Moto wolusa utabukanso ku Southern California komwe kunali chilala pakati pa Meyi, atolankhani adadzazidwa ndi kusanthula zomwe zimayambitsa komanso malipoti okhudza kuyankha kwakukulu kwa boma. Koma masoka ena - moto wamtchire wa chaka chino ku West Texas, mwachitsanzo, omwe awononga nthawi zambiri - amapeza chidwi.
Mike Davis, wolemba Ecology of Mantha: Los Angeles ndi Malingaliro a Tsoka ndi Mu Kutamandidwa kwa Abale: Essays Against Empire, analankhula ndi Alan Maass za machitidwe a m'kalasi kumbuyo kwa nkhope zosiyanasiyana za kuyankha kwatsoka-ndi zoyamba zamisala za msika waulere zomwe zimapanga zolakwika kwa anthu ogwira ntchito ndi chilengedwe.
Kodi tiyenera kudziwa chiyani za moto wolusa womwe unakopa chidwi cha atolankhani pakati pa Meyi?
Pamene masoka akuchulukirachulukira m'dziko lonselo, zikuwonekeratu kuti zomwe zimakhudza anthu otchuka ndi anthu olemera zimatsogolera, ndikukankhira ena m'mphepete.
Koma momwe moto waposachedwa kwambiri waku Southern California unali wodabwitsa-munali ndi ma helikopita a 23 Marine, ndege zina zambiri zozimitsa moto, madipatimenti ozimitsa moto ochokera kudera lonselo, mabungwe azimitsa moto. Uthenga womwe umatumizidwa kwa anthu omwe amakhala ku McMansions wawo pakati pa chaparral kapena nyumba zomwe zalowetsedwa posachedwa ku dziko lakumbuyo ndikuti: Osadandaula, mutha kutidalira.
Moto wolusa ku Southern California ndi zina mwazowononga kwambiri m'mbiri ya boma-makamaka zomwe zili ku San Diego County m'zaka khumi zapitazi, komwe nyumba masauzande angapo zidawonongeka. Koma uthenga womwe ukutumizidwa ndi wakuti tipitirizebe kumanga-chifukwa tikhoza kumenya moto.
Izi sizodabwitsa zokha, koma zimayandikira misala. Ndikadakutengerani galimoto, mwachitsanzo, kumadera ambiri omwe adawotchedwa mu 2003 ndi 2007, simudzangowona nyumba iliyonse ikumangidwanso, koma nthawi zambiri imamangidwanso yayikulu. Ndipo pali mazana a nyumba zina zatsopano - nthawi zambiri a McMansions akuluakulu, akukhala pamwamba pa mapiri komanso mkati mwa burashi.
Koma omanga ndi eni nyumbazi adzitsimikizira okha kuti akuyenera kutetezedwa kumoto kulikonse komwe kulipo. Aledzera ndi chikhulupiriro chakuti ngati mutatsuka mokwanira pamalopo, nyumba sizingagonjetsedwe.
Izi zikusonyeza zinthu ziwiri. Choyamba, chuma chopambanitsa chomwe eni nyumba olemera m'maderawa amayembekezera kudalira-popanda kuwalipirira, chifukwa m'mbuyomo, iwo anakana zoyesayesa zogwirizanitsa zigawo zozimitsa moto kapena kukweza bajeti yolemba ntchito ozimitsa moto ambiri.
Ndipo chachiwiri, kuti masoka amoto awa, osachepera kuno ku Southern California, amaphunzitsa maphunziro olakwika. M'malo moyambitsa mikangano yokhudza kuwongolera kukula, makamaka zomwe zikuchitika ndi nyumba zazikuluzikuluzi m'malo osatetezeka, moto uliwonse umakulitsa chikhulupiriro chakuti anthu akhoza kukhala otetezeka, ndipo chitukuko chikhoza kupitiliza.
