Awiri akulu akumanzere
magulu a zigawenga ku Colombia, FARC ndi ELN, kapena Fuerzas Armadas
Revolucionarias de Colombia ndi Ejército de Liberación Nacional, sizowona
zambiri zomwe zimakambidwa m'magulu owopsa a Amereka adatsalira. Kumanzere kuli
adadzudzula kuwonjezeka kwa asitikali aku America ku Colombia ndi zake
zonamizira zonyozeka za "nkhondo yolimbana ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo," ndipo moyenerera wakopa chidwi
ku zofuna zamakampani pakugwiritsa ntchito chuma cha dziko lino,
koma mochulukira, wachepa polimbana ndi magulu ankhondo omwe akupikisana nawo
Ndondomeko ya US neoliberal.
The
Otsutsa
Magulu awiriwa ndi
FARC, boma lokhazikika lomwe lidachokera ku chikomyunizimu zaka makumi asanu zapitazo
pakufunika mwachangu kukhazikitsa malo otetezeka a campesinos akumidzi motsutsana ndi
kuwonongedwa kwa nkhondo zachigawenga mu nthawi yotchedwa la violencia; ndi
ELN, gulu lankhondo lachiwembu lolimbikitsidwa ndi Cuban Revolution ndi Che
Maloto a Guevara a Latin America Socialism adagwirizana motsutsana ndi Amereka
imperialism.
FARC ndi
ELN iyenera kukhala m'malingaliro a nzika zaku United States, makamaka
omwe adalimbana ndi ulamuliro wamakampani m'bwalo lanyumba.
Kupatula apo, Asitikali Apadera aku US akhala ku Colombia, kupitilira apo, kuyambira pamenepo
1964. The Vietnamization of American Army operations in the 1960s racheted
kukwera mulingo wa kuponderezana pakuphunzitsidwa kwa US kwa okakamiza ake aku Colombia.
Masiku ano, Colombia ndi yachitatu kwambiri yolandila thandizo lankhondo ku US, pambuyo pa Egypt
ndi Israeli.
Mwa zina
njira zoyambira, FARC ndi ELN zakhala zowona ku zomwe adalamula. FARC,
koyenera mphamvu imene imalamulira pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo anayi a madera akumidzi, misonkho yonse
katundu wotumizidwa kunja, kuphatikizapo coca. ELN youkira boma imaphulika nthawi zonse
mapaipi omwe amalowetsa mafuta a petroleum kuchokera kumidzi kupita ku matanki a Los
Occidental Petroleum yochokera ku Angeles - kampani yamafuta padziko lonse lapansi. Amawononga mphamvu
mizere yotsutsa kukhazikitsidwa kwa gawo lazamagetsi mdziko muno. Chithunzi cha ELN
chopinga chachikulu ku mgwirizano wa mbali imodzi wa ndale ndi zachuma
olamulira ku United States apangana ndi malo ake okhala
Makasitomala osankhika m'derali: Kufikira kwamakampani kosalephereka popanda kuyankha
kwa anthu wamba.
Mafuta mu
Colombia si malo osungira ambiri omwe angalole United States kuti ipitirire
kugwiritsa ntchito kwake kokwanira kwamafuta oyambira pansi ndikusunga ulamuliro wake padziko lonse lapansi. Koma izo
ndi chitsanzo chomwe FARC ndi ELN adayambitsa kunyoza makampani
ulamuliro womwe umawapangitsa kukhala chiwopsezo ku gulu lolamulira la US komanso omvera
kubwezera usilikali.
FARC ndi
ELN yanyozedwa ndi mabungwe omwe si aboma omasuka komanso media media
pazandale kuti apindule ndi malonda a mankhwala osokoneza bongo padziko lonse lapansi,
kuwonjezera pa kulanda, kuba, ndi—chodetsa nkhaŵa kwambiri—chifukwa chakupha
anthu wamba amene amayesa kusaloŵerera m’ndale pa mkangano womwe ukukula ndi asilikali ankhondo.
Palibe amene anganene kuti zolakwa za zigawenga ndi ufulu wa anthu
nkhanza ndizowopsa ngati za Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia, kapena AUC,
gulu lankhondo lomwe linapha osachepera 37 campesinos sabata yachiwiri ya
October m’madipatimenti a Valle de Cauca ndi Magdalena—gulu lomwe liri, ndi
kuvomereza kwake, wokhudzidwa kwambiri ndi malonda a cocaine.
