Chris Gaal
Kwa zaka zotsutsa za
Social Security yachenjeza za ndalama zomwe zikubwera
kugwa ndi kugwa kwa penshoni ya dziko lathu
dongosolo. Mwadzidzidzi, maulosi a chiwonongeko ameneลตa anafalikira
mitu yankhani zankhani zazikulu. Kodi ife potsiriza tipita
muyenera kuyang'anizana ndi nyimbo za Social Security kubwera
insolvency?Vuto lomwe lanenedweratu likuyambira
kuchokera ku malipoti aboma kuti Social Security trust fund
adzayamba kukumana ndi kupereลตera ngati mwana wakhanda
generation imafika pa msinkhu wopuma pantchito-kulipira ndalama zambiri
kupindula kuposa momwe zimakhalira. Kukayikira za nthawi yayitali
solvency of the trust fund yatsegula chitseko champhamvu
malingaliro okonzanso momwe aku America amakonzera kupuma pantchito.Chiwerengero chowonjezeka cha Achimereka
tsopano fotokozani kukayikira za tsogolo la Social Security.
Komabe, malingaliro ambiri a anthu awa adasinthidwa
mawonekedwe ndi zokonda zamphamvu. Mgwirizano wa Wall Street
oyang'anira ndalama, malingaliro osamala, ndi "zatsopano
Ma Democrat" adalumikizana kuti abwereze kukhulupirika kwatsopano
kuneneratu wotopa kuti Social Security mosapeลตeka
kupita kuphulika. Njira yawo yomwe amakonda ndikukankhira zambiri
privatization ya Social Security ndalama monga momwe anthu angafune
kulolera.Phindu la kampeni iyi
zidzabwera mu mawonekedwe a ndalama zazikulu zatsopano zomwe zikuyenda
Zithunzi za Wall Street. The Wall Street Journal
inanena kuti ngakhale kwambiri zolimbitsa privatization chiwembu
angapatutse $60 biliyoni pachaka kuchoka ku trust fund kupita
mutual funds kuti aziyendetsedwa ndi makampani akuluakulu ogulitsa.
Malinga ndi Journal, Chitetezo chamtundu
privatization ikhoza kukhala "bonanza yayikulu kwambiri mu
mbiri yamakampani a mutual funds." The New York
Times akuganiza kuti privatization kwambiri
malingaliro amatha kutumiza $400 biliyoni pachaka kumsika
kulingalira. Mulimonse momwe zingakhalire, amuna apakati pazachuma amayimira siphon
mabiliyoni a chindapusa ndi ma komisheni kuchokera pazachuma izi.Mwachibadwa, ndalama zonse
mafakitale akhala m'gulu la omwe amalimbikitsa kwambiri
privatization, kulankhula ndi atsogoleri a ndale mu chinenero
onse awiri akhoza kumvetsa. The Investment Company Institute
(ICI), bungwe lazamalonda komanso lobbyist wamkulu wa
mutual funds industry, ndiwo adathandizira kwambiri ndale
pakati pa mabungwe ochita malonda pachisankho chapitachi. Mu a
lipoti loyamikirika lofufuzira losindikizidwa Mayi Jones
magazini, mtolankhani wodziyimira pawokha Robert Dreyfuss anagwira mawu a ICI
Director of Industry Studies Kathy Rabon-Summers akuti,
"Kukhazikika kwachinsinsi kwakhala pamwamba pamndandanda wathu kwa ena
nthawi. โ Polimbikitsa mwakachetechete Congress kuti ilimbikitse awo
ajenda, ICI imasamala kuti isakope kwambiri zosafunika
kuyang'anitsitsa anthu. Monga mthandizi wa Democratic Congress akutero
Dreyfuss, "Safuna kuti aziwoneka ngati akusefukira
mtembo wakufa wa Social Security." ICI idalemba ganyu
kampani yaku Washington yokopa anthu ku Verner Liipfert,
yomwe pakadali pano ikulemba ntchito mlembi wakale wa Treasury Lloyd
Bentsen ndi Mtsogoleri wakale wa Senate Majority George Mitchell. Ku
Kupititsa patsogolo ndondomeko ya ICI, Verner Liipfert adayambitsa
kukhazikitsidwa kwa Bipartisan Public Pension Reform Caucus mu
Nyumba ya Oyimilira.Osakwanitsa kukhala nawo
chidwi, makampani azachuma monga Merril Lynch,
Fidelity Investments, ndi State Street Bank ndi Trust ali nazo
adawonjezeranso zopereka zawo pazandale ndikuyamba
kuyankhula mokomera privatization. Mtsogoleri wamkulu wa State Street
Marshall Carter adauza zofalitsa zamalonda Penshoni &
ndalama kuti ayamba kale kukonzekera
kuchuluka kwa ndalama, kunena "Mutha kuyang'ana pa 130
miliyoni zatsopano za akaunti." Ndipo kutentha kwa Wall Street kuli
osati kokha kwa osuntha ndalama. The National
Association of Manufacturers ndi US Chamber of Commerce
onse akhazikitsa magulu ogwira ntchito kuti athetse vutoli.
