T
he
Cholinga cha UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) 2006,
yomwe inachitikira ku Nairobi, Kenya inali CDMโya Kyoto Protocol
Njira Yachitukuko Yoyera. CDM idapangidwa kuti ithandizire olemera
mayiko kuti apewe kuchepetsedwa kwawo kwa mpweya ndi ndalama zomwe zimatchedwa
"chitukuko choyera," kapena kuchepetsa utsi, mwa osauka
mayiko.
Magulu olandirira alendo aku Africa, motsogozedwa ndi Climate Africa, adadzudzula kusachitapo kanthu
maiko otukuka kumene akunena kuti, โTili ndi nkhawa kuti
mayiko otukuka sakufuna kuchitapo kanthu kuti achepetse
mpweya wawo wotenthetsa mpweyaโฆ. M'malo mwake iwo ali amodzi ndi onse pamodzi
akuwonjezera kutulutsa kwawo mpweya wowonjezera kutentha.โ
Pa chochitika cha mbali pa kupewa kudula mitengo mwachisawawa ndi European
Union, nduna ndi oimira UN adalankhula motalika za
kufunika kothetsa kudula mitengo m'nkhalango monga njira yochepetsera
zotsatira za kutentha kwa dziko. Iwo ananena kuti yankho lake linali
kupanga thumba lalikulu lopatsa mayiko omwe akutukuka kumene chilimbikitso
kuteteza nkhalango zawo, zomwe zingathandize pogawa kuyimirira
nkhalango mtengo wa dola pa zomwe zimatchedwa "ecosystem services."
Pamene mfundo anapereka kufunika koima nkhalango
pakuti nyengo ndi zamoyo zosiyanasiyana zinali zambiri, kusowa kwa chidziwitso
pa mphamvu zoyendetsa kuwononga nkhalango zinali zowoneka bwino. Owonetsa
sananyalanyaze mavuto azachuma omwe amakakamiza mayiko kudula nkhalango zawo,
kusiya malingaliro akuti mayiko osauka amadula mitengo yawo chifukwa
alibe chabwino choti achite.
Sipanatchulidwepo za kusintha kwapangidwe kokhazikitsidwa
ndi World Bank ndi IMF zomwe zimakakamiza mayiko osauka kuti agulitse
zachilengedwe zawo pamitengo yotsika mtengo kuti abweze chitukuko
ngongole. Chimodzimodzinso palibe chomwe chinanenedwa ponena za kuchulukirachulukira
kufunikira kwa zinthu zamatabwa zochokera kumayiko akumpoto, zomwe zambiri
imafika m'malo otayiramo ngati katundu wotayidwa, maimelo osafunikira, kapena kutsatsa.
Chochitika chakumbalichi chinali chizindikiro cha UNFCCC yonse, yomwe idatsindika
kuthetsa mavuto kudzera mu capitalism-ndiko kupanga ndalama,
ndi chitukuko cha njira msika monga malonda carbon kuti
kulonjeza mabiliyoni a phindu koma osachita chilichonse kuti athetse
vuto la kutentha kwa dziko. Malingaliro ochepetsa kudya
ndipo kusintha kwa moyo kunali kusowa, pokhapokha ataleredwa
ndi mabungwe omwe siaboma kapena maiko akummwera. Grace Akumu of Climate Africa liked
Kutsindika kwa North-centric kwa zokambirana kwa omwe akutsutsidwa kwambiri
Zokambirana za World Trade Organisation (WTO), "Monga
WTO, mayiko olemera akupotoza zokambirana mโmalo mwawo.โ
Disaster Capitalism
I
n
kuwonjezera pa kutsindika udindo wa msika mu ndondomeko za nyengo,
ma capitalist amakampani akutenga nkhawa yomwe ikukula yokhudzana ndi nyengo
sinthani kuti mugulitse mapulojekiti omwe kale anali ndi mikangano ngati "zothetsera"
ku kutentha kwa dziko. Mwanjira iyi, minda yayikulu yamitengo ya monoculture,
kupanga kwakukulu kwa biofuel, mitengo yopangidwa ndi majini
ndi mbewu, ntchito zazikulu zopangira magetsi amadzi, ndi mphamvu za nyukiliya zimatha
kugulitsidwa kwa omvera a Kumpoto ngati njira yopititsira patsogolo kwambiri
moyo wongodya mopambanitsa pomwe akuti ukupereka chithandizo chabwino
polimbana ndi kutentha kwa dziko.