Nkhondo, ngakhale
guerilla war, ndi bizinesi yosasangalatsa ndipo ziwawa zake zimatsitsa onse
maphwando—ngakhale polimbana ndi kulanda dongosolo latsopano lachiyanjano kuchokera kwa akale, otsendereza
dongosolo. Ku Colombia, palibe gulu lachisinthiko lomwe limalimbikitsa
zilakolako zobisika zademokalase zaku North America ndi ku Europe zidatsalira
momwe kusintha kwa Sandinista ku Nicaragua kudachitikira m'ma 1980. Ngakhale zili choncho
sichitengera kafukufuku wozama wa mbiri ya anthu kuti amvetsetse kuti FARC
ndipo ELN ndi yosiyana kwambiri ndi achifwamba opondereza omwe amateteza
zofuna zachinsinsi, omwe ndi othandizira, ku Colombia. Koma mwa olemera
Ma capitols aku America a Imperium, omenyera zida kumanzere ali
zimaganiziridwa molingana ndi chikhalidwe ndi paramilitaries. Iwo ali mogwira mtima
olekanitsidwa ndi chifundo cha mayiko.
An
Impatient State Department
US State Department,
pa Okutobala 15, adasaina chikalata cha imfa ku FARC ndi ELN.
Kazembe Francis X. Taylor, wogwirizira za Counterterrorism m'boma
Office, adalengeza kuti FARC ndi ELN adzapatsidwa chithandizo chofanana ndi
zigawenga zomwe zidaukira World Trade Center ndi Pentagon pa Seputembara 11.
Taylor onse koma adalengeza kulowererapo mwachindunji kwa asitikali aku America pomwe adanena
United States ikagwiritsira ntchito njira zonse, kuphatikizapo “poyenera—monga momwe ife tiriri
ku Afghanistan—kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zankhondo.”
Taylor, pamodzi
ndi Rep. Cass Ballenger, waku North Carolina Republican yemwe wakhala akusunga nthawi yayitali
diso lodabwitsa ku Latin America, lakhala likuimba phokoso loopsya la
kukangana kosatha ndi kokulirakulira. Pa Okutobala 10, pamaso pa makomiti osiyanasiyana
Nyumba ya Oyimilira, awiriwa adalankhula moyipa komanso modabwitsa pa
kukhalapo kwa nthumwi za Irish Republican Army ndi gulu la Basque separatist
ETA imaphunzitsa bungwe la FARC njira zomenyera nkhondo zachigawenga zamatawuni; za Hamas ndi
Maphunziro a Hezbollah kudera lakutali lamalire pakati pa Brazil, Argentina ndi
Paraguay. Rep. Ballenger adanena kuti dera lolamulidwa ndi FARC ku Colombia "ndi
amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati malo otetezeka pophunzitsa ndi kusunga zigawenga."
Mwanjira ina,
imfa yaponyedwa. Pa nthawi yomwe nkhondo ya mankhwala osokoneza bongo inayamba kutaya kuwala kwake,
chifukwa chatsopano chankhondo chankhanza cha ku America chaperekedwa mosavuta.
Zonse izi ndi zabwino
nkhani za Bell Helicopter Textron, kontrakitala wachitetezo ku Fort Worth, Texas
kutulutsa ma helikoputala a Huey II kuperekeza ndege zofukiza mumlengalenga
dipatimenti ya Putumayo, pamodzi ndi anzawo aku Connecticut Sikorsky
Kampani yomwe imapanga helikopita ya Black Hawk. Bell Helicopter ndi Sikorsky
pamodzi alandira $328 miliyoni mchaka chathachi chifukwa cha zopereka zawo
nkhondo ya ku Colombia.
The
AUC
Kusintha kwa mtengo wa AUC
m'malo achitetezo a State Department of "mabungwe achigawenga akunja"
zikuwonetsa kuti nkhondo yolimbana ndi uchigawenga yomwe ikugwiritsidwa ntchito ku Latin America ndi
kuchita mosakondera, kopanda malingaliro. Komabe, owonera nthawi yayitali ankhondo
Mikangano m'derali ikuwonetsa kukayikira kuti AUC ikhala yovuta kwambiri
ndi "zigawenga" zatsopano. Mmodzi wokayikira ndi Stan Goff, Special wopuma pantchito
Ogwira ntchito zankhondo omwe adaphunzitsa gulu lankhondo laku Colombia koyambirira kwa 1990s.
