Madola miliyoni ndikusintha kwachump masiku ano kwa anthu olemera kwambiri aku America.
Zinatenga osachepera $475 miliyoni kuti alowe pa Forbes 400 roster ya chaka chino
wolemera kwambiri, kuchokera pa $415 miliyoni mu 1996. Oprah Winfrey, pa 343 ndi $550 miliyoni.
munthu Wakuda yekha pa ndandanda.Ngati membala wotsika kwambiri wa Forbes 400 apereka madola milioni,
ndizofanana ndi nyumba zapakatikati za America-zomwe zimapanga pafupifupi $35,500 a
chaka-kupereka zosakwana $75.โNdalama zimapanga ndalama,โ anatero Adam Smith kalekale. Itanani izo
Horatio Algorithm-matsenga owonjezera chidwi, ndalama, ndi cholowa.
Onetsani kuti msika wamasheya kulibe. Madola miliyoni adayimitsidwa mu CD yaku banki pa 5
chiwongola dzanja chidzatulutsa $ 50,000 chaka choyamba ndi zina pambuyo pake. Wapakati
Mnzake wapanyumba $75 akupeza 5 peresenti angapereke $3.75.Masiku ano United States ili ndi mabiliyoni 170 ndi Forbes awerenge
(kuchokera ku 135 chaka chatha) ndi anthu oposa 36 miliyoni omwe amakhala pansi pa umphawi wa boma
mzereโndipo enanso mamiliyoni ambiri okhala muumphaลตi pamwamba pake. Zaposachedwa zaumphawi ndizo
$7,995 kwa munthu m'modzi ndi $12,516 yokha kwa banja la atatu.Ngakhale kuti wogwira ntchito wamba sanakhalebe ndi inflation chaka chatha,
Wolemera kwambiri waku America, Bill Gates, bilionea wa Microsoft, adachulukitsa kuchuluka kwake kuwirikiza kawiri
kuchokera $18.5 biliyoni kufika $39.8 biliyoni. Ndiko kupindula kwapakati pafupifupi $410 miliyoni
sabata. Gates ndiwofunika kale kuposa Gross National Product (GNP) ya
Central America.
BillionHeirs
Mamembala ambiri a Forbes 400 adapanga ndalama zawo kukhala zachikale. Iwo
anatengera icho. "Born on Third Base," kafukufuku wa Boston-based United kwa a
Fair Economy, ikuwonetsa kuti ambiri mwa Forbes 400 adatengera njira yawo pandandanda,
adalandira makampani ochulukirapo komanso opindulitsa kale, kapena adalandira ndalama zoyambira
kuchokera kwa wachibale.Malinga ndi United for a Fair Economy, 42 peresenti ya Forbes 400
Anabadwa Pa mbale Yanyumba. Analandira chuma chokwanira osati kungowapangitsa kukhala olemera, komanso
wolemera mokwanira kuti apange mndandanda wa Forbes 400. Izi zikuphatikiza mibadwo yakale mabiliyoni olowa monga
Rockefellers ndi duPonts, ndi chuma chatsopano chabanja kuchokera kumakampani ngati Wal-Mart ndi
pa Gap. Ma Waltons aku Wal-Mart ali ndi malo 9 mpaka 13 pa Forbes 400, ndi
kuphatikiza $32 biliyoni.Multimillion wolowa nyumba Steve "msonkho lathyathyathya" Forbes akhoza kugwirizana. Iye
adalandira utsogoleri ndi katundu wambiri ku Forbes, Inc. kuchokera kwa abambo ake. The Forbes
banja silinawonekere ku 400, koma olosera magazini olembedwa
Chuma cha Forbes chinali $439 miliyoni mu 1996, zokwanira kupanga chaka chimenecho
kudula.Chuma chophatikizana cha Forbes 400 chinakwera 31 peresenti
kuchoka pa $477 biliyoni mu 1996 kufika pa $624 biliyoni chaka chino. Liti Forbes
anayambitsa 400 oyambirira mu 1982, ndalama zawo zonse pamodzi zinali $92 biliyoni. Lero izo
sakanapereka ngakhale Forbes Five.
