David Bacon ndi Bill Berkowitz
King
City, California ndi tauni yovuta yaulimi pafupifupi ola limodzi kumwera kwa Salinas. Mu
Mzinda wa Mfumu, ndiwo zamasamba ndi mfumuโanthu ambiri akugwira ntchito mโminda nโkuthyola.
kapena mu chomera chachikulu cha Basic Vegetable Products, kuyanika adyo ndi anyezi
kutumiza padziko lonse lapansi.
Chakhala chiri
kutalika kwa nyengo yokolola kuyambira Juni, koma kwa miyezi inayi yomaliza, m'malo mwake
poyendetsa mizere yopangira nthawi zonse, Basic Vegetable's 750
ogwira ntchito akhala akulondera m'misewu kunja. Pamaso pa wamkulu
zowumitsira, mizere yawo ya picket ikufinya zotulutsa za mbewuzo mpaka pang'ono
mayendedwe ake abwinobwino, pomwe moyo m'tawuniyi watsala pang'ono kuyima.
Kupambana mu
King City imayendetsedwa kwambiri ndi malingaliro monga zachuma. Woyambitsa kampani Jaquelin
Hume, yemwe anali mtsogoleri wa San Francisco Republican Party yemwe anamwalira mu 1991, anathandiza
pangani maziko otukuka kwambiri a oganiza bwino, mfundo
mabungwe, ndi maziko omwe amalimbikitsa kusintha kwa mapiko amanja a
1990s. Masiku ano, mwana wamwamuna wa Hume, William, akutenga nawo mbali pazandale zabanjali.
kupereka ndalama zambewu zandalama kwa ambiri odziwika bwino m'boma
mapiko akumanja "wedge" zoyambira, ndale, ndi ofuna kusankha.
Banja la Hume
amakondwerera msika waulere. Mu 1983, ndi chilimbikitso cha Purezidenti Ronald
Reagan ndi Attorney General Ed Meese, Hume adayambitsa Citizens for America, a
gulu lakumanja lokopa lomwe, malinga ndi wolemba nkhani Sidney Blumenthal, cholinga chake
pa "kukonza mitu m'chigawo chilichonse cha DRM m'dzikolo, kubweretsa
uthenga wa msika waulere ndi dziko laulere ku mizu ya udzu."
The
Mikangano ya King City idayamba pomwe mgwirizano wa mgwirizanowu udatha chilimwe chatha. Mu
Pofunafuna yatsopano, ogwira ntchito adapempha kuti awonjezere malipiro a 2 peresenti iliyonse
Zaka 3, ndipo palibe kuchepetsedwa pazopindula zomwe zilipo. Koma kampaniyo idapereka zovomerezeka
tebulo. Anaganiza zodula maola ogwira ntchito kuchokera pa 8 mpaka 7.5 patsiku, zomwe
zikanachepetsa kwambiri ndalama za ogwira ntchito panyengo pafakitale,
amene amagwira ntchito miyezi 6 yokha pachaka. Kuphatikiza apo, Basic Vegetable idafuna
ufulu kupeza ntchito 30 chaka chonse. Izi ndi ntchito kwa ambiri
gawo logwiridwa ndi ogwira ntchito omwe agwiritsa ntchito zaka zawo zaukalamba kuti achoke
kupanga mzere.
"Iwo ali
Akuluakulu, amayi ndi azakhali ambiri a ife, "atero wowombera Jose Medico.
"Ambiri aiwo sakanatha kuthana nawo ngati atabwereranso
mzere pa msinkhu wawo."
Kumayambiriro
M'zaka za m'ma 1990, Basic Vegetable idayesa kukulitsa msika wapadziko lonse lapansi, ndikumanga mbewu
ku Spain ndi Mexico. Mabizinesi akunja adakhala otaya ndalama zambiri komanso
kenako anatsekedwa. "Koma m'malo movomereza zotayika zawo, tsopano iwo
akufuna kuti tilipire ndalama," akutero wowomberayo Saul Venegas. Conle atsimikiza izi
palibe kukayikira kuti chomera cha King City chimapanga phindu lathanzi kwa
Basic Companies, bungwe la makolo ake.
Basic Vegetable
Mneneri Jay Jory, wa kampani yazamalamulo yochokera ku Fresno Jory, Peterson, Watkins ndi
Smith sanagwirizane ndi Conle, ponena kuti chomeracho sichinali bwino
zachuma. Jory adatchula kafukufuku wa Bain Group kuti, malinga ndi
kampani, "zawulula ... kuti mpikisano wamkulu wa BVP anali kupeza msika
ndipo inali ndi phindu lalikulu pamitengo ya anthu ogwira ntchito
zomwe zitha kutsekedwa, atero Jory, ndipo pakufunika "kumanga lamba
pakampani yonseโฆ[kuti mbewuyo] ikhale yochuluka komanso yochulukirapo
zothandiza."
