mabuku
Black Against Empire: Mbiri ndi Ndale za
chipani cha Black Panther
Wolemba Joshua Bloom ndi Waldo E. Martin Jr.
University of California Press, 2013, 560 pp.
Ndemanga ya Jeremy Kuzmarov
M'chilimwe cha 1970, North Vietnamese adaitana mtsogoleri wa Black Panther Party Eldridge Cleaver kuti alankhule ndi ma GI akuda kuchokera ku wayilesi ku Hanoi. Cleaver anali mlembi wa memoir yogulitsidwa kwambiri, Moyo pa Ice, zomwe zinapereka chidziwitso pa zotsatira za maganizo za kuponderezedwa kwa mafuko ku America ndi kutsutsa kwakukulu kwa nkhondo ya Vietnam. Adauza a GIs kuti: "Zomwe akuchita ndikukonza izi kuti amphaka achoke pabwalo lankhondo. Iwo akukutulutsani inu patsogolo kuti mutengeke. Ndipo mwanjira imeneyo…amathetsa vuto losunga magulu ankhondo ambiri ku Vietnam; ndipo amathetsa vuto lakutsekereza ankhondo achichepere m’makwalala a Babulo. Ndipo amenewo ndi masewera onyansa, oipa omwe akuchitidwa pa inu. Ndipo sindikuwona momwe ungapitirire.
In Black Against Empire: Mbiri ndi Ndale za Black Panther Party, Joshua Bloom ndi Waldo E. Martin Jr. amagwiritsa ntchito mawu a Cleaver kusonyeza mayiko a Black Panther Party ndi anti-imperialism. A Panthers ankaona kuti Achimereka Achimereka ndi anthu olamulidwa ndi dziko la United States, omwe amachitiridwa tsankho pakati pa anthu ndi zachuma komanso apolisi a m'madera awo ndi apolisi atsankho omwe amawayerekezera ndi gulu lankhondo. Iwo adalimbikitsa zolemba za Frantz Fanon, katswiri wa zamaganizo wa ku Algeria yemwe adasanthula momwe anthu atsamunda adatengera kuzunzidwa kwawo ndikukana chikhalidwe chawo. Ufulu ukhoza kupezedwa kokha mwa chipwirikiti chosintha zinthu.
Black Panther Party idachokera ku Oakland, California mu 1966, kutsatira kuphedwa kwa Malcolm X. Huey P. Newton, yemwe adayambitsa chipanichi ndi Bobby Seale, adaphunzira zamalamulo ku Merritt College ndipo adazindikira kuti ndizololedwa kunyamula mfuti zodzaza. California pagulu. A Panthers adayamba kulondera m'misewu ya Oakland kuti ateteze madera awo ndikulembanso achinyamata a ghetto omwe mwina akanalowa nawo zigawenga zam'misewu. A Panthers adamanga ubale wawo ndi anthu ammudzi, poyamba ku Oakland ndiyeno m'mizinda kuzungulira dzikolo, popereka chakudya cham'mawa kwa achinyamata ovutika, chithandizo chamankhwala komanso mapulogalamu omaliza maphunziro. Pulogalamu ya kadzutsa idadyetsa ana mazana patsiku ndi zikwi pa sabata, mabizinesi am'deralo nthawi zambiri amapereka chakudya (ngakhale nthawi zina amalandidwa). Kupyolera mukulankhula kwake monyanyira, kugwedezeka mumsewu ndi kudzipereka kuchitapo kanthu, a Black Panthers adatengera malingaliro a wophunzira woyera yemwe adasiyidwa ndi omvera achifundo omwe adachititsa zochitika zopezera ndalama. Gululo linabala mphukira zambiri, kuphatikizapo Young Lords. Kudzudzula kwawo kwamphamvu yakusankhana mitundu komanso Nkhondo yaku Vietnam kunali kosangalatsa kwambiri panthawiyo. Bungweli lidathandizira kwambiri kutsogolera ziwonetsero zapasukulu zomwe zidapangitsa kuti pakhale maphunziro a anthu akuda komanso kukonzanso maphunziro awo.