Chowonadi chomvetsa chisoni pazantchitozi, komabe, ndikuti
kuchita pang'ono kuchepetsa kusintha kwa nyengo pomwe kumayambitsa chilengedwe
ndi zotsatira za chikhalidwe cha anthu. Izi zidapangitsa Global Forest Coalition kuti
Konzani msonkhano wakumapeto kwa sabata wotchedwa Life as Commerce: Indigenous
Peoples Seminar on Carbon Trading, yomwe idachitikira ku Namanga, Kenya pa
Malire a Tanzania kumapeto kwa sabata ku UNFCCC. Seminala
anaphatikizapo nthumwi zakwawo zochokera padziko lonse lapansi. Ena
otenga nawo mbali adapereka ziwonetsero pazokhudza madera awo
adakumana nawo chifukwa cha njira zogulitsa kaboni poyesa kuchenjeza
oimira ena achilengedwe za zoopsa zobisika za kaboni
malingaliro a offset, omwe ambiri amayang'ana kumayiko a komweko
anthu.
Pambuyo pa seminayi, gulu la magulu oteteza zachilengedwe lidachitika
msonkhano wa atolankhani ku Nairobi wodzudzula kukwezedwa kwa
njira zabodza zotere za kutentha kwa dziko. World Rainforest Movement,
Global Justice Ecology Project, Gaia Foundation, STOP Genetically
Engineered Trees Campaign, Global Forest Coalition, ndi Large Scale
Biofuels Action Network idakumana pamodzi kufuna kuchitapo kanthu motsutsa
kusintha kwa nyengo ndi kutha kwa njira zomwe zimangosuntha ndalamazo
za njira zosakhazikika zamagwiritsidwe ntchito ku North mpaka osauka
Mayiko akummwera kumene anthu azikhalidwe amalipira kwambiri
mtengo wapamwamba. "Minda ya soya ku Latin America ndi mafuta a kanjedza
minda ku Indonesia, yomwe ikupangidwira kuti ikhale yamafuta, ikuyendetsa
kudula mitengo ndikukankhira alimi ndi amwenye zikwi mazanamazana
anthu ochokera kumayiko awo. Apanso maiko omwe akutukuka kumene
akum'mwera akufunsidwa kuti alipire mtengo wa zosakhazikika
moyo waku North,โ anatero Miguel Lovera wa Global Forest
Mgwirizano.
Ana Filippini, wochokera ku World Rainforest Movement, adanenetsa kuti
mwa chikhalidwe chawo, osakhalitsa carbon yosungirako monoculture
minda yamitengo siingawonedwe ngati yankho lachikhalire. Iwo
Komabe, zimakhudza kwambiri, kuphatikizapo kutopa kwa dothi
ndi madzi apansi ndi kusamuka kwa anthu amtundu ndi akumidzi
amene ayenera kuthamangitsidwa m'dziko kuti ateteze kusungirako mpweya
wa mitengo. "UNFCCC iyenera kuchoka ku zovuta izi
ndi njira zachinyengo zogulitsira mpweya. Iyenera kuyambiranso
mozama nkhani za momwe angachotsere mafuta oyambira pansi komanso momwe angachitire
kusiya kudula mitengo,โ adatero.
Mitengo ndi mbewu zopangidwa mwachibadwa zimalimbikitsidwa ngati gwero la
mafuta a biofuel kapena gawo lina la minda ya carbon sink adatsutsidwanso.
Zotsutsana zotsutsana ndi zomera ndi mitengo zopangidwa ndi majini ndi zambiri,
komanso kuwononga nkhalango zachilengedwe ndi ulimi wamba
mbewu zokhala ndi zopanga zowononga. Mitengo ya GE ili nayo
kuthekera kowononga zachilengedwe za m'nkhalango powononga zachilengedwe
mitengo yokhala ndi mungu kapena njere zopangidwira kupha tizilombo, zimalimbana ndi poizoni
herbicides, kapena kukula msanga. "Kuthawa kwa mungu kapena njere
kuchokera ku mitengo ya GE kupita ku nkhalango zachilengedwe kungayambitse zovuta komanso kwathunthu
zosayembekezereka za chilengedwe zomwe zingakhudze luso la
nkhalango zosungiramo mpweya, zomwe zikuwonjezera kutentha kwa dziko. Iwo ayenera kukhala
oletsedwa,โ anaumiriza Orin Langelle wa STOP GE Trees Campaign.
The
mfundo yakuti mitengo yopangidwa ndi majini imayika nkhalango zapadziko lonse lapansi
pachiwopsezo chinawonetsedwa mu kalata yosainira yolembedwa ndi Global
Justice Ecology Project ndi World Rainforest Movement. Kalata
idagawidwa kwa nthumwi ndi atolankhani ndipo ikufuna kusinthidwa kwa
chigamulo cha 2003 cha UNFCCC chomwe chinavomereza kugwiritsa ntchito mitengo ya GE mu carbon
akumira pansi pa Kyoto Protocol. Kalatayo idafuna kuti UNFCCC
kuletsa chigamulo chake chololeza kugwiritsa ntchito mitengo ya GE kuti akhazikike
mfundo zake mogwirizana ndi chigamulo cha March 2006 cha UN Convention
pa Biological Diversity, yomwe inachenjeza za kuopsa kwa majini
adapanga mitengo ndikulimbikitsa mayiko kuti agwiritse ntchito njira zodzitetezera
zaukadaulo.