Dreyfuss akuti Ken Vest, wolankhulira waku America
Bungwe la Inshuwalansi ya Moyo (ACLI), limati akuluakulu a inshuwalansi
"... ndikufuna kuchita chilichonse chomwe angathe kulimbikitsa zachinsinsi
mapulani osungira."Monga ndi nkhondo iliyonse yayikulu
kusokoneza maganizo a anthu, sikokwanira kungowononga ndalama
ndalama ku Washington. Payenera kukhala njira kupambana
mitima ndi malingaliro a ovota. Kwa izi, mabizinesi akuluakulu adatembenuka
kupita ku Cato Institute, tanki yoganiza bwino ya mapiko amanja,
kupereka $2 miliyoni kwa kampeni yazaka zitatu yogulitsa
privatization kwa anthu. Malingaliro amphamvu
olimbikitsa osankhidwa kuti akwaniritse ntchitoyi anali kale
wodziwika ku Wall Street - mantha ndi umbombo. Choyamba anthu
ayenera kukhutitsidwa kuopa kuti Social Security system ndi
kukomoka pafupi ndi kugwa. Umbombo ndiye umagwiritsidwa ntchito
kugulitsa privatization polonjeza mitengo yapamwamba yobweza
ndalama zachinsinsi zopuma pantchito kudzera pamalingaliro amsika m'masheya
ndi ma bonds.Pro-corporate
Mabungwe "apansi", ochepa mwa umembala koma
ndalama zambiri, komanso kukonzekera kufalitsa mantha pa
kusakhazikika kwa Social Security. Mwachitsanzo, Dreyfuss
lipoti la Citizens for a Sound Economy, gulu lomwe likuchita
m'mbuyomu adakonza kampeni zolipira ndalama zambiri mokomera a
mafakitale a fodya, mankhwala, ndi mafuta, akukonzekera kugwiritsa ntchito
$ 2 miliyoni kuti apititse patsogolo ntchito zabizinesi kudzera m'nyuzipepala, wailesi,
ndi zotsatsa zapa TV zolunjika kwa okalamba, akazi, ndi achinyamata.Koma ngati bizinesi yayikulu yapereka
steam ku nkhaniyo, ndipo oganiza bwino akumanja apereka
chivundikiro chamalingaliro, ngongole yeniyeni yoyika
zachinsinsi pamapu ziyenera kupita ku "zatsopano
A Democrat" omwe adawonanso mwayi wina wokweza
anzawo osamala. Bungwe la Democratic Leadership Council
ndi Progressive Policy Institute, awiri otsogola
"New Democrat" mabungwe, alowa nawo
privatization crusade. Bob Kerry, wodziwika bwino wa Democrat komanso
Thandizo lalikulu la malamulo oyendetsera anthu, adafunsidwa za
kaya ma Democrat opita patsogolo atha kusonkhana kuti ateteze Social
Chitetezo. Malinga ndi Dreyfuss, Kerry adalankhula molimba mtima,
"Ndidzachotsa zoyipa za womasuka aliyense amene amayesa
kuti."Vuto la privatization
Omwe amalimbikitsa ndikuti Social Security imagwira ntchito bwino, ndiyopambana
wotchuka, ndipo alibe chiopsezo chenicheni cholephera. Choncho ngati
wothirira ndemanga pandale Alexander Cockburn anawona mwachidwi
Clinton asanasankhidwenso, "Kuwononga New Deal
iyenera kukhala ntchito yamkati. "Malinga ndi Washington
Post, Clinton ndi Dole adalandira mapepala achidule kuchokera
Zokonda za Wall Street zomwe zimalimbikitsa ofuna kukhalabe
ndale pa zabizinesi mpaka chisankho chitatha. Malinga
kwa Steve Elkins wa National Association of Manufacturers,
kukhala chete uku kungapewe kuyika ndale pa nkhaniyi ndi kukakamiza
mwina phungu kukhala wodzitchinjiriza mokomera wakale
dongosolo. Kumbali yake, Clinton adasankha bungwe la alangizi
kuyang'ana malingaliro osiyanasiyana owonetsetsa kuti nthawi yayitali
kuchuluka kwa ndalama za Social Security Trust Fund. Malingaliro angapo
zatuluka, iliyonse ikuvomereza kukhutitsidwa kwapadera.