A Panthers ankayang'aniridwa ndi apolisi, ndipo nthawi zambiri ankawomberana ndi akuluakulu. Ambiri mwa mamembala awo anatsekeredwa m’ndende ndi kuphedwa. Ku Oakland, apolisi odziwika bwino atsankho mobwerezabwereza adawombera ku likulu la Panther, adapanga ndalama zopha atsogoleri a Panther, ndikupha Bobby Hutton wazaka 17 atagwidwa ndi apolisi. Mu Okutobala 1967, Huey Newton adakokedwa ndikumenya mfuti ndi wapolisi wa Oakland John Frey, yemwe adaphedwa pankhondoyo. Newton anavulazidwa ndikumangidwa chifukwa cha kupha munthu, ndipo pambuyo pake anamasulidwa mlandu wake utakhala chifukwa cha dziko lonse célèbre. Atamangidwa unyolo m'chipatala, apolisi anam'nyoza ndi kulavuliridwa, osadzudzulidwa ndi ogwira ntchito pachipatalapo.
Panthawiyi, Mtsogoleri wa FBI, J. Edgar Hoover, adatchula a Panthers kukhala chiwopsezo chachikulu cha chitetezo chamkati ku United States. Pofuna kuwononga bungwe, othandizira a FBI adafalitsa nkhani zabodza, adalowa m'magulu a chipani, adayambitsa zipolowe, ndikuyambitsa mikangano pakati pa utsogoleri. Ku Los Angeles, odziwitsa a FBI mwina adapha John Huggins ndi Alprentice "Bunchy" Carter, mtsogoleri wa bungwe la ophunzira akuda ku yunivesite ya California ku Los Angeles. Ku Chicago, mtsogoleri wa chipani cha 21 Fred Hampton ndi mnzake Mark Clark adaledzeretsa ndikuphedwa ndi apolisi akumaloko mogwirizana ndi FBI. Awiriwa adapangana mkangano pakati pa zigawenga zomwe zidayamba kuwalembera mchipanichi.
M’kupita kwa nthaŵi, Black Panther Party sichikanatha kudzichirikiza, popeza atsogoleri ake ambiri anatsekeredwa m’ndende, kuphedwa, kapena kuthamangitsidwa. Kukondana kwachiwawa komanso kupititsa patsogolo nkhondo za zigawenga kunasiyanitsa anthu m'magulu omwe amamvera chisoni anthu akuda komanso kutsutsana ndi nkhondo ya Vietnam. Kulephera kwa a Panthers kupanga migwirizano yayikulu ndi omenyera ufulu wakumanzere kudawonekera pomwe mtsogoleri wa Panther David Hilliard adatsitsidwa pabwalo pamsonkhano wotsutsana ndi nkhondo ku Golden Gate Park, San Francisco womwe udaphatikizanso zolankhula za Senators George McGovern ndi Eugene McCarthy. Hilliard anapita patali kwambiri potchula Richard Nixon kuti ndi “mayi” amene ayenera kuphedwa. "Tipha Richard Nixon ndi mayi wina aliyense amene angaime panjira ya ufulu." Mbiri ya a Panthers inatsikanso kwambiri Huey Newton atayamba kusonyeza khalidwe loipa kwambiri atatuluka m’ndende mu 1970. Newton anasamukira m’nyumba yolemekezeka ndipo anayamba kucheza ndi anthu a ku Oakland underworld. Atavutika maganizo, pambuyo pake anaimbidwa mlandu wakupha hule wazaka 17 ndipo anamwalira mu 1989 m’pangano losamveka bwino la crack.
Pofika pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1970, a Panthers anasiya kukhalapo ngati gulu la ndale, lofanana ndi kuchepa kwa kayendetsedwe kake ka ophunzira m'ma 1960. Mapeto a nkhondo ya Vietnam ndi kutsegulira kwa Nixon ku China ndi ndondomeko ya détente, pamodzi ndi ndondomeko ya Philadelphia yolimbikitsa kuchitapo kanthu, kunathandiza kuthetsa kuthandizira kwamphamvu, zotsutsana ndi zotsutsana ndi a Panthers, ngakhale kuti kusagwirizana kwakukulu kwapangidwe ndi nkhanza za apolisi. Iwo anaumirirabe. Nyuzipepala ya chipanicho inayamba kutsindika za ziwawa zankhondo ndi zigawenga, makamaka popereka ndondomeko yowunikira US capitalism ndi imperialism. Magulu ankhondo monga Black Liberation Army (BLA) adabera mabanki ndikuphulitsa nyumba za boma m'malo mwazoyambitsa kusintha, ngakhale ma Panthers ena adayesa dzanja lawo pazandale. Mu 1972, Bobby Seale adathamangira meya wa Oakland papulatifomu ya demokalase ndipo adakakamiza kuthamangitsa mpikisano wake waku Republican, ngakhale adalephera. Elaine Brown, yemwe anali mnzake wa Huey Newton nthawi imodzi, adathandizira kukonza anthu akuda pothandizira Bwanamkubwa Jerry Brown ndipo adatha kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zake kuti apeze ndalama zothandizira ntchito zachitukuko. Kusintha kodziletsa kwa ndale, komabe, kumachepetsa mphamvu ya Brown pa nthawi yayitali komanso mutu womaliza wa Panther unatseka zitseko zake zabwino mu 1982.
