M’nkhani yanga yapitayo, ndinagwiritsira ntchito funso la Cynthia Enloe lakuti, “Kodi akazi ali kuti?” kuti afufuze momwe ndale za jenda zikugwiritsidwira ntchito polimbikitsa kukonda dziko lako m’banja. Kodi chimachitika ndi chiyani tikamafunsanso funso lomwelo kudziko lomwe US ikuphulitsa pano? Kodi amayi aku Afghanistan ali kuti?
A Taliban asanayambe kulamulira Kabul, amayi ambiri aku Afghanistan adagwira ntchito zofunika pagulu. Azimayi anali 40 peresenti ya madokotala ku likulu, 50 peresenti ya ogwira ntchito m'boma, ndi 70 peresenti ya aphunzitsi. Kuyambira 1996, pamene a Taliban adatenga ulamuliro, saloledwa kuchoka m'nyumba zawo pokhapokha atatsagana ndi wachibale wamwamuna. Amaletsedwa kugwira ntchito kapena kupita kusukulu.
Oletsedwa kuntchito koma akukakamizika kupeza zofunika pamoyo chifukwa cha imfa kapena kulephera kwa amuna awo, akazi ambiri a ku Afghanistan amayamba uhule. Lipoti lomwe lili patsamba la bungwe la Revolutionary Association of the Women of Afghanistan (www.rawa.org) likutikumbutsa zododometsa za mayi wina wa ku Afghanistan yemwe ankayenda pagulu, kugwiritsa ntchito zidziwitso zosiyanasiyana kuti ateteze moyo wake komanso kupewa imfa.
“Azimayi amene amagwira ntchito m’nyumba ya mahule nthawi zambiri amanyamula mitundu itatu ya zitupa. ID imodzi, yowawonetsa ngati wamasiye ndi ana, imagwiritsidwa ntchito kupeza thandizo kuchokera ku maofesi a UN kapena Red Cross. Ma ID awa sagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri chifukwa amasintha malo mwachangu ndipo safuna kuyanjana ndi akuluakulu amderalo. ID ina, yowawonetsa ngati mkazi wokwatiwa, imagwiritsidwa ntchito kubwereka nyumba ndi zina. Ngati a Taliban akuwamanga chifukwa cha Zena (mlandu wogonana kunja kwa ukwati) amagwiritsa ntchito ID yawo yachitatu yowawonetsa ngati akazi osakwatiwa. Kukhala mbeta kumawathandiza kupeŵa kuponyedwa miyala mpaka kufa.”
Ngakhale nzeru zotere zomwe akazi a ku Afghan amagwiritsa ntchito kuti apeze zofunika pamoyo zingalephereke popewa njala yomwe ikubwera. Pakadutsa sabata iliyonse imakhala yochepa kuti chakudya cha m'nyengo yozizira chidzafika kumalo ofunikira ogawa m'mapiri - kuika mamiliyoni pangozi ya njala. Chifukwa chakuti amayi ali ndi udindo waukulu wosamalira ana awo, samayenda komanso amakhala ndi pakamwa pawo powadyetsa. Kwa iwo, njala imayambitsa vuto linalake.
Poganiza kuti safa ndi njala, palinso “tsoka linanso lalikulu la thanzi lomwe tsopano akukumana nalo akazi a ku Afghanistan,” malinga ndi kunena kwa United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA). "Amayi ambiri oyembekezera ali m'gulu la anthu wamba aku Afghanistan omwe athawa kwawo m'masiku aposachedwa ndipo achulukana m'malire a dzikolo. Kusoŵa pogona, chakudya ndi chisamaliro chamankhwala, ndi mikhalidwe yauve zimabweretsa ngozi yaikulu kwa amayi ameneŵa ndi ana awo akhanda. Ngakhale mavuto amakono asanachitike, kudwaladwala ndi kupereŵera kwa zakudya m’thupi kunapangitsa kuti mimba ndi kubala zikhale zowopsa kwa amayi a ku Afghanistan.”
Kupitilira njala komanso kuopsa kwa thanzi lokhala ndi pakati, azimayi aku Afghanistan adzakumana ndi chida chanthawi zonse chogwiriridwa, poganiza kuti United States imagwiritsa ntchito Northern Alliance ngati asitikali oyenda pansi. Robert Fisk akutsutsa mu The Independent ya ku London kuti “zigawenga” za Alliance ndi ogwirira chigololo komanso ambanda odziwika. M’zaka za m’ma XNUMX, “anabera ndi kugwirira chigololo m’midzi ya ku Kabul. . . Anasankha atsikana kuti awakwatire mokakamiza [ndipo] anapha mabanja awo.”