Izi zimachokera pakuloleza trust fund yokha kuyika ndalama a
kuchuluka kwa zinthu zake m'matangadza, kutembenuza
misonkho yolipira pamaakaunti apaokha kuti aziyendetsedwa ndi stock
ogulitsa.Kutengera ma media apamwamba kwambiri
kuukira, kudzakhala kovuta kwa nzika wamba
kutsutsana ndi privatization, yoperekedwa ngati njira yokhayo yochitira
pewani kuyandikira vuto. Koma vuto ndi chiyani kwenikweni? The
Social Security trust fund idasunga ndalama zoposa $60
biliyoni chaka chatha chokha. Komabe, lamulo loyendetsa Social
Chitetezo chimafuna kuti thumba liwonetsere zomwe zidzachitike
kukhala bwino kwa zaka 75 zamtsogolo. Malinga ndi
Zolinga za matrasti a Social Security, padzakhala
ndalama zokwanira kulipira onse opuma pantchito mpaka chaka cha 2030
popanda kuwonjezeka kwa msonkho. Monga ana aang'ono amapuma pantchito ndi
chiลตerengero cha anthu chimasintha kupita kumagulu azaka zapamwamba, milingo yopindula
idzayamba kupitirira misonkho yachitetezo cha anthu omwe amasonkhanitsidwa. The
thumba liyenera kutengera chiwongola dzanja kuti likwaniritse
kuchepa.Akatswiri azachuma angapo atero
adanenanso kuti zolosera za trustee ndizochulukira
wopanda chiyembekezo. Pazolinga zokonzekera, matrasti amapanga atatu
Zolingalira zachuma zaka 75 mtsogolomu: kukayikira
imodzi, yachiyembekezo, ndi chiwonetsero chovomerezeka pakati
awiriwo. Malingaliro ovomerezeka omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi matrasti amatengera a
chiwonjezeko cha 1.5 peresenti pachaka pazaka 75 zikubwerazi.
Kuyerekeza kwapakati uku kumadalira kukula kwa theka la
2.9 peresenti yakhalapo pazaka 75 zapitazi. Ngakhale
Kuvutika maganizo kwakukulu kwa zaka za m'ma 1930, ndi chiลตerengero cha kukula
ya 1.9 peresenti, inapambana chiลตerengero chokonzekera cha matrasti.
Chiyerekezo chochepa cha matrasti cha kukula kwa 0.7 peresenti ndichochepa
kuposa ngakhale kukula kwa anthu. Malinga ndi katswiri wazachuma Doug
Henwood, "Dongosolo lidzawonongeka pokhapokha ngati mukuganiza
zaka makumi angapo zakupumira. Ngati chuma chikukula mogwirizana ndi
1973-94 avareji ya 2.4 peresenti, yocheperako kuposa zaka 75
pafupifupi 2.9 peresenti, idzakhala ndi ndalama zambiri."