Chikhulupiriro chimenecho pamapeto pake chimakhazikika pa mfundo yakuti inshuwalansi ya moto ndi yothandizidwa-kuti anthu omwe amakhala m'nyumbazi m'madera atsopano amathandizidwa bwino ndi anthu ena omwe amagula inshuwalansi ya moto m'nyumba zomwe zilibe ngozi yamoto.
Uku ndikupitilira njira yachitukuko yomwe idzadzetse masoka akulu ndi akulu-ndipo zomwe zikupangidwa pambuyo pake ndi kuchuluka kwazinthu za anthu.
Ngati mumakhala mumzinda, chitetezo chanu chamoto sichidalira ma helikopita a Marine Corps. Simungayembekezere kuti boma la federal lidzalowererapo. Zomwe zimachitika kunyumba kwanu ndi ntchito yolunjika ya bajeti ya dipatimenti yozimitsa moto kwanuko, yomwe mwina ili pamavuto.
Koma anthu omwe akukhala mโmadera atsopanowa, makamaka amene amakhala mโnyumba zazikulu mโdzikoli, ali ndi mtundu wa mgwirizano wosalembedwa kuti adzapeza zinthu zonse zozimitsa moto. Ndipo ndi moto wotsatira wotsatira, izi zitha kukhala zovuta kwambiri. Moto wamoto mu Meyi moto wonse unali m'chigawo chimodzi, ndipo mocheperapo m'dera lomwelo. Koma mukakhala ndi moto iwiri kapena itatu, mugawa bwanji zida ndi zida?
Kotero mavuto a mizu pano ndi chitukuko chosalamulirika ndi kusuntha kwa mtengo wa inshuwalansi, kumanganso ndi kuzimitsa moto kwa okhometsa msonkho ena-omwe, ndithudi, sangayembekezere mlingo uwu wa chitetezo cha moto.
Nkhani zofalitsa nkhani za moto wolusa zimayang'ana kwambiri za kusintha kwa nyengo komanso ubale wake ndi chilala chomwe chinayambitsa mbiri ku California. Kodi kusintha kwa nyengo ndi madzi zimagwira ntchito bwanji pa izi?
Chilalacho, chomwe chingakhale chazaka 500, chikugwirizana ndendende ndi momwe mungayembekezere kusintha kwanyengo. Koma pangakhale vuto ngakhale popanda kutentha kwa dziko chifukwa cha mafakitale ndi magalimoto.
Mapangano onse oyambira - monga Colorado River Compact, omwe adapereka ufulu wamadzi kuchokera ku Colado-ndikukonzekera zonse zokhudzana ndi madzi akuchokera pa cholakwika chachikulu. Madziwo adawerengedwa potengera zolembedwa zoyambira kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 20, zomwe zidakhala imodzi mwanyengo zamvula kwambiri m'mbiri ya California. Takhala tikudziwa kwa zaka pafupifupi 20 kuti kunali chilala pakali pano komanso chokulirapo, mwina m'zaka za zana la 16, komanso kumapeto kwa Middle Ages.
Kotero kaya mumachokera ku kusintha kwa nyengo, kapena mukuyang'ana mbiri yakale ya chilengedwe, vuto la chilala chokhazikika siliyenera kukhala lodabwitsa. Zowonadi, ofufuza ena tsopano akulankhula za "zatsopano zatsopano" -kumene nyengo yasinthira kukhala yotentha komanso yowuma kwambiri.
Ndicho chifukwa chachikulu choletsera chitukuko m'madera omwe amapezeka kwambiri ndi moto-koma zosiyana kwambiri ndi zomwe zikuchitika.
Tikuwona zotsutsana zamtundu womwewo pamlingo wokulirapo ndi Gulf Coast ndi Atlantic Seaboard - ndikumanganso nyumba m'malo amkuntho apamwamba, pomwe munthu atha kuneneratu molimba mtima kuti zochitika ngati Superstorm Sandy zizichulukirachulukira. . Ndipo kumeneko, ndalama zomanganso ndizokwera kwambiri.