Kamodzi antchito
adakana zovomerezekazo ndikugunda nyumbayo pa Julayi 7, kampaniyo ikufuna
kukwera. Basic Vegetable akufuna kuthetsa ndondomeko ya penshoni ya mgwirizano
kwathunthu, m'malo mwake ndi chopereka cha 30ยข/ola pakusunga 401k
akaunti. Anaganiza zosunga malipiro a ogwira ntchito atsopano $3/ola pansipa
omwe ali kale pantchito, ndikuwalipiritsa $180/mwezi pazaumoyo. The
kampaniyo idafuna kuchulukitsidwa kwakukulu kwa maufulu ocheperako komanso kuthekera kopereka
kukwezedwa kwa aliyense amene akufuna, m'malo mongopita ndi akuluakulu. Chomaliza
udzu kwa ogwira ntchito ndi pamene okambirana za kampani anaganiza kuti onyanyala ntchito alipire
zowonjezera $20/mwezi pa chithandizo chawo chamankhwala mpaka kampaniyo itagunda-
ndalama zofananira zidabwezeredwa.
Pamene mgwirizano
adapereka milandu yosagwirizana ndi National Labor Relations Board, the
Chofunikira chomaliza chidachotsedwa, koma ena onse akadali.
Pachiyambi
za sitiraka, kampaniyo nthawi yomweyo idayamba kulemba ganyu ophwanya, kuwabisa
ku ma motelo ku King City ndi pafupi ndi Soledad, ndipo adabweretsanso mabasi kuchokera
midzi ina yakumidzi. Omwe akuchita kunyanyala akuti ndende za mโderali zakhalanso gwero la
olemba anthu ntchito. Kumapeto kwa Seputembala, Basic Vegetable idalengeza kuti idakhalapo mpaka kalekale
m'malo mwa antchito ake ochita chidwi. Atha kubwerera kuntchito, kampaniyo idatero, koma
ku ntchito zanthawi zosakhalitsa za 100 zokha. Zina zonse, ndi zabwino, za ntchito zikanakhala
tsopano ndi a antchito olowa m'malo.
Pa Ogasiti 18, a
Galimoto yodzadza ndi zigawenga inatsatira bus yomwe inanyamula mastrikers kubwerera kwaing'ono
tawuni ya Avenal kumadzulo kwa Central Valley, pamwamba pa mapiri kuchokera
King City. Monga omenyera, timapepala m'manja, ankafuna kulankhula ndi antchito akutsika
basi yopita kunyumba, anakumana ndi kumenyedwa. Wowombera wina adathamanga pansi
m'msewu, wotsatiridwa ndi adani ake. Mayi wakumeneko, akutengera ana ake kunyumba,
adadutsa m'galimoto yake ndikutsegula chitseko, ndikumuuza kuti athawire mkati. Iye
mazenera agalimoto anali atasweka pamene ana ake ndi adzukulu ake ankangoyangโana mwamantha.
"Kuukira uku
idakonzedwa ndi Pedro [Ayala], kontrakitala wantchito wa Basic yemwe, pambuyo pake
akutsika mu bus adakuwa kuti kampaniyo yawapatsa 'green light'.
kuvulaza omenyerawo," adatero chikalata cha Local 890. Jory
amakana zochitika izi ndipo amati "Basic inalibe chochita nazo
chochitika ichi," komanso kuti ndi othandizira mabungwe omwe adayambitsa ziwawa.
Zomwe Basic
Vegetable akuchita ku King City amadziwika bwino ndi Teamster ena ambiri
Anthu aku Union akumidzi yaku California. Mu 1983, Watsonville Canning and Frozen Foods
adakakamiza Local 912 kuchita sitiraka ya miyezi 19 chifukwa cha zololeza zofananira, zomwe
mgwirizano potsiriza unapambana. Koma kumenyedwa kotsatira kudatayika ku United Foods ndi
Ganges Brothers akukonza zopanga kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1980, ndi mabungwe am'deralo a Teamster
wosweka. Mu 1994, Local 601 anakantha pa concessions anafuna Diamond Walnut pa
chomera chake chachikulu ku Stockton. Kunyanyalaku kukupitilira lero, zomwe zapangitsa kuti ikhale imodzi mwamisonkhanoyi
yaitali kwambiri m'mbiri ya ntchito ya US.