Black Against Empire ikuphwanya maziko atsopano aukadaulo popereka mbiri yakale yokwanira ya Black Panther Party. Chimodzi mwazolinga zazikulu za olemba ndikupitilira kupitilira kwa ziwanda za Panther Party ndi olemba a neoconservative monga David Horowitz, omwe amawonetsa a Panthers ngati ofanana ndi zigawenga. Horowitz ndi anzake amalephera kulingalira bwino za chikhalidwe cha anthu omwe Panthers anatulukira komanso zochitika za anthu akuda panthawiyo. Iwo amachepetsa kuchuluka kwa kuponderezana kwa boma pothandizira kuti chipanicho chisagwedezeke ndikugogomezera zabwino za mbiri ya chipanicho, kuphatikizapo mapulogalamu a chakudya cham'mawa, mphamvu ya chipanicho poika ndale achinyamata a ghetto ndi kuwachotsa ku ziwawa zamagulu, kudziwitsa anthu za nkhanza. za imperialism, kutsutsa kwake koyambitsa nkhondo ku Indochina, ndi kulimbikitsa anthu akuda ndi anthu ena oponderezedwa kuti aimire ufulu wawo, ku United States ndi kunja. Black Against Empire ikuyimira thandizo lalikulu pakubwezeretsa kukhulupirika kwa anthu omenyera ufulu wa anthu a Black Panther Party omwe adamenyera chilungamo cha anthu ndikuwonetsa momwe mbiri ya tsankho ku America idadzetsa kuzunzika kwamalingaliro ndi kuzunzika pakati pa anthu akuda, omwe adatsutsa m'njira zabwino kwambiri zomwe adadziwa. Zolakwa zopangidwa ndi Phwando ndi atsogoleri ake ziyenera kuvomerezedwa, koma zolakwazo zinali makamaka zochokera ku America ndi zochitika zachiwawa, zopondereza zomwe ambiri a Panthers adachokera.
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Jeremy Kuzmarov ndi pulofesa wothandizira wa mbiri yakale ku yunivesite ya Tulsa ndi J.P. Walker. Nthano ya Asitikali Oledzera: Vietnam ndi Nkhondo Yamakono Yolimbana ndi Mankhwala Osokoneza Bongo ndi Kuponderezana Kwamakono: Maphunziro Apolisi ndi Kumanga Dziko mu American Century.
Pambuyo pa Capitalism: Economic Democracy in Action
Ndi Dada Maheshvarananda
Innerworld Publications, 2012, 392 pp.
Ndemanga ya Andy Douglas
Kulinganiza ndi mawu omwe mungavutike kuti muwagwiritse ntchito pofotokoza zachuma chamasiku ano padziko lonse lapansi. Kusalinganika kwachuma ndi kugwiritsa ntchito masuku pamutu, kusokoneza msika, ndi ndalama zogulira ndalama zapanga mkhalidwe womwe ungafotokozedwe kuti ndi wosagwirizana kwambiri, ndi kuzunzika kwakukulu pambuyo pake. Ambiri amatsutsa kuti ukapitalist monga momwe uliri ndi wosakhazikika, kuti sungathe, ndipo, chofunika kwambiri, suyenera kukhala ndi moyo.
Pambuyo pa Capitalism: Economic Democracy in Action ikupereka kuyang'ana pa chiphunzitso cha chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi zachuma chomwe chingabweretse zinthu m'njira yoyenera. Ponseponse, bukuli likuyamba ndi kuwunikira kwamalingaliro omwe adayambitsa ngozi yapadziko lonse ya 2008 ndi kuwonongeka koyambirira ndikupitilira njira zina zomwe zingayembekezere.