Kuyankha koyenera kungakhale kuyimitsa chitukuko chamtunduwu-ngakhale m'malo ena kuchisintha. Ndikuganiza kuti anthu omwe ali kumanzere akuyenera kusamala kwambiri pazifukwa izi: masoka, kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa nthaka ndi mtundu wa ndalama zowonongeka zomwe zimaperekedwa kwa okhometsa msonkho ogwira ntchito, kuteteza nyumba zachiwiri kapena nyumba zapamwamba, zomwe zili ndendende panjira. komwe tingayembekezere zochitika zowopsa zomwe zikuchitika ndikuchulukirachulukira.
Chilala chimene chili pano chikupitirirabe. Aliyense akuyembekeza kuti idzasweka ndi El Niรฑo chaka chamawa-ndipo, ndi mvula kuchokera pamenepo, mutha kuwona kugumuka kwa nthaka ndi kusefukira kwa madzi m'madera omwe adawotcha. Koma pambuyo pa El Niรฑo, tingathe kubwereranso ku chilala choterechi.
Palibe amene akudziwa kuti mikhalidwe yotereyi ikhala nthawi yayitali bwanji. Asayansi ena amakhulupirira kuti nthawi imeneyi ikuimira kusintha kwakukuluโchinthu chofanana ndi chimene chikuchitika mโchigawo cha Mediterranean, makamaka ku Middle East. Ichi ndi chinthu chosawoneka kumbuyo kwa zomwe zinachitika ku Afghanistan ndi Iraq ndi Syria, zomwe zavutika zaka zambiri ndi chilala choopsa chomwe chatsala pang'ono kuwononga ulimi waung'ono m'madera ambiri.
Kodi omenyera ufulu omwe ali ndi chidwi ndi chitukuko ndi chilengedwe ndi mtundu wa nkhani zomwe mukukamba akuyenera kuchita bwanji ndikusonkhanitsa ndale?
Choyamba, ndi kuzindikira kuti malire omalizira pakuchita bwino kwa mtundu uliwonse wa kusintha ndi msika wa nthaka. Malingana ngati anthu alibe ulamuliro pa makhalidwe a nthaka, sangathe kulamulira kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka nthaka, ndipo ndiwo magwero a mafunsowa.
Imeneyi inali mfundo imene Henry George anali kunena mโzaka za mโma 19. Mpaka zaka za m'ma 1890, George mwina anali mneneri wodziwika bwino kwambiri wokhudza kusintha kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu, osati Karl Marx, ndipo ngakhale malingaliro ake adalowa mumtundu wa monomania, anali wolondola kwambiri kumvetsetsa kuti kuyerekeza kwa nthaka ndi kukwera kwa mitengo ya nthaka kunali kopanda phindu. pakupanga. Zomwe sanalembe panthawiyo, koma zidadziwika bwino m'zaka za zana la 20, ndikuti nkhani zomwezi zimasokoneza kapena kufooketsa luso lililonse lokonzekera mwanzeru.
Ngati muyang'ana ku Canada, mwachitsanzo, m'mizinda yambiri, boma la metropolitan lili ndi malamba kunja kwa mzindawo, zomwe zimapatsa mphamvu kulamulira momwe chitukuko cha tawuni chimatengera. Ku U.S., ntchito yokhayo yomwe makomiti okonza mapulani a zigawo ndi zina zotero ndizowona kuti ndi ndani wandale yemwe adzalandira ndalama zambiri za kampeni kuti atulutse malo ambiri otukuka.
Kwenikweni, palibe chomwe chasintha. Pankhani zonse za kukula kwanzeru ndi zonsezo, mtundu womwewo wa capitalism yachitukuko yopanda malire yadziwika ku Southern California kuyambira 1920s.