Ingochitani Ndi Malipiro Otsika
Anthu olemera aku America akhala akuponya mapiko, kuba, ndi
Nsembe za antchito zimauluka kwa zaka zambiri. Malipiro a mlungu ndi mlungu a antchito apakatikati atsika
pafupifupi 16 peresenti kuyambira 1973, zosinthidwa kaamba ka kukwera kwa mitengo.Malipiro enieni atsika ngakhale kuti antchito amakono
ndi ophunzira kwambiri kuposa kale. Kuyambira 1973, gawo la antchito opanda sekondale
digiri yadulidwa pakati. Gawo la ogwira ntchito omwe ali ndi digiri ya koleji ya zaka zinayi
chawirikiza.Kukwera kwachuma kwaumbombo kunali kokulirapo m'makampani aku America mu 1996. Fortune 500
phindu linakwera 23 peresenti. Avereji yamalipiro a CEO-malipiro, bonasi, ndi
chipukuta misozi nthawi yayitali monga zosankha zamasheya - zidakwera 54 peresenti, kufikira
$5,781,300, malinga ndi Sabata la Business lipoti la pachaka la executive executive. Avereji
Malipiro a CEO amafika kuposa $111,000 pa sabata.ngakhale Sabata la Amalonda amatcha CEO kulipira "osawongolera."
Mkulu wamkulu wa ku United States anapeza ka 209 malipiro a ogwira ntchito mโfakitale mu 1996
kuyambira 1980, pamene Atsogoleri Akuluakulu adapanga nthawi 42 kuposa antchito a fakitale aku US.Woyambitsa Nike Philip Knight ndi nambala 17 pa Forbes 400 ndi $ 5.4
biliyoni. Ndi muyeso wa Forbes, "adadzipanga yekha." Koma okwera mtengo
Air Jordans ndi zovala zina zomwe zimakweza phindu la Nike ndi katundu sizili
chodzipangira. Wantchito wamba wa ku Nike ndi mtsikana kapena mkazi waku Asia yemwe amagwira ntchito mu thukuta
zosakwana $10 pa sabata-kachigawo kakang'ono ka mtengo wa nsapato za Nike wamba.Pakusaka kosalekeza kwa malipiro otsika mtengo, Nike yasintha kupanga
kunja kwa United States kuchokera ku South Korea ndi Taiwan kupita ku Indonesia ndi
Thailand, komanso zotsika mtengo China ndi Vietnam. Monga William Greider adalemba mu Dziko Limodzi,
Wokonzeka kapena Osati, Nike akuti adalipira ndalama zambiri mu 1992 zotsatsa kwa Michael Jordan
($ 20 miliyoni), "kuposa antchito onse omwe adapeza mu nsapato yaku Indonesia
makampani - antchito 25,000 omwe adapanga Nike, Reebok, LA Gear, Adidas ndi ena otchuka.
"Kupeza $400 mpaka $500 pachaka koposa zonse, akutero Greider - potchula Pharis Harvey.
ya International Labor Rights Education and Research Fundโchiwerengero cha ogwira ntchito
malipiro anali osakwana $12.5 miliyoni.Masiku ano, ku Vietnam, Nike amalipira masenti 20 pa ola. Ndi $1.60 in
8 maola. Mgwirizano ku United States ndi kunja, ndi magulu ngati San Francisco-based
Global Exchange ndi New York-based National Labor Committee Education Fund pothandizira
Ogwira Ntchito ndi Ufulu Wachibadwidwe, akutsogolera kampeni yopezera malipiro amoyo ndi mikhalidwe yabwino
ogwira ntchito kupanga zinthu za Nike, Wal-Mart, Disney, ndi ena.