Wolemba, Dada Maheshvarananda, wakhala amonke komanso wotsutsa kwa zaka 40 zapitazi. Amabweretsa ku ntchito yake kuyang'ana pa zinthu zauzimu, malingaliro pazachuma zomwe zimalemekeza ufulu waumunthu ndi umphumphu wa dziko, ndi kuyamikira kugwirizana kwa moyo ndi kufunika kokhalapo kwa cholengedwa chilichonse. Zomwe zanenedwa m'mawu awa ndikuzindikira kufunikira kokhala ndi chiyerekezo chazaumoyo kutengera momwe anthu osauka kwambiri akuchitira.
Wokamba nkhani pa Msonkhano wa 2012 Economic Democracy ku Madison, Wisconsin, Maheshvarananda amatsogolera tank tank ku Caracas, Prout Research Institute ya Venezuela. Malingaliro ake amachokera ku nsanja yochokera ku India yotchedwa Progressive Utilization Theory (Prout). Lingaliro ili, lomwe linaperekedwa ndi wanthanthi wa Chibengali PR Sarkar m'zaka za m'ma 1950, limapereka ndondomeko yoyendetsera chuma m'njira yomwe imalimbikitsa ntchito (yomwe chikominisi sichinachitepo) ndikuletsa kudzikundikira ndalama zambiri (zomwe capitalism singachite).
Maheshvarananda akunena kuti capitalism idapangidwa kuti ipindule olemera; mwachilengedwe chake chimapatula anthu ambiri kuposa momwe amapindulira. Pamwamba pa izi, ikuwononga dziko mwadongosolo. Iye anatchula zolakwa zinayi zakupha: (1) kuchuluka kwa chuma, (2) ndalama zambiri zomwe zimagulitsidwa zimakhala zongopeka, osati zopindulitsa, (3) kulimbikitsa ngongole ndi (4) kunyalanyaza kukhudzidwa kwa chilengedwe ndi ndondomeko zake.
Pali malingaliro opatsa kuganiza pano okhudza zomwe zingalowe m'malo mwa capitalism (ndipo kutsutsako kumazindikiranso zolephera zambiri za chikominisi). Chuma chotere chikadayang'ana pazamalonda ang'onoang'ono (kapitalizimu yocheperako), gawo lolimba la mgwirizano, ndi mafakitale akuluakulu omwe ali ndi anthu.
Kapangidwe kameneka, wolemba akuti, chitha kugawika m'madera mwa kukhazikitsidwa kwa zigawo zodzidalira pazachuma potengera momwe zinthu ziliri pazachuma komanso chikhalidwe cha anthu, kuthekera kofanana kwa malo, chikhalidwe komanso chilankhulo. Kukonzekera kwapadera kudzalola kuti dera lirilonse ligwiritse ntchito chuma chake ndi mwayi wawo kuti lipindule. M’nkhani yotero, akutero, kukakhala kofunika kulimbikitsa malingaliro aumunthu wapadziko lonse, kupeŵa kupatukana kwachibwanabwana.
Ma Cooperative amalandila chidwi chapadera m'bukuli, kuphatikiza mbiri yachitukuko chawo komanso kuyang'ana kwambiri pagulu lodziwika bwino la mgwirizano, Mondragon waku Spain. Bungwe la Prout Research Institute la ku Venezuela linalembedwa ntchito ndi boma la Venezuela kuti liunike mphamvu za mgwirizano m’dzikolo. Ofufuza a PRI alemba mozama za zinthu zofunika kuti ma cooperative agwire ntchito, zomwe zimaphatikizapo malo othandizira anthu, kukonzekera bwino pasadakhale, kasamalidwe kaluso, zatsopano ndi kusintha, ndi maphunziro.
Maheshvarananda amajambula zithunzi zama projekiti pomwe ena mwa malingalirowa ali ikugwiritsidwa ntchito, kuchokera ku chipatala chamgwirizano chazaumoyo ku Kenya kupita kumudzi waulimi wokhazikika ku Brazil. Amayamika gulu la Occupy ku US ndipo akufotokoza mayendedwe a anthu ena, monga ku Philippines komwe akulimbikitsa achinyamata kuti amenyane ndi "chikhalidwe chabodza" chokonda chuma ndikutengera miyambo yawo. Ngakhale kuti ntchito yolenga demokalase yeniyeni ya zachuma ikuwoneka ngati yovuta, akuwonetsa kuti mayendedwe azikhalidwe ali ndi gawo lalikulu, kupatsa mphamvu anthu pamlingo wapansi.