Pankhani ya biofuel, Dr. Andrew Boswell wa ku UK
Large Scale Biofuels Action Network, adanenanso kuti ngakhale ma biofuels
amapangidwa ndi zinthu wamba zomwe sizinapangidwe ndi majini,
ngati atapangidwa pamlingo waukulu, sangakhale njira yothandiza
ku mafuta oyaka. Mu 2005 mpikisano wa tirigu unachititsa kuti 60 peresenti
kukwera kwamitengo yambewu, kulimbikitsa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa tirigu pamafuta amafuta
ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu omwe sangathe kupeza chakudya chokwanira.
"Kuchuluka kwa tirigu wofunikira kuti apange mafuta okwanira kuti azitha kudzaza
thanki imodzi ya SUV imatha kudyetsa munthu kwa chaka chimodzi,โ adatero.
Kukula kwamafuta amafuta a biofuel kukuyendetsanso kudula mitengo ndi
kuwotcha nkhalango zakumalo monga Indonesia komwe kuli malo
kuyeretsedwa kuti pakhale malo olima mitengo ya kanjedza yodzaza ndi mafuta.
Kuphatikiza pa kusamutsa madera ndikupangitsa kuti zamoyo zitheretu,
kuwononga nkhalango kumeneku kukufulumizitsa kusintha kwa nyengo. "Moto mkati
Nkhalango za ku Indonesia mu 1995 zinatulutsa mpweya wambiri wa carbon kuposa
European Union yonse chaka chimenecho. Kupanga kwakukulu kwa biofuel
mwachidziwikire si njira yomwe ingapindulitse polimbana nayo
kutentha kwa dziko,โ adatero Teresa Anderson wa Gaia Foundation.
Koma mwina njira yovuta kwambiri yothetsera kusintha kwa nyengo
ndi malonda a carbon. Kutengera malonda oipitsa omwe amaloledwa ndi
US Clean Air Act ndipo idatsogozedwa ndi Al Gore panthawi yotsatila
utsogoleri, malonda a carbon amathandiza mabungwe ndi maboma
kupewa kuchepetsa kutulutsa mpweya wowonjezera kutentha pogula carbon
ngongole. Ma carbon credits awa akhoza kubwera mwina kuchokera ku carbon offsetting
ntchito monga minda mitengo, amene anakhazikitsidwa pansi pa
maonekedwe a "chitukuko" m'mayiko osauka, kapena ochokera m'mayiko
monga Russia yomwe ili ndi mbiri yochulukirapo ya carbon. Chifukwa carbon
Malipiro otulutsa amachokera ku milingo ya 1990, mayiko
monga Russia - yomwe idawona mafakitale ake ambiri atatsekedwa pambuyo pake
1990-kukhala ndi ndalama zambiri zotulutsa mpweya wa carbon, zomwe
akhoza kugulitsa kwa ogula kwambiri. Chiphunzitso chake ndi chakuti
Kuperewera kwa carbon credits yomwe ikugulitsidwa idzayamba mu malamulo
za kupezeka ndi kufunikira ndipo msika utenga ndi kuthetsa
vuto. (Kuti mudziwe bwino, werengani
Kugulitsa Carbon: Chovuta Kwambiri
Kukambitsirana pa Kusintha kwa Nyengo, Kusunga Zazinsinsi ndi Mphamvu
, mwa
Larry Lohmann wa The Corner House.)
Kunyalanyaza kwa kamphindi zochepetsera zochepetsera mpweya
ya Kyoto Protocol-yomwe imangofuna kuchepetsedwa kwa 5.2
peresenti pansi pa milingo ya 1990 pamene asayansi anyengo amavomereza zimenezo mwamsanga
kuchepetsedwa ndi 60 peresenti kumafunika kupeลตa ngozi ya nyengo;
ndikunyalanyaza zambiri komanso zotsimikizika zochepetsera mpweya
mavuto ndi njira yochokera kumsika iyi-pali yosathawika
zovuta zomwe United States, yomwe ndi yotulutsa kwambiri
mpweya wowonjezera kutentha (ndi 6 peresenti ya anthu padziko lonse lapansi akupanga
25 peresenti ya mpweya wapadziko lonse lapansi) sidzavomereza chilichonse padziko lonse lapansi
kutentha njira.
Sitingathe kupitiriza kuika chikhulupiriro chathu m'matupi monga UN
kuthetsa vutoli kwa ife. Monga momwe anthu padziko lonse lapansi amachitira
adawuka motsutsana ndi WTO, ziwonetsero zazikulu ziyenera kukonzedwa motsutsa
atsogoleri omwe amakana kuchitapo kanthu zenizeni kuti apewe
tsoka lanyengo. Kupanda kutero timakumana ndi tsogolo losatsimikizika.
Anne
Petermann ndi mtsogoleri wina wa Global Justice Ecology yochokera ku US
Project, yemwe ndi membala woyambitsa wa Durban Group for Climate
Chilungamo.