kutsitsanso zotsekera zitsulo popanda kupanduka kwakukulu ndi wina
tsoka.
Achimerika, omwe motsatizana
maboma apereka dziko la Indonesia mphamvu zake zankhondo zitha kufulumizitsa tsikulo
m’dziko la East Timor ndipo motero kuchepetsa ululu umene anthu ake angadzachite
ayenera kupirira. Akhoza kukakamiza, kupyolera mwalamulo ndi zowonjezereka
amatanthauza - monga East Timor Action Network yakhala ikuchita kuyambira 1992 - pa
Boma la US kuti lichitepo kanthu motsutsana ndi kulanda kwa East Timor
ndi kutha kwa mphamvu zandale zankhondo ku Indonesia. The
anthu a ku East Timor ayenera kudziwa kuti sali okha.
Chiyembekezo chachikulu cha East Timor
posachedwapa akhoza kugona mu kusintha kwina ku Indonesia. Kutengera zake
mawu ndi zochita zake pa chilimwe, izi zikuwoneka ngati chigamulo cha
mtsogoleri wodziyimira pawokha Xanana Gusmao. Zisankho zomwe zakonzedwa chaka chamawa zitha
kubweretsa boma lofuna kusintha dziko lolola kuti East Timor ichoke ku Indonesia
ndende. Kodi asilikali adzalola kusintha kumeneko?
Ndizovuta kutero
neneratu za njira, nthawi, ndi njira ya kayendetsedwe ka ufulu; ku
kulimbikitsa mphamvu zamkati za kayendetsedwe kake ndi kulimbana ndi kukhalapo
mphamvu. Mbiri yoyenda nthawi zambiri imalembedwa ngati kuwululidwa komveka kwa
malingaliro akuluakulu ndi mphamvu zazikulu, zosamveka. Ngakhale kopita kwawo komaliza
nthawi zina zimaganiziridwa, zochitika nthawi zambiri zimayenda mwachisawawa, zimakankhidwa mwanjira iyi
ndi kuti ndi ngozi zakale ndi kulowerera ndi anthu. Ndiye izo
mwachionekere adzakhala ku East Timor, kumene tsiku lina anthu adzakhala ndi mtundu wawo,
mibadwo ndi kupha mafuko mochedwa kwambiri, ndipo mwina ndi mndandanda wa zochitika zomwe
palibe amene akukayikira.
Pa tsiku langa lomaliza ku East Timor,
pagombe lakufupi ndi hotelo yanga, ndinakumananso ndi ana. Iwo anajambula
Mbendera ya Indonesia mumchenga m'mphepete mwa madzi ndikulola nyanja yopukutira isambe
kutali. Mphamvu zosalephereka, mafunde achichepere osatha awa a anthu.
Pamene ndinkachoka, Pedro, an
bambo wachikulire amene ndimamudziwa, anandiuza mu Chingerezi chosweka, “Ufulu chaka chino,
ndi zomwe ndikufunika. Ndimakonda posachedwa, koma ngati chaka chamawa, nditenga. " Kenako anamwetulira
nakweza chibakera. Z
Billy Nessen ndi wophunzira wa ku Southeast Asia
ndi wolimbikitsa kwa nthawi yayitali.