Wolembayo amafaniziranso Prout ndi zitsanzo zina monga "chuma chogwira ntchito" kapena Parecon. Malingaliro awiriwa akuwoneka kuti ali ndi zofanana zambiri - kutsindika pazachuma komanso ma cooperative, poyambira. Parecon, komabe, alibe malingaliro auzimu, malinga ndi wolemba. Ndipo awiriwa amasiyana pa nkhani yolimbikitsa. Prout, akulemba Maheshvarananda, amakhulupirira kuti ndalama zapamwamba ziyenera kuperekedwa pozindikira zoyenera ndi zomwe anthu achita kuti alimbikitse kulenga komanso kudzitukumula, pomwe Parecon akuumirira kuti akatswiri aluso sayenera kulandira malipiro apamwamba kuposa ntchito zina.
Bukuli latamandidwanso ndi anthu ambiri olimbikitsa anthu. Bill McKibben akulemba kuti, "Kusaka kwatsala njira zatsopano zokhalira padziko lapansi ... Noam Chomsky akuti, "Simungakhale ndi demokalase yazandale popanda kugwiritsa ntchito demokalase yazachuma." Mutu wotsiriza wa bukhuli ndi woperekedwa ku zokambirana zambiri pakati pa Maheshvarananda ndi Chomsky, pomwe omaliza, mwa zina, akuphulika kulephera kwa US kupanga njanji yothamanga kwambiri, ndikuyamika kusintha komwe kukuchitika. Latin America, ndi mayendedwe amwenye omwe akuyamba kulamulira, ndi zida zochepa zankhondo zaku US zomwe zatsala mu hemisphere.
Bukuli lili ndi “nkhani zazifupi za alendo” zolembedwa ndi akatswiri azachuma ndi omenyera ufulu, ndipo zigawozi zimathandizira kukulitsa mkangano wa bukhuli.
Inde, pali mfundo zofooka. M’gawo lina wolemba akufotokoza za msonkho wamtengo wapatali wa nthaka, umene anthu amakhomeredwapo misonkho pogwiritsa ntchito zinthu, kugwiritsira ntchito nthaka, ndi kuipitsa mpweya: “Kukhometsa msonkho kwa mabiliyoni ambiri a ndalama zimene ma capitalist ochepa amakolola kuchokera ku mphatso za Chilengedwe…”
Komabe m'modzi mwa olemba nkhani za alendo, katswiri wazachuma pa Yunivesite ya Duke, amatsutsana ndi lingaliroli. Misonkho yamtengo wapatali, akulemba kuti, ndi yothandiza pachuma cha capitalist, koma sichingakhale chocheperako pachuma cha Proutist. "Ngati misonkho yamtengo wapatali idakhazikitsidwa, ma co-op adzafunika kuchepetsa zotuluka ndikuwonjezera mtengo kuti apeze ndalama zokwanira kulipira misonkho ..."
Kusinthaku kumawoneka ngati mkangano womwe ukuchitika m'masamba a bukhuli, komabe, komanso mwachikhalidwe cha omenyera ufulu wa Prout. Woyambitsa Prout mwachiwonekere anapereka zikwatu zazikulu mu chiphunzitso chake. Ntchito zothandiza tsopano zikugwiridwa m'madera padziko lonse lapansi. M'zowonjezera, wolemba akuwonetsa zochitika zomwe zidapangidwa kuti zithandizire kusanthula kwa Proutist kuthana ndi zovuta zazachuma zadziko. (M'malo mwake, a Maheshvarananda akuti, Ma Proutists ayitanidwa kuti apereke malingaliro adziko lapansi pakulinganiza kuthekera kwachuma kumadera angapo padziko lonse lapansi). Muzochita izi, gawo laulimi lomwe silikuyenda bwino limayankhidwa kudzera m'njira zosiyanasiyana, kukulitsa zokolola za nthaka, mwachitsanzo, kudzera mu kasinthasintha wa mbewu ndi njira zina zopita patsogolo, kuchepetsa mtengo wopangira, ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana, ulimi wothirira, ndi kuchuluka kwa nsomba.