Forbes imati, โPhil Knight wosalapa
amadzudzula otsutsa ake a sweatshop: 'Iyi si nkhani yomwe iyenera kukhalapo
ndale lero. Nโchimodzimodzinso ndi kudalirana kwa mayiko.โโ
Kuchokera Kusauka Kufikira Kulemera
Zinatengera ndalama zapachaka za $119,540 mu 1996 kuyika waku America
Bungwe la Census Bureau linatero. Ndizo
kusintha kwa thumba kwa Forbes 400, koma osati kwa anthu ambiri. Hei, ngati muyenera kufunsa
mtengo wa Rolls-Royce Silver Spur, simungakwanitse ($186,100).Ndi Census Bureau count, yomwe imakonda kutsitsa ndalama pamwamba,
5 peresenti ya mabanja apamwamba awonjezera gawo lawo la ndalama za dziko kuchoka pa 15.6
peresenti mu 1981 kufika pa 21.4 peresenti chaka chatha. Ochepa 80 peresenti adataya mwayi kwa iwo
pamwambapa.Kugawidwa kwa chuma kumakhala kosagwirizana kwambiri kuposa ndalama. Pamwamba
5 peresenti ya mabanja ali ndi pafupifupi 60 peresenti ya ndalama zonse, malinga ndi New York
Katswiri wa zachuma ku yunivesite Edward Wolff.Ogwira ntchito sanapange zomwe adataya pakugwa kwachuma komaliza,
ndalama zochepa zomwe zidatayika kuyambira chaka chapamwamba cha 1973. M'mawu a
Washington-based Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, "Bizinesi yomaliza
Chimake chinali 1989, chaka chomaliza kugwa kwachuma chakumayambiriro kwa ma 1990 kusanachitike. Mitengo ya ulova
zinali zofanana mu 1996 ndi 1989, ndipo chuma cha US chinali chokulirapo komanso cholemera.
1996 kuposa mu 1989. Koma kafukufuku watsopano wa Census amasonyeza kuti pa avareji, anthu olemera okha a ku America.
Zinkachita bwino mu 1996 kuposa mu 1989.
kuposa $1,000 pansi pa msinkhu wa 1989. Umphaลตi wa 13.7 peresenti unali pamwamba pa 1989
12.8 peresenti. Chiwopsezo cha umphawi chikuwoneka choyipa kwambiri poyerekeza ndi 11.1 peresenti ya
1973.Kugwiritsa ntchito zomwe zangotuluka kumene za ndalama zapabanja pambuyo pa msonkho
Bungwe la Congressional Budget Office, Center on Budget and Policy Priorities linanena kuti
ngati ndalama zapabanja pambuyo pa msonkho zinakwera 9.5 peresenti mu 1977-1994, zosinthidwa
kukwera kwa mitengo. Vuto nlakuti kuseri kwa avareji, mabanja ochepera 60 peresenti anataya
ndalama pamene mabanja pamwamba adapeza kwambiri. Pamene pansi 20 peresenti ya mabanja anataya
16 peresenti ya ndalama zomwe amapeza pambuyo pa msonkho mu 1977-1994, 20 peresenti adapeza 25.
ndipo 1 peresenti yapamwamba idakwera 72 peresenti.Tikulankhula za ndalama zambiri, monga zotsatizana nazo
tebulo likuwonetsa. Ngati gawo limodzi mwa magawo asanu osauka kwambiri adalandira gawo lomwelo la ndalama zomwe amapeza pambuyo pa msonkho mu 1994
monga momwe anachitira mu 1977, akanakhala ndi ndalama zokwana madola 55 biliyoni. 1 peresenti yapamwamba, pa
kumbali ina, akanakhala ndi $ 146 biliyoni zochepa pazopeza. Kusintha kwaposachedwa kwa msonkho wa federal
zidzapindulira mopanda malire aku America omwe amapeza ndalama zambiri. Ndemanga za Citizens for Tax Justice
kuti olemera 1 peresenti adzalandira pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a mapindu a msonkho watsopanowo
mabala pamene akugwira ntchito.