“Zimatsutsa
kukhulupirira kuti asitikali aku Colombia adzaukira AUC, "akutero Goff. “Ndi
pafupifupi ngati gulu limodzi la apolisi ku Los Angeles likuukira
wina.” Goff akutsimikizira kuti gulu la asilikali a ku Colombia silinayende bwino
kugawanika kwa asilikali ovomerezeka omwe amachita nkhanza kwambiri
kuponderezana - mu mgwirizano wogwira ntchito womwe umapereka njira yopulumukira yofunikira kwambiri
za kukana. Iyi ndi njira yovala bwino ku Latin America-yodziwika kwa owonera
ya Haiti, Guatemala ndi El Salvador-ya fascism yothandizidwa ndi boma ndi
tcheru ndi ndalama zapadera.
Mu lipoti
yomwe idatulutsidwa koyambirira kwa Okutobala, Human Rights Watch (HRW) yochokera ku New York idatsutsa izi
Gulu lankhondo la Colombian Army 24th Brigade yophunzitsidwa ndi US, yomwe ili ku Putumayo, ikugwira ntchito
ndi kulandira ndalama kuchokera ku AUC.
Mu 1996, HRW
adavumbula lamulo la 1991 lophatikiza magulu ankhondo ku Colombian Armed
Mphamvu zogwirira ntchito zanzeru: Directive 200-05/91. Lipotilo likusonyeza zimenezo
lamulo ili linapangidwa mosonkhezeredwa ndi asilikali a US.
Ngakhale
Mbiri yowopsa ya ufulu wachibadwidwe ku Colombia, dipatimenti yachitetezo yaku US ndi Central
Gulu la Intelligence Agency (CIA) linagwira ntchito ndi asitikali aku Colombia pa
Kukonzanso kwanzeru kwa 1991 komwe kudapangitsa kuti pakhale wakupha
maukonde omwe adazindikira ndikupha anthu wamba omwe akuganiziridwa kuti amathandizira
zigawenga. Owona ndi maso alumikiza netiweki yatsopano yoyendetsedwa ndi asitikali aku Colombia
kupha anthu osachepera 57 mumzinda wa Barrancabermeja ndi kuzungulira
mu 1992 ndi 1993, muzochitika zolembedwa pano.
Kuyambira pamenepo
sikunali kuyesetsa kusintha gulu lankhondo la Colombia ndipo, kwenikweni, Purezidenti
Andres Pastrana adasaina chikalata mu Ogasiti watha kuti athetse kuyang'anira boma.
"Mfundo ndi yakuti,"
akutero Goff, "ngati tipereka ndalama kwa asitikali aku Colombia, zimathera m'manja
za paramilitaries.” Goff, wokonza ndi North Carolina Network for
Popular Democracy, yalemba mozama za dongosolo lotererali m'buku lake
chikumbutso, Maloto Obisika—lofalitsidwa kumayambiriro kwa chaka chino ndi Soft Skull Press—a
Chikondwerero cha zaka 24 mu usilikali wa US chinatha momvetsa chisoni
1994 kuwukira ku Haiti pomwe adadzizindikira yekha ngati wodzifotokozera yekha
"Red wakuda."
Kaya kulipira a
kulimbana ndi mphamvu zonse zosokoneza kapena kumenyana ndi otsutsa
dongosolo neoliberal ndi funso kwa okonza US mfundo zakunja.
Dipatimenti Yaboma ikufuna kugulitsa kukwera kwake pansi pa
Mfundo zosalowerera ndale za "zotsutsana ndi uchigawenga," koma Ambassador Taylor adanena
dzanja lake mu adilesi ya Okutobala 15 ku Organisation of America States mu
zomwe adalengeza, "Tidakumana ndi zigawenga zamakono kuyambira 1968 ...
magulu oukira boma anayamba kupangidwa ku America konse.”
Mayankho Opita Patsogolo
Ma adilesi akumanzere
momwe zinthu zilili ku Colombia powunikira kusamuka kwa anthu amtunduwu
ndi madera aku Afro-Colombia ndi makampani amafuta aku US akumayiko osiyanasiyana, kupewa
kudziwika kapena chifundo ndi magulu a zigawenga omwe amapereka zoopsa kwambiri
kutsutsa umbombo waukali wa magulu olamulira makampani.
Chitsanzo pankhaniyi
ndi Mboni za Mtendere. Bungwe lachikhristu la ecumenical limayang'anira anthu
kuphwanya ufulu ku Colombia, Witness For Peace imapereka chizindikiro chodalirika cha
kusintha kwa njira zokhulupirika kumanzere. M'zaka za m'ma 1980, gulu linapanga a
kukhudza kwambiri kuphwanya ufulu wa anthu ku Nicaragua Contras.