Mapindu a chuma cholinganizika angakhudze mbali zina za moyo, kuchokera ku chilengedwe kupita ku maphunziro mpaka ku chilungamo chaupandu. Chilichonse chikugwirizana, pambuyo pake, mfundo yomwe wolemba amayendetsa kunyumba. Ndi mzimu wokwanira wa Prout theory womwe umakhala wokopa kwambiri, ntchito zachilungamo komanso ntchito zamunthu zikuyenda limodzi.
Maheshvarananda adatsogolera zokambirana zosinkhasinkha pamisonkhano ndi ziwonetsero padziko lonse lapansi monga World Social Forum, akugogomezera kufunikira kwa mzimu wokhazikika, wodekha pantchito yolimbikitsa. Kupeza chitsime cha chisangalalo mkati, akutanthauza, kumapangitsa munthu kukhala gawo la yankho, kulimbikitsa ndi kuthandizira pakupanga kusintha kwabwino padziko lapansi.
Iye amalimbikitsa kubwezeretsedwa kwa kukhazikika kwa chilengedwe chathu ndi chuma chathu, ndi miyoyo yathu, nthawi isanathe.
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TZotsutsana ndi "Real Socialism": Woyendetsa
ndi Ochitidwa
Wolemba Michael A. Lebowitz
Ndemanga za Mwezi uliwonse, 2012, 192 pp.
Ndemanga ya Seth Sandronsky
Michael A. Lebowitz akufufuza zomwe (sizinachitike) ku Soviet Union yakale komanso mayiko apakati ndi kum'maŵa kwa Ulaya pazaka makumi atatu zomwe zinatha mu 1980s. N'chifukwa chiyani analemba bukuli?
M'zaka za m'ma 21, mbiri yaposachedwapa yotereyi ndi yofunika. Umboni wa izi ndikusakhazikika, zachilengedwe komanso zachuma, zomwe umunthu wapadziko lonse lapansi udakumana nawo pambuyo pa kugwa kwa chikominisi chamtundu wa Soviet. Kuti izi zitheke, wolemba amayang'ana kwambiri zochitika zatsiku ndi tsiku ndi maziko a Real Socialism (RS). Timawerenga zomwe anthu anachita kuntchito - komanso kutali - kuti adzilenge okha ndi dziko lowazungulira. Kodi njira yake imagwira ntchito bwanji ku RS? Lebowitz amawulula "zochitika za konkriti zamagulu awa ... kuti amvetsetse zomwe zimawapanga." Kusanthula uku kumayendetsa mzere wofiyira m'buku lonse. Mwa kukayikira zakale, akufuna kupititsa patsogolo "masomphenya atsopano a sosholizimu m'zaka za zana la 21."
M'mutu woyamba, "The Shortage Economy," Lebowitz akuwona momwe dongosolo loterolo lidadziwonetsera lokha mwa kuwunika mozama zolemba za Janos Kornai, yemwe "adatengera ... lingaliro la capital" mu kafukufuku wake wa RS. Ichi ndi cholakwika chachikulu, malinga ndi Lebowitz. Iye amatsatira kusanthula kwa Marx kwa dongosolo la chikapitalist ponena kuti ilo, mofanana ndi RS, linapanga gulu la antchito amene “mwa maphunziro, chizoloŵezi ndi mwambo amayang’ana zofunika za njira yopangira imeneyo monga malamulo achilengedwe odziwonetsera okha.” Mafunso ofunikira pakuwongolera ndi kubereka amatuluka mu chimango ichi.
Mmodzi ndi omwe anali oyang'anira mabizinesi pansi pa RS? Lebowitz amakoka chinsalu pa izi ndi udindo wa mamanejala ngati otenga nawo mbali mudongosolo. Mwachitsanzo, kodi oyang'anira mabizinesi adalumikizana bwanji ndi okonza mapulani a RS? Mayankho ake akukhudza ufulu wa antchito, omwe sanapambane, motero sanathe kuwasunga. Kuchotsedwa kwa ogwira ntchito uku kumalankhula zambiri za RS. Timawerenga zambiri pa gawo ili la mgwirizano wapagulu, womwe Lebowitz amawutcha "wanguard relation of Production" (VROP) yomwe imachotsa nthano ndi zenizeni.