Ana ndi Mabanja Achinyamata Amapita Kwambiri
Pomwe mamembala ambiri a Forbes 400 adaleredwa mwachuma, oposa m'modzi
mwa ana asanu a ku America anakulira muumphaลตi. The understated official 1996 mwana
umphawi unali 20.5 peresenti. Mu 1969, pamene muyeso waumphawi unawonekera kwambiri
zenizeni, umphawi wonse wa ana unali 14 peresenti.Pomwe 1 peresenti yapamwamba ya mabanja aku America adachulukitsa gawo lawo kawiri
za chuma cha dziko kuyambira mโma 1970, kuchuluka kwa ana okhala muumphaลตi wadzaoneni
wachulukitsanso kawiri.Kufotokozera mwachidule kafukufuku wofunikira poyerekeza mayiko otukuka, a
Bungwe la Childrenโs Defense Fund lochokera ku Washington limati, โMwana wa ku America analipo kaลตiri
kukhala wosauka kwambiri kuposa mwana waku Britain, kuwirikiza katatu kukhala wosauka kuposa a
Mwana wa ku France kapena waku Germany, ndipo mwina kasanu ndi kamodzi kukhala wosauka kuposa waku Belgian,
Mwana waku Denmark, kapena waku Swiss."Umphawi sumangopweteka; imapha. United States ndi nambala wani
dziko la chuma ndi nambala 26 pa imfa za ana (osakwana zaka zisanu). Kafukufuku wa boma wa 1989
za ziwopsezo za kufa kwa ana ku Kansas zidapeza kuti ana omwe amapeza ndalama zochepa ndiwochulukirapo katatu
kufa ndi zifukwa zonse pamodzi, kuwirikiza kanayi kufa ndi moto, kuwirikiza kasanu
akhoza kufa ndi matenda opatsirana ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, ndipo kasanu ndi kamodzi akhoza kufa
matenda ena.Ku United States, komwe chisamaliro chaumoyo chimayendetsedwa kuti akhale athanzi
phindu, ana ochepa anali ndi inshuwalansi ya umoyo mu 1996 kusiyana ndi 1995. The Census Bureau
malipoti akuti chiwerengero cha ana opanda inshuwaransi yazaumoyo wamba kapena aboma chakula
pafupifupi miliyoni imodzi kuti ifike pa 10.6 miliyoni (14.8 peresenti ya ana onse). Pakati mwalamulo
Ana osauka, 23.3 peresenti analibe inshuwaransi yachinsinsi, Medicaid, inshuwaransi yaumoyo
zonse.Zotsatira za kutsika kwa malipiro ndi kukwera kwa kusalingana kwagwera kwambiri
mabanja ang'onoang'ono okhala ndi ana-omwe akutsogoleredwa ndi anthu osapitirira zaka 30. Malinga ndi
Children's Defense Fund (CDF), "Zopeza (zapakatikati) za mabanja achichepere
ndi ana otsika ndi gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu (33 peresenti) kuyambira 1973 mpaka 1994 atatha kusintha
kukwera kwa mitengo - kutayika kwakukulu kuposa kutsika kwa 27 peresenti kwa ndalama zomwe munthu aliyense amapeza
kunachitika mโnyengo ya Kusoลตa Kwakukulu kuyambira 1929 mpaka 1933.โ Nkhani yomvetsa chisoniyi ndi imeneyi
kuchokera mu lipoti lawo latsopano, Kupulumutsa Maloto aku America a Mabanja Achinyamata. Theka la
Ana a m'mabanja ang'onoang'ono ali ndi ndalama zochepera pa 125 peresenti ya mzere waumphawi.CDF imati, "Ngati zipatso zakukula kwachuma zikadakhala
adagawana mofanana pakati pa mabanja onse pakati pa 1973 ndi 1994 ... ndiye banja laling'ono lapakati
ndi ana akadawona kuti ndalama zake zikukwera ndi 15 peresenti m'malo motsika ndi 33
peresenti."Kuyang'ana pa mabanja a okwatirana achichepere, ndalama zidatsika
ndi 12 peresenti pakati pa 1973 ndi 1994, mosasamala kanthu za kuwonjezeka kwa amayi ogwira ntchito za malipiro.