“Sindinamuonepo Osama. Sindikumudziwa Osama. Chifukwa chiyani zinthu zikachitika kummawa, kumadzulo kapena kumpoto kwa dziko lapansi, mavuto amayenera kubwera kuno ndikukantha anthu aku Afghanistan? adafunsa Farida, mkazi wamasiye wazaka 40 komanso mayi wa ana anayi omwe anali kupempha Lachiwiri m'misewu ya Kabul, likulu la Afghanistan.
"Ndimapemphera kwa Mulungu wanga kuti America ikangowombera mzinga woyamba woyenda panyanja ndikugunda nyumba yanga ndikupha ine ndi banja langa," mphunzitsi wakaleyo adatero kuseri kwa chophimba chake chonse. Adabwerezanso mndandanda wautali wamavuto kuphatikiza njala komanso kusowa kwa madzi komanso zimbudzi m'nyumba yake yomwe yawonongeka, malinga ndi nkhani ya Associated Press (9/25/01).
Kodi iyi ndi mtundu wa akazi wa ntchito yodzipha? Mikhalidwe yomwe inatulutsa amuna okonda zitsulo omwe adadzipangira okha komanso zikwi za anthu ena kufa nthawi yomweyo imabweretsanso izi, mayi wa Aghan watsoka ndi wopanda chiyembekezo akupempherera imfa yamoto kaamba ka iye ndi ana ake?
Farida ndi akazi onga iye akhala omwe Cynthia Enloe amawatcha "akazi ndi ana" - kulimbikitsa kwa Kumadzulo kwa anthu osalakwa, opanda thandizo, ozunzidwa opanda mawu.
Komabe ngakhale kukakamizidwa ndi maboma opondereza otsatizana, azimayi aku Afghanistan sanalankhulepo mawu. Bungwe lolimbikitsa demokalase, lochirikiza ufulu wa amayi la Revolutionary Association of Women ochokera ku Afghanistan (RAWA) lagwira ntchito mwakhama kuti lidziwitse za mavuto awo. Pakadali pano, azimayi aku Afghanistan ali pachiwopsezo cha chilango cha imfa chifukwa cha ntchito yawo yokonzekera. Komabe, malinga ndi a Kathleen Richter akulembera Z Magazine, ili ndi mamembala pafupifupi 2,000, theka ku Afghanistan ndi theka ku Pakistan. RAWA imayendetsa masukulu ophunzirira kunyumba za atsikana ndi anyamata ku Afghanistan mobisa, imagwira ntchito zamagulu azaumoyo ku Afghanistan ndi Pakistan, ndikukonza ntchito zopezera ndalama kwa azimayi aku Afghanistan. Limaperekanso mabungwe omenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe malipoti okhudza kuphwanya malamulo komwe a Taliban ndi ena okhulupirira zimayambira, ndipo amapanga makaseti ophunzitsa, amakhala ndi ndakatulo ndi nkhani usiku, komanso amasindikiza magazini ya quarterly Payam-e-Zan (Uthenga wa Akazi).
Ngakhale amayi aku Afghan omwe amazunzidwa ndi malamulo aboma komanso azipembedzo, aphatikiza gulu lamtendere ndi chilungamo pomwe akuphatikiza moyo wosalimba watsiku ndi tsiku. Komabe chidwi cha mayiko omwe abwera kwa iwo posachedwa sichikupereka chithunzi cha azimayi aku Afghan monga anthu ovuta koma monga "akazi ndi ana" a Dziko Lachitatu - ozunzidwa ndi ndondomeko zapakhomo zosatukuka komanso olandira thandizo kuchokera kumadzulo omwe amati ndi otukuka.
M'mbuyomu osati pachiwonetsero cha radar chakumadzulo, azimayi aku Afghanistan tsopano akuwoneka ngati "oyembekezera," "othawa," "akufa ndi njala," komanso "amasiye." Zonse zowona, ndikuganiza, koma mawu omasulira otere amachepetsa akazi aku Afghan kukhala china chilichonse kuposa kuchuluka kwa magawo awo osowa kwambiri.
Amayi ndi abambo aku Afghan, osati olamulira akumadzulo, ali ndi mbewu zakumasulidwa kwawo. Kuzindikira umunthu wa anthu onse - kuphatikizapo amayi ndi ana - n'kofunika kwambiri kuthetsa kupanda chilungamo padziko lonse komwe kumayambitsa uchigawenga wamtundu uliwonse. Sitingathe kuthetsa vutoli pokhapokha titafunsa kuti, "Amayi ali kuti?" Ndipo osati izo zokha, koma, “Kodi iwo akunena chiyani?” ndi "Akuchita chiyani?"