Chifukwa chake, mafuta akulosera koopsa kwa "vuto"
zimachokera kumalingaliro amalingaliro azachuma omwe alibe chiyembekezo
Zaka 75 zamtsogolo.Komabe, ngakhale munthu amavomereza
manambala opanda chiyembekezo omwe amanenedwa ndi matrasti omwe alipo
chifukwa chodetsa nkhawa. Mtsogoleri wakale wa Social Security Commissioner
ndi mlangizi wa Clinton Robert Ball akutsimikizira kuti palibe
zovuta. Ball akuti "ndi zosintha zazing'ono
Social Security ikhoza kupitiliza kulipira zopindulitsa zonse
zaka 75 zikubwerazi." Lipoti la trustee la 1996 linanena kuti
Vuto lomwe linanenedweratu litha kuthetsedwa kwa zaka 75 zikubwerazi ndi a
Kuwonjezeka kwa 2.2 peresenti ya msonkho wa malipiro (pafupifupi 1 peresenti pa
ogwira ntchito ndi 1 peresenti kwa olemba ntchito). Kapenanso, Doug
Henwood akuti malipiro opitilira ndalama zokhazikika ($92,000 in
1992) alibe msonkho wa Social Security. Iye anati,
"Kukweza kapu ndi kupereka msonkho wokwera kwambiri kungapitirire
zosungunulira dongosolo mpaka kalekale."Malingaliro ake a Robert Ball ndi
kulola trust fund yokha kuyika ndalama zina
kuchuluka kwa ndalama zake m'masheya (mpaka 40 peresenti),
kulola kuti thumba likule mwachangu ndikupewa zomwe zingatheke
kuperewera pomwe ndikuteteza anthu opuma pantchito
ngozi zongoyerekeza za msika ndi chitetezo chotsimikizika cha
pension ya boma. M'malo mwake, lingaliro ili likhoza kutsogolera
kuonjezera ngongole ya boma pamene ma bond ochepa amagulidwa.Malingaliro ena opumira
muphatikizepo njira "zopanda ululu" monga kukweza
zaka zopuma pantchito, kapena kuwerengeranso mtengo wa ogula
(CPI) kuchepetsa phindu kumbuyo kwa khoma la ndale la utsi ndi
magalasi. Chodabwitsa, chiwopsezo chachikulu cha Social Security
zimachokera ku malingaliro omwe alipo kuti akonze. Panopa ndi
ndalama zoyendetsera kayendetsedwe ka boma zimatsika pansi pa 0.7
peresenti ya phindu la pachaka. Popereka kasamalidwe ka
ndalama zopuma pantchito kwa akatswiri ambiri a Wall Street
oyang'anira ndalama, ndalama zoyendetsera ntchito zitha kukwera.
Zowonadi, uku ndiko kukopa konse kwa dongosolo la privatization
kwa makampani oyang'anira ndalama. Iwo akhoza kukhala omasuka
matumba awo ndi chindapusa ndi makomisheni pa mabiliyoni a
Madola omwe akuyikidwa pano ndi Social Security trust
thumba.Chimodzi mwa zitsanzo zodziwika bwino
zomwe zimayendetsedwa ndi osintha zabizinesi zimachitika ku Chile,
komwe maakaunti opuma pantchito amayendetsedwa ndi
makampani apadera azachuma. Ndalama zoyendetsera ntchito ku Chile zimayenda
kuyambira 13 mpaka 15 peresenti, kuluma mozama pazopindula zilizonse
kuchokera ku riskier stock investments. The Private savings model in
Chile yalimbitsa kwambiri kusiyana komwe kulipo. The
Chitetezo chopuma pantchito kwa osauka chikufanana ndi mtengo wa mkate
mkate ndi kapu ya khofi patsiku. N'kutheka kuti theka
mwa onse ogwira ntchito opuma pantchito ku Chile adzakhala pansi pa umphawi
mzere. Kwa 30 peresenti ya ogwira ntchito mwina alibe ntchito
kapena m'magawo osakhazikika sipadzakhala ndalama zapadera
nkhani. The Detroit-based monthly Labor Notes ikuti
osachepera 43 peresenti ya omwe ali ndi akaunti yawoyawo
Chile sakupereka zopereka pafupipafupi kwa iwo, motero
kusiya ogwira ntchitowa ali opanda penshoni yokwanira