Jerry Hume ndi
kutsatira mapazi a bambo ake andale. Mu 1933, Jaquelin Hume ndi ake
m'bale Bill anakhazikitsa Basic Companies, yomwe inakhala yaikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi
purosesa wa dehydrated anyezi ndi adyo. Jack Hume anali mbali ya coterie yaing'ono
ya mabizinesi osamala ku California omwe anali mabwenzi anthawi yayitali komanso azachuma
Othandizira a Ronald Reagan-kulemba alangizi ake andale, ndikulemba ndalama zake
1966 kampeni ya gubernatorial. Anagwirizana ndi Justin Dart, wogulitsa mankhwala osokoneza bongo; Holmes
Tuttle, wogulitsa magalimoto; Earle Jorgesen, wogawa zitsulo ndi
ena mu Reagan's "Kitchen Cabinet" yosavomerezeka.
Pamene Reagan
Othandizira amafunikira bungwe loti lithandizire kutsata ndondomeko zawo zapakhomo ndi zakunja
Iwo anatembenukira kwa Jack Hume, amene anayambitsa Citizens for America (CFA) ndi
Madalitso a Reagan mu 1983. Nkhani ya Citizens for America ndi yochititsa chidwi
kuphunzira momwe, pazaka makumi awiri zapitazi, gulu lodziletsa latha
kumanga mabungwe amphamvu omwe amapereka ndalama zambiri munthawi yochepa, kuwatumiza
m'njira, ndi jettison iwo pamene sanalinso zothandiza.
Hume anali ndi
masomphenya: kuonetsetsa kuti lingaliro la Reagan likhala lokhazikika kupitirira
Utsogoleri wa Reagan. Adalemba ntchito Lew Lehrman ngati mpando, wabizinesi wachinyamata wopuma pantchito,
yemwe adapanga chuma chake chomanga ufumu wa Rite-Aid drugtore ndiyeno adakhalapo
za izo pakufuna kulephera kutulutsa Bwanamkubwa waku New York Mario Cuomo.
Mu 1985, pomwe
Congress inali kukambirana za thandizo ku Nicaragua contras, CFA, ndi Reagan
madalitso, adaitanitsa msonkhano ku Angola wa zigawenga zotsutsana ndi kusintha
ochokera kumayiko anayi, adasonkhanitsidwa kuti apange "Democratic
Mayiko.โ Opezekapo anali a Jonas Savimbi, wamkulu wa National Union
kwa Total Independence ya Angola (yomwe idathandizidwa ndi CIA ndi South
boma la tsankho la Africa); Adolfo Calero, mtsogoleri wa anthu 15,000
Nicaragua Democratic Force; Ghulam Wardak wa Islamic Unity of Afghanistan
Mujahedeen; ndi Pa Kao Her wa Ethnics Liberation Organisation of Laos.
Pa nthawi ya
Msonkhanowu, CIA inali itapatsa kale zigawenga za Afghanistan $250 miliyoni, ndipo
adaperekanso $80 miliyoni ku Calero's Nicaragua contras.
Kupitiliza zake
kuchirikiza kokhazikika kwa abambo, William Hume wapambana ma voucha akusukulu
ndi ntchito zina zabizinesi. Anasankhidwa kukhala California State Board
za Maphunziro ndi Bwanamkubwa Pete Wilson. Pamsonkhano wake wovomerezeka wa Senate iye
adadzudzulidwa chifukwa chopereka makope a buku la Charles Murray, The Bell
pamapindikira, zomwe zimayesa kuyika sayansi pazandale zatsankho ndikutsutsa
kuti azungu ali ndi ma IQ apamwamba kuposa aku Africa America. Panopa ndi wapampando wa
Bungwe la Center for Education Reform, lomwe limakankhira ma voucha asukulu ndi
masukulu ophunzitsira. Kuyambira 1993 Hume wakhala trasti wa Conservative
Heritage Foundation.
Mmodzi mwa a Hume
mapulogalamu a ziweto ndi Foundation for Teaching Economics (FTE), yokhazikitsidwa ndi ake
bambo mu 1975 "poyankha nkhawa yake kuti achinyamata ambiri sanali
kuphunzitsidwa mfundo zoyambira pazachuma zamsika." FTE imalimbikitsa msika waulere
mfundo za "kuthandiza aphunzitsi azachuma kukhala aphunzitsi ogwira mtima,"
ndi "kudziwitsa achinyamata, osankhidwa kukhala utsogoleri wawo
kuthekera, ku njira yachuma yoganizira za dziko ndi mayiko
mavuto."