CDF inanena kuti, โMalipiro apachaka a abambo achichepere okwatiwa atsika ndi 30
peresenti pakati pa 1973 ndi 1994. Kutayika kumeneku kunali kobisika pangโono mโmalipiro abanja.
ziwerengero, komabe, ndi kukula kwachuma kwa amayi achichepere okwatiwa, omwe adawonjezera awo
avereji ya nthaลตi yogwira ntchito yolipidwa kuchokera pa milungu 18 pachaka mu 1975 mpaka milungu 29 pachaka mu 1994.โ
Chiลตerengero cha umphaลตi cha mabanja achichepere a makolo aลตiri chinaลตirikiza kaลตiri kuchokera pa 6.2 peresenti mu 1973
mpaka 15.7 peresenti mu 1994.A nthawi zonse, chaka chonse malipiro osachepera ntchito kubweretsa banja la
atatu pamwamba pa umphawi wa boma. Tsopano sikudutsa malire ovomerezeka a umphawi
banja la anthu awiri. Malipiro apano a $5.15 amabwera ku 85 peresenti yokha ya 1997
umphawi kwa banja la anthu atatu, omwe pa $12,516 ndi otsika kwambiri. Umphawi wa boma
mzere wa banja la anthu awiri ndi $10,233. Tangoganizani kulipira chisamaliro cha ana kuchokera pamwamba
za nyumba, chakudya, mayendedwe, chisamaliro chaumoyo, ndi zina zofunika.Tangoganizani kulipira koleji. Ndizovuta kwa anthu apakati,
ndi zovuta kwambiri kwa omwe ali ndi ndalama zochepa. CDF ikunena kuti, "Mtengo wapakati wa
maphunziro, chipinda, ndi bolodi pa koleji ya boma zinali zofanana ndi 26 peresenti ya ndalama zomwe a
Mabanja omwe amapeza ndalama zochepa mu 1994, malinga ndi Dipatimenti Yophunzitsa ku United States, kuchokera pa 16
peresenti mu 1975. "Kuti tisinthe kugwa kwa malipiro ndi kukwera kwa kusalingana, tikhoza kujowina
ndi mabungwe othandizira. Titha kubweza kampeni yolimbana ndi ma sweatshops ndi malipiro amoyo pa
m'dera, boma, dziko, ndi mayiko. Tikhoza kuthetsa sabusies kwa olemera ngati
monga kuchotsedwa kwa chipukuta misozi chokwera kwambiri kuchokera kumisonkho yamakampani ndi
kuchotsera chiwongola dzanja chanyumba ku nyumba zodula kumisonkho yamunthu. Titha kugwirira ntchito
ntchito yeniyeni yeniyeni ndi chisamaliro chaumoyo chadziko. Titha kuthandizira kampeni yoyeretsa Ndalama ndi
zisankho zoperekedwa ndi boma m'magawo onse. Titha kusankha akuluakulu aboma omwe akuyimira
ife. Titha kupulumutsa Bilu ya Ufulu yomwe tili nayo, ndikugwirira ntchito Lamulo la Zachuma
Ufulu. Tili ndi njira yovuta kutsogolo. Sizingatheke pokhapokha titalumikizana ndi ena ambiri
anthu.
Holly Sklar ndiye wolemba Za Chisokonezo Kapena Gulu? Kufunafuna
Mayankho, Osati Scapegoats for Bad Economics ndi membala wa bungwe la United kwa a
Fair Economy.