zaka zawo zomaliza. Sylvester Scheiber wa Clinton's Social
Security Advisory Council imatengera malingaliro ake ku Chile
dongosolo, kuzindikira; "Adali ndi maubwino ena
Chile. Iwo analidi ndi ulamuliro wankhanza ndipo anali ndi ulamuliro
pa TV.โ Chodabwitsa nโchakuti asilikali a ku Chile
akugwirabe ntchito zawo zapenshoni zomwe zimatsimikiziridwa ndi anthu
kusintha. Kukopa konyezimira kwa kubweza kwakukulu pa riskier
masheya amazimiririka mofananamo munthu akazindikira zimenezo
misika imatsika komanso kukwera. Pamodzi ndi chiopsezo chotola
mabizinesi oyipa, ndi kudulidwa komwe amatengera ndalama
kuphimba ndalama zawo ndi phindu, ndi kuthekera kuti munthu
kupuma pantchito kudzagwirizana ndi kutsika kwa msika, kuchepa kwachuma,
kapena ngakhale kupsinjika maganizo komwe kwadziwika kuti kumachitika nthawi ndi nthawi
nthawi. Poganizira zaka 75 zokonzekera sizikuwoneka
zopusa kuganizira izi.Komanso, privatization ndi
kutsimikiziridwa kuti pakhale vuto lachuma posachedwa mu Social
Security Trust Fund. Ndalama zomwe zimaperekedwa ku akaunti zachinsinsi zikanakhala
sapezekanso kuti azilipira omwe akupindula. The
mtengo wosinthira ungapangitse kuchepa kwakukulu komwe
zingafooketse kwambiri dongosololi, ndi ndalama zokwana $7 thililiyoni
pazaka 75 zotsatira malinga ndi Cato Institute.
Zowonadi, ichi ndi cholinga choyambirira cha anti-Social Security
mphamvu. Posintha Social Security kuchokera ku pulogalamu yapadziko lonse lapansi
ku pulogalamu yosamalira anthu osauka ndi otsika
ogwira ntchito, otsutsa dongosolo akuyembekeza kuyendetsa mphero
chithandizo chake ndikupangitsa kuti zitheke kutha. Olemera
angatuluke mudongosololi mokomera ndalama zachinsinsi
pamene chithandizo chidzachepa pakati pa antchito apakati.Ngakhale hype yoyipa,
Social Security ikadali pulogalamu yotchuka. Chitetezo chamtundu
panopa amapereka ndalama zopuma pantchito kupitirira 35 miliyoni
anthu, inshuwaransi yolemala kwa ogwira ntchito onse ngati
ngozi, ndi inshuwaransi yopulumuka kwa mabanja pakachitika
imfa ya kholo kapena mwamuna kapena mkazi. Dongosolo ndi chilungamo,
zoyendetsera bwino, ndipo palibe vuto lenileni lazachuma.Bungwe la American Association of
Anthu Opuma pantchito (AARP) mpaka pano adakhalabe olankhula kwambiri
kulimbikitsa kuteteza dongosolo lamakono. Malinga
ku AARP palibe vuto lomwe lilipo komanso zofooka zilizonse
mu ndalama m'zaka zana zikubwerazi akhoza kuyankhidwa popanda
kusintha thumba la trust kukhala ndalama zapayekha
maakaunti, kapena kukhala ndi boma kuti liziyikamo ndalama mongoyerekeza
msika wogulitsa. Nthawi zonse kuyang'ana njira zobweretsera
kutsutsa mu khola, Wall Street mwachiwonekere yasewera
ndi lingaliro loyesa kugwirizanitsa AARP. State Street Bank
wamkulu komanso wopereka ndalama ku Democratic Leadership Council
William Shipman adanenanso kuti AARP isangalale ndi gawo la
kutha pogulitsa ndalama zogawana kwa mamembala awo opuma.
Kwa ngongole yawo, AARP ilibe malingaliro ochita nawo izi
chiwembu.Magwero akuphatikizapo: Mapeto
za Social Security Monga Tikudziwa?, Robert Dreyfuss,
Mayi Jones, Nov/Dec 1996; Kukhazikitsa Social Security,
The Wall Street Fix, Dean Baker, Economic Policy
Chidule Chachidule cha Institute #112; Reforming Pensions Revisited,
Doug Henwood, Wowona Zamalonda Kumanzere.