Komabe, ndalama
zoyambitsa mapiko amanja ndi kumene Hume amawaliradi. Malinga ndi Citizenship
Project, bungwe lokhazikitsidwa ndi anthu ochokera ku Mexico komanso
ogwirizana ku Salinas, ndi DataCenter's ImpactResearch Team, Hume ndi ake
banja lathandizira kwambiri kuzinthu zambiri zamapiko amanja ndi ofuna kusankha,
Kuphatikizapo:
- 1995 - $ 100,000 mpaka
California Republican Party - Epulo 1995โ$25,000 kuchokera
Mkazi wa William Patricia ku Proposition 209, California's
anti-affirmation action initiative - 1996 - $ 150,000 mpaka
California Republican Party; $100,000 kwa Governor Pete Wilson Committee - April 1998 ndi May
1998-zopereka ziwiri za $ 100,000 ku Californian za Chitetezo cha Paycheck
(Proposition 226), ndondomeko yotsutsana ndi mgwirizano - 1998 - $ 50,000 mpaka
kampeni ya Proposition 227, njira yothandizidwa ndi Ron Unz yomwe idaletsa
maphunziro azilankhulo ziwiri ku California - 1996-98โ$105,000 mpaka
zoyeserera za voucher ya sukulu ku Oregon, Colorado ndi Wisconsin, ndi $20,000 mpaka
Gloria Matta Tuchman, maphunziro odana ndi zilankhulo ziwiri komanso ma voucher ovomereza sukulu
wolankhulira, komanso woimira California State Superintendent of Schools.
Hume adapereka $100,000 yowonjezera kwa Tuchman sabata imodzi Novembala isanachitike
Chisankho cha 1988
Kuphatikiza pa
zopereka izi, Hume anapereka RNC/Republican National State Elections
Komiti yopitilira $165,000 mu 1999, ndipo idapereka $1,000 kapena kuposerapo ku kampeni ya
George W. Bush, Sen. Gordon Smith (R-WA), ndi Sen. Phil Gramm (R-TX). Chaka chino
Hume adaperekanso ndalama zosachepera $1,000 kwa Sen. Gordon Smith (R-OR). Smith ndi wothandizira
ya malamulo awiri a Senate omwe angalole alimi kubweretsa antchito m'dziko,
ndi kupanga kusamuka kwawo mwalamulo kudalira ntchito zawo. Izi zitha kukhala a
gawo lalikulu pakukhazikitsanso pulogalamu yakale ya "bracero" yogwira ntchito,
zomwe zinkagwira ogwira ntchito m'mafamu osamukira kumayiko ena ngati antchito ovomerezeka kudzera mwa
1940s ndi 1950s. Pulogalamu yatsopano ya "bracero" ingachepetse malipiro a ogwira ntchito m'mafamu
kwambiri, kupereka malipiro aakulu azachuma kwa alimi amene amapereka
mbewu ya Basic Vegetable yokhala ndi adyo ndi anyezi.
Pamene Hume
akupitiliza zopezera ndalama zandale za ma Republican, mgwirizano ku King City uli
kukulitsa kampeni yake. Basic Vegetable amawerengera pakati pa makasitomala ake angapo
makampani omwe ali ndi zakudya zapamwamba kwambiri - Kraft, Lipton,
McDonalds, Chicken Church, Taco Bell, Pizza Hut, Cisco, Maizena, ndi Nestle.
Mgwirizanowu akufuna kuyang'ana chidwi pakugwiritsa ntchito kwawo zinthu zomwe zimachokera pakumenyedwa
chomera.
Zikuwoneka ngati
kunyalanyazidwa kutha kupitilira mpaka nyengo ya chaka chamawa iyamba mu Meyi. Mpaka pano,
25 okha mwa omwe akumenyera 750 ndi omwe abwerera kuntchito. "Ngati titaya sitiraka, ndi
mgwirizano nawonso, ntchito ina kuno ku King City ndi kumunda,"
akufotokoza wowombera Lupe Vasquez, yemwe wagwira ntchito ku Basic Vegetable kwa zaka 31.
โNdiko kumene ambiri aife tinayambira zaka zapitazo, ndipo sitikufuna kubwerera.
Ndi ntchito yotetezeka, yamgwirizano ku Basic Vegetable, tatha kukhazikika,
kugula nyumba, kutumiza ana athu ku koleji, ndi kukhala ndi moyo wabwino kwambiri. Ndichifukwa chake
tikulimbana kwambiri - sitidzasiya zimenezo." Z
David Bacon, wojambula ndi mkonzi wothandizira wa Pacific News Service, ndi a
zonse Z wothandizira. Bill Berkowitz, asintha CultureWatch, ndi
kalata yotsata gulu la Conservative, lofalitsidwa ndi Oakland's
DataCenter (culturewatch@datacenter. org).