Powona kuti Contras anali onyada kuponya mfuti kwa nzika zaku America
chifukwa choopa kukhumudwitsa othandizira awo mu utsogoleri wa Reagan, gulu
anadziika kumidzi kuti achepetse nkhanza. Za ku
North America idachoka m'ma 1980, projekiti ya Socialist ya Sandinistas inali
china chake chomwe chikuyenera kutetezedwa kubid ya Contra yothandizidwa ndi US
osankhika counterrevolution.
Zaka khumi pambuyo pake
kugonjetsedwa kwa chisankho cha Sandinistas ndi kupambana kwa United States mu
Cold War, Witness For Peace ndi osagwirizana paubwino wa socialist
Revolution ku Colombia. Mkhalidwe kumeneko, malinga ndi bungwe
Webusaitiyi, imangokhala ndi kuyerekezera kwapang'onopang'ono ndi zovuta zam'mbuyomu
mayendedwe achigawenga akumanzere ndi magulu ankhondo akumanja ku Guatemala ndi El
Salvador. Mosiyana ndi mikangano imeneyo, malinga ndi bungwe la Witness For Peace, FARC
ndipo ELN imagwira ntchito popanda chithandizo chodziwika bwino komanso othandizira ali
womangidwa pang'ono ndi gulu lankhondo lokhazikika.
M'mwezi wa Marichi, a
Nthumwi za Mboni za Mtendere zinayesetsa kutsindika kwa akuluakulu a kazembe wa US
ku Bogotá kuti sanagwirizane ndi zigawenga za ku Colombia, koma
sanali osadziwa za zotsatira zoyipa za mfundo za US ku Latin America.
Mchitidwe wa Mboni za Mtendere pa mgwirizano umatsindika kukumana ndi anthu ammudzi
atsogoleri ndi ogwira ntchito zaufulu wa anthu, ngakhale osakhala ndi zida zankhondo mu
guerilla nkhondo omwe akutsutsa mwachindunji maubwenzi amphamvu a
dongosolo la chuma cha dziko. Ziwonetsero zawo zotsutsa kulowererapo kwa asitikali a US
amachokera ku chikhulupiriro chawo chakuti chilungamo chimadza ndi mtendere kapena ayi
zimakhala zotheka ndi mtendere, mosiyana ndi mfundo yakuti kulimbana ndi
zofunika kuti tipeze mtendere wolungama.
Kumpoto kwina
Achimereka akumanzere atuluka mwamphamvu kuti athandizire zigawenga. Jessica
Sundin wa Colombia Action Network anayenda molunjika kudera lolamulidwa ndi FARC
kumwera kwa dziko, kuti adzipezere yekha zenizeni za
kuwukira. Kufotokozera zomwe adaziwona m'magazini ya Freedom Road, ndi
Bungwe la Marxist-Leninist lokhala ku Chicago, Sundin adati, "FARC idapangidwa
ambiri a campesinos ndi alimi osauka, anthu ozunzidwa kwambiri
Colombia. Iwo ati FARC ndi njira yokhayo yopangira moyo wabwino
iwowo, mabanja awo, ndi anthu onse aku Colombia.”
Kupereka ndi
kusanthula komwe kuli kovuta kutsutsa, adaumirira kuti, "Mbiri ikuwonetsa kuti palibe
tsegulani zitseko zalamulo ku kusintha kwa chikhalidwe cha dziko lawo. Maphwando achikhalidwe amapanga
zisankho zomwe zimakomera anthu olemera ochepa omwe akulamulira dziko.
Mamembala a FARC akufuna kusintha izi, kuti akhale ndi Colombia yatsopano
oyendetsedwa ndi anthu ambiri.”
Kulimbana ndi
Malingaliro omwe alipo ambiri kuti FARC ndi gawo lachiwopsezo cha nkhanza za anthu
Colombia, Sundin adatsimikizira kuti, "Popeza derali likuyang'aniridwa ndi FARC, zili choncho
mosakayika ndi malo otetezeka kwambiri m’dzikoli.”
Osati onse Kumpoto
Magulu aku America omwe ali kumanzere amatengera zomwe zikuyenda bwino pagulu
zigawenga. The Friends Peace Team Project, gulu la Quaker ku San Antonio,
akuti chaka chatha magulu a zigawenga ndiwo adayambitsa pafupifupi 50 peresenti
za kusamuka kokakamizidwa ku Colombia. Mu March 1999, kuphedwa kwa Ingrid
Washinowatok, wa Menonminee Indian wochokera ku Minnesota, pamodzi ndi anzake awiri anali
Zambiri zimaperekedwa ndi FARC. Washinowatok anali atangofika kumene ku Colombia kuti
thandizani kukhazikitsa sukulu yophunzitsa chilankhulo cha U'wa kuti athandize anthu amtundu wawo kumanga a
kukana kwachikhalidwe kulandidwa kwa mayiko amitundu ndi Occidental Petroleum.