VROP ndi njira yopita pamwamba. Wolembayo akufotokoza mbali zake zambiri zosuntha m'mutu wachitatu. Amachokera ku chipani cha mineard kupita ku gulu la ogwira ntchito, umwini wa boma ndi boma, kukula ndi maulamuliro. Kuŵerengera kwa mbali zoterozo ndi lingaliro lomveka bwino lomwe limatulutsanso “wotsogolera ndi wotsogolera,” gulu lotsogola lomwe limadziŵa chimene chili chabwino kwa ambiri olimbikira.
Mu chaputala 4, Lebowitz akutembenukira ku malamulo a mineard ndi malamulo a capital. Amalumikizana ndipo, m'malingaliro a wolemba, amawulula mikangano pakati pa mamanenjala, mineard ndi gulu la ogwira ntchito pansi pa RS. Akatswiri azachuma omwe ali pansi pa RS, mofanana ndi abale awo ochezeka ndi capitalist, amavala zotchingira khungu, malinga ndi Lebowitz. Akuwonetsa kuti kusawona kwa akatswiri azachuma a RS ndi gawo logwira ntchito la ogwira ntchito. Chochititsa chidwi n’chakuti, khungu limeneli linanyalanyaza vuto lalikulu la dongosololi pakati pa “kuganiza ndi kuchita.” Lebowitz akulemba kuti maziko enieni a VROP ndiye kutsutsana ndi chitukuko cha anthu, komanso chifukwa chake likulu lidagwetsa RS. Chipani chavanguard chimafuna mawonekedwe amtundu wina. Mphamvu ndi zofooka za okonda makonda omwe aima pamwamba pa gulu la ogwira ntchito zimakhudza wolemba mutu wake wachisanu ndi chimodzi.
Lebowitz akuwonetsa "majeremusi a sosholizimu" kuchokera pakuwonongeka kwa RS mumutu wake womaliza. Mbadwo wake wamafunso ochititsa chidwi umatseka ndi zitatu za "zofunikira zodziwonetsera zokha pakukula kwaumunthu." Wolembayo amamaliza ndi kuyitanitsa kuti apitirire mineard marxism pobwerera ku "filosofi yakale ya ku Germany ya praxis ndi ufulu". Mwanjira imeneyi, sosholizimu ya m'zaka za zana lino ikhoza kusonkhanitsa otsogolera ogwirizana a mgwirizano mkati ndi kunja kwa ntchito.
Zolemba ndi zolemba ndizothandiza kwa owerenga, kuchokera kwa ophunzira mpaka aphunzitsi ndi kupitirira, omwe amafuna kumvetsetsa kowonjezereka kwa capitalism ndi socialism. Ndikupangira bukuli kuti lizindikila.
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Seth Sandronsky amakhala ndikulemba ku Sacramento (sethsandronsky@gmail.com).
Music
Bryan Ferry Jazz Age:
Ndemanga ya John Zavesky
Bryan Ferry ali ngati Billy Pilgrim, munthu wa Kurt Vonnegut Nyumba Yophera Nsanu, mwamuna osati kwenikweni ndi za nthawi yake. Pamene Roxy Music adawonekera koyamba mu 1972, Ferry yowoneka bwino idawonekera mosagwirizana ndi mamembala ena a gululo. Bwato linavala ngati woyimba m'chipinda chochezera pamene Brian Eno ndi enawo ankawoneka ngati afika kuchokera ku dziko lina. Ngakhale kuti Ferry ndiye anali wotsogolera nyimbo kumbuyo kwa Roxy Music, kuyambira pachiyambi cha gululo adasunganso ntchito yake payekhapayekha ndi Roxy Music. Pamene Ferry adalemba nyimbo yake yoyamba, Zinthu Zopusa Izi, inali zolemba zapachikuto zomwe zinaphatikizapo “Chigawo Cha Mtima Wanga,” “Ndi Phwando Langa” ndi “I Love How You Love Me" nyimbo zonse zimayimbidwa ndi akazi okha mpaka pamenepo. Chimbalecho chinaphatikizansopo mutu wakuti, "Zinthu Zopusa Izi," mulingo wa 1940s. Kunja kwa Harry Nilsson zodabwitsa Kukhudza Kwakung'ono kwa Schmilsson mu Usiku, palibe rock kapena pop act yomwe inali kuchita miyezo kale mu 1973, kupatula Ferry.