Sindikutsimikiza kunja kwa dziko la California ndikuzindikira zotsatira za kayendetsedwe ka Brown kapena zomwe a Democrats akuchita ku Sacramento. Brown kwenikweni adatengera ndale za Republican za ndalama zamisonkho zamabanki zomwe zimatchedwa "thumba latsiku lamvula," m'malo mobwezeretsa moyo wa ntchito za anthu zomwe zidadulidwa m'zaka za Schwarzenegger. Zomwe mukuwona ku Sacramento ndizovuta kwambiri kuchitapo kanthu pazovuta zazikulu.
Tsopano, a Brown akukakamizidwa kuti apereke njira pazakusamutsa madzi kuchokera kumpoto kwa boma kupita kumwera. Koma izi zikuwonetsa momwe dongosolo lonse laufulu wamadzi ndi kugawa madzi ku America West ngati likuwonongeka, chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo ndi machitidwe amisala a mizinda.
Kampasi yanga - Yunivesite ya California Riverside - ili m'mphepete mwa chipululu, mamailosi 50 kapena kupitilira apo kuchokera kugombe. Ndakhala zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri tsopano ndikulembera makalata kwa ma chancellors osiyanasiyana kuwapempha kuti angopha udzu wathu waukulu, ndipo sindinayankhe kalikonse.
Ndipo ngati simungathe kupeza mayunivesite kuti muwonetse kufunika kogwiritsa ntchito madzi bwino, mwachiwonekere ndi vuto. Msika wachinsinsi udzakhala woipitsitsa. Kum'mawa ndi kumwera kwa Riverside, m'chigwa cha Coachella, pali mabwalo a gofu 110-pakati pa chipululu. Pitani mukaone momwe izo zikumveka.
Malingana ngati chirichonse chikuyendetsedwa ndi zosowa za olemera, chikhumbo chawo chothawa mzindawo ndi kuthekera kwawo kulamulira chuma cha anthu kuti palibe wina aliyense angathe, palibe chomwe chidzasinthe. M'malo mwake, pamene aku Republican akucheperachepera ndalama zamatawuni ndi zigawo ndi maboma, mikangano imakhala yoti zosowa za ndani zimasamalidwa - ndipo ndikuganiza kuti tonse timadziwa yankho lake.
Njira zothetsera mavuto a m'matauni ziyenera kubwera kudzera mu umwini wa anthu ndi kuponderezedwa, kapena kuletsa malamulo okhwima kwambiri, akukwera kwa mitengo yamtengo wapatali ndi kugwiritsa ntchito nthaka.
Ndikuganiza ku California, mukuwona kufunikira koonekeratu kuti gulu la ogwira ntchito lizitenga nawo mbali pazanyumba, chitukuko cha m'matauni komanso kukwera mtengo kwa anthu ena kuti apititse patsogolo chitukuko chakumidzi, makamaka kuthawira kwa olemera kupita kumidzi yawo. .
M'mbuyomu, zowonadi, gulu la anthu ogwira ntchito lakhala likusokonezedwa pankhaniyi chifukwa chakuti mabungwe omanga amayimira mawu osamala, otsutsana ndi zoletsa zilizonse pakukonzanso mizinda kapena kumanga nyumba m'mphepete mwa mizinda yayikulu. Koma tsopano popeza mabungwe aboma ndi azungu ali ndi kulemera kwakukulu, mutha kuwona momwe nkhaniyi yakhalira yofunika kwambiri pamamembala awo monga malipiro ndi chisamaliro chaumoyo.
Anthu sangakwanitse kubwereka ngakhale nyumba yaying'ono kwambiri m'mphepete mwa nyanja ku Los Angeles, kotero amakakamizika kusuntha pakati pa mtunda wamakilomita 40 kapena 50 kapena 60, kenako kupita kuntchito. Izi zimawononga kwambiri miyoyo ya mabanja awo, zimachulukitsa kugwiritsa ntchito magalimoto komanso kuchulukana, komanso zimathandizira kukulitsa kwamzindawu, komwe kumakhala kokwera mtengo komanso kowononga chaka chilichonse.