Imfa ya omenyera ufulu atatuwa idayambitsa kampeni ya American Indian
Kusuntha kokakamiza a FARC kuti ayankhe.
Ziwawa kwa Olemera
Alma Guillermoprieto, yemwe
yaphimba Latin America ndi luntha lozindikira komanso locheperako
chifundo kwa latsopano Yorker, imayang'anitsitsa FARC ndi
ndi ELN. Koma polemba kuchokera ku lingaliro la bourgeois, Guillermoprieto
akufotokoza mmene gulu la anthu apamwamba linavutikira paulendo wopita kunyanja
poopsezedwa ndi ELN. Kubedwa ndi munga
mbali ya olemera popeza ELN imakhazikitsa zotsekera m'misewu pomwe apaulendo ali
nthawi zina amakakamizika kudikirira kwa maola pokhapokha ngati asakasaka mwachangu makompyuta
zimasonyeza kuti alibe ndalama zokwanira kuti ayenerere kubedwa.
Posachedwapa, izi
magawo afika pamlingo woipitsitsa wa kunyalanyaza. Pa September 30, kale
Nduna ya Zachikhalidwe Consuelo Araujo adapezeka ataphedwa atagwidwa ndi a
FARC pasanathe sabata. Imfa ya Araujo, pamodzi ndi zochitika za polarizing
Pa Seputembara 11 ku United States, kukambirana zamtendere pakati pa a
boma ndi zigawenga zinafika povuta.
Ndipotu, pa zonse
mbali za mkangano, ziwawa zakula kwambiri, ndi apolisi ndi
alimi akuwunikidwa ndi ana akufa chifukwa chosakonzekera
Kuphulika kwa FARC kwa bomba lamafuta ku dipatimenti yakumpoto ya La Guajira, monga
yalembedwa ndi Washington Post.
Pa October 24,
Anne Patterson, kazembe wa US ku Colombia, adalengeza kuti United States
adzafuna kutulutsa FARC, ELN, ndi AUC. Atsogoleri aku Colombia ndi
Atsogoleri ankhondo akumanja tsopano amalankhula za zona de despejada ngati "
Afghanistan mkati mwa Colombia. " Olemba mkonzi okonda ku Bogotá amalankhula izi
Colombia ikuyenera kutsatira chitsanzo cha United States ndikuchitapo kanthu mwamphamvu
motsutsana ndi "zigawenga" zakumanzere.
Mwachionekere,
Olemekezeka aku Colombia ndi othandizira awo aku US amawona mwayi wothetsa
gulu la zigawenga zabwino ndikuthetsa nkhondo yapachiweniweni yazaka 37. Mosakayikira, a
zigawenga nazonso zimawona iyi ngati nthawi yovuta kuti tipite patsogolo. Ichi ndi mawonekedwe
za nkhondo yosatha yomwe ikubwera: kuchuluka kwa ziwawa zobwezerana
mbali iliyonse yayikidwa mozama kwambiri kotero kuti kudzipereka kumakhala kosamvetsetseka.
Mwina kwa
United States, nkhondo ya ku Colombia idzakhala vuto lalikulu kwambiri
zomwe tidzadabwa kuti ndi nthawi yanji yomwe tingakhale nayo mwayi wotuluka
tokha. Kwa ambiri omwe adasamutsidwa ku Colombia omwe apulumuka pachuma
kukhala kovuta kwambiri, nthawi yomwe nkhondo yodziwika bwino ikanatha
Kugwira kwa anthu osankhika kuyenera kuoneka ngati kwatsika mpaka madzulo.
Zizindikiro ndi
Zowopsa kuti FARC ndi ELN zadziwika ndi dipatimenti ya US State
za chiwonongeko. Pakulimbana kumeneko, magawo onse a anthu aku Colombia adzakhala
kumizidwa m’magazi okhetsa mwazi. Otsutsa nkhondo ya US "anti-terror" ku United
Mayiko akuyenera kudziwa kuti nkhanza izi zidzachitikanso m'dzina la
Kukonda dziko la America. Chisinthiko cha Colombia ndipo mwina kuthekera kwa a
Kutsutsa kwa mapiko amanzere ku North America kuli pachiwopsezo.
Z
Jordan
Green ndi mtolankhani wodziyimira pawokha wokhala ku Durham, North Carolina, pakadali pano
amagwira ntchito ngati mkonzi komanso wothandizana nawo kafukufuku ku Institute for Southern
Zofufuza.