Ferry yatengera lingaliro la woyimba woyenda nthawi mopitilira muyeso ndikutulutsa kwake kwaposachedwa, Jazz Age, ndi chosangalatsa chotani nanga. Ferry, mothandizidwa ndi wokonza mapulani a Colin Good, adaganiza zomasuliranso nyimbo za Roxy Music ngati zimayimba ndi Jungle Band ya Duke Ellington kapena Hot Seven ya Louie Armstrong. Sikuti Ferry amangotengera nyimbozi mwapadera, koma kuti cholinga chonsecho ndi pazake zomwe zimatsutsana ndi zophimba ndizosamveka.
Jazz Age imayika chidwi chake pa Ferry, koma ndikusintha kwanyimbo. Pomwe zinthu za Roxy Music zinali zowoneka bwino kwambiri zomwe zidachokera, Ferry amadzibwezeretsa yekha ndi zinthu zake pano. Nyimboyi ikuwona Ferry ngati tsiku lomaliza Cab Calloway akutsogolera gulu lake la oimba ku Cotton Club. Palibe mawu a nyimboyo. Ambiri amachepetsedwa komanso kuyankha kwanyimbo kuzinthu zoyambira. Mwachitsanzo, "The Bogus Man" imachepetsedwa kuchoka pa mphindi khumi zoyambirira kufika pa mphindi ziwiri zokha.
Mosakayikira mafani ambiri a Roxy Music adzakanda mitu yawo pa CD iyi. Jazz Age ndithudi ndimakonda kapena kudana nayo polojekiti. Kwa iwo omwe ali okonzeka kukumbatira ntchito yaposachedwa ya Ferry, ali pachisangalalo. Nyimbo zambiri zimatenga njira zopitilira zinayi kapena zisanu zisanadziwike. "Do the Strand" imataya gitala lofuula ndi sax ndipo imasandulika kukhala nyanga ndi mabango. "Chikondi Ndi Mankhwala" imasiya nyimbo yake yoyendetsedwa ndi disco ndipo imasinthidwa kukhala nambala yotentha ya jazi ndipo "Kapolo Wachikondi" imasinthidwa kuchoka kumayendedwe apang'onopang'ono azinthu zoyambira kukhala nambala yovina ya peppy. "Virginia Plain" amachoka panyimbo yochititsa chidwi ya glam rock kupita pa nambala yodumpha ya Lindy hoppers. "Avalon" imayimba ngati nyimbo yomwe mungamve gulu lakwanu likusewera kumalo akumwa mowa ku New Orleans.
Ndi kusuntha kolimba mtima ndi kulekerera kokhotakhota kuyesa kuyang'ana pa ntchito yanu yomwe ili yotsutsana ndi gwero la zinthu. Ray Davies ndi okalamba ena okalamba a rock amatha kutero, koma palibe amene ali ndi Ferry 'panache pa. Jazz Age. Chodandaulitsa chokha ndichakuti mawu apadera, owawa, komanso okongola a Ferry sakupezeka m'mawonekedwe ake. Zikomo zabwino Ferry ili ndi osewera ngati cornet ndi woimba lipenga Enrico Tomasso, trombonist Malcolm Earle Smith, ndi reedmen Richard White, Robert Fowler, ndi Alan Barnes kuti apereke matanthauzidwe oimba a mawu omwe palibe.
Kwa zaka 40, Bryan Ferry watenga njira yake yoimba. Munjira zambiri Jazz Age ndizofanana kwambiri ndi Ferry. Mwamunayo nthawi zonse amakhala akugwedeza pamene zizindikiro zonse zimasonyeza zag. Nthawi zonse amamasuliranso zinthu - kaya Dylan, Brian Wilson, kapena Cole Porter - ndiye ndi chiyani chomwe chiyenera kukhala chodetsa nkhawa pulojekiti yomwe imayambitsanso nyimbo zake? Kumbali ina, chisankho cha Ferry kusiya mawu ake, kuyimba nyimbozo kenako ndikuziyambitsanso ngati gawo la Roaring Twenties Top Ten ndiye kusuntha kwake kwakukulu. Jazz Age shimmies, kugwedeza, kudumpha, ndi kugudubuza ngati phwando la speakeasy. Musaphonye zosangalatsa.
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Zolemba za John Zavesky zidasindikizidwa mu Counterpunch, Mbiri ya Palestina, Voice Dissident Voice, ndi Los Angeles Times, ndi zofalitsa zina.
