Cancun imayima monga chigonjetso cha demokalase pa utsogoleri wankhanza, chilungamo pa chisalungamo, cha Kumwera kumpoto, cha osauka pa olemera, cha anthu pa phindu, ndi moyo pa imfa.
Cancun sinapangidwe kuti ikhale malo omwe amatsutsana kwambiri m'nthawi yathu ino. Anapangidwa kuti akhale malo ochezera atchuthi pagombe loyera kugombe lakum'mawa kwa Mexico. Komabe, kuyambira pa Seputembala 10-14, 2003, sanali alendo omwe adadzaza mahotela aku Cancun koma nthumwi za boma ku WTO.
Monga ku Seattle, msonkhano wa Cancun unalephera. Kukana mfundo ndi malamulo ophera fuko la WTO kudachita bwino pakuthetsa zokambirana zomwe zidapangidwa kuti ziwonjezere mphamvu za WTO pagawo lililonse lazachuma komanso miyoyo yathu. Bungwe lazamalonda ladutsa malire ake pamene liyamba kulemba malamulo aulimi omwe amapha alimi ang'onoang'ono kapena malamulo okhudza katundu wanzeru zomwe zimakakamiza mayiko kukhala ndi moyo wapatent ndikuthandizira mabungwe kuti azibera chidziwitso cha chikhalidwe ndikudzinenera kuti ndi okhawo omwe amagulitsa mbewu ndi mankhwala.
Pangano la Agriculture and the Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights Agreements, lomwe ladzetsa miliri ya kudzipha kwa alimi, lidayambitsidwa mumgwirizano wamalonda pa Uruguay Round of GATT, yomwe idapanga WTO mu 1995.
Ndinayamba Navdanya mu 1987 kuteteza ufulu wa mbewu ndi ufulu wa chakudya, ufulu wa alimi amene anaopsezedwa ndi GATT. Masiku ano, njira zina za WTO zomwe tapanga zikuyenda bwino. Ku Cancun, tinatulutsa manifesto pa Tsogolo la Chakudya ndi Kulima, lokonzedwa ndi bungwe, lomwe linakhazikitsidwa ndi Boma la Chigawo cha Tuscany ku Italy, lomwe ndimakhala mpando.
Njira zopangira malamulo a WTO sizongotheka, ndizofunikira. Ichi ndichifukwa chake kuwonjezera pa kukhazikitsa manifesto ya tsogolo la chakudya, ntchito yogwirizana ya anthu odziwika bwino monga Wendell Berry, Frances Moore Lappe, Miguel Altieri, Carlo Petrini, Edward Goldsmith, Jerry Mander, Bernward Geier, tidagwirizananso kuti tilowererepo. zovuta nzika mu US/EU mkangano pa GMOs. WTO imayika phindu ndi malonda pamwamba pa chitetezo ndi ufulu wa nzika kusankha. Pa Seputembara 11, panthawi ya unduna wa WTO, Biosafety Protocol, lamulo lapadziko lonse loyang'anira ma GMO linayamba kugwira ntchito.
WTO sichingalamulire kukakamiza kudyetsa nzika zadziko lapansi ndi ma GMO. Kuti Monsanto angagwiritse ntchito boma la US, kuti agwiritse ntchito WTO kukakamiza GMOs kwa nzika za ku Ulaya zosafuna komanso zosamala, zimasonyeza kuti WTO si bungwe la mayiko ambiri koma ndi chida cha unilateralism chamakampani chomwe chimawopseza moyo padziko lapansi ndi moyo wa anthu.
Ndakhala ndi chikhulupiriro cholimba komanso chozama chakuti ulimi wa chakudya ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zamoyo ndi zofunika kwambiri pamoyo kuti zisamayendetsedwe ndi malamulo a "malonda aulere" ndipo zimangotengedwa ngati zinthu zomwe zimagulitsidwa pamsika wapadziko lonse wolamulidwa ndi mabungwe apadziko lonse. M'zaka zisanu ndi zitatu za WTO, malamulo akugwira ntchito, alimi osauka ataya mabiliyoni ambiri a ndalama zomwe amapeza movutikira, masauzande ataya miyoyo yawo chifukwa ngongole zomwe zikukwera komanso kutsika kwamitengo yazinthu zaulimi zimawapangitsa kutaya mtima, kusowa chiyembekezo komanso kudzipha. Ku India, alimi opitilira 20,000 adzipha kuyambira 1997, pomwe zovuta za kudalirana kwa mayiko zidayamba kuwonekera.
Kuti malamulo a WTO sali okhudza malonda achilungamo koma za moyo ndi imfa zinapangidwa momvetsa chisoni koma molimba mtima ndi mlimi wa ku Korea Lee Kyung Hae pa 10th September, tsiku loyamba la msonkhano wa WTO. Alimi ang'onoang'ono ndi alimi ochokera padziko lonse lapansi anali atamanga misasa m'bwalo la Casa de Culture, kunja kwa malo a hotelo. M'mawa wa 10th chisanachitike chionetsero chawo chachikulu adandifunsa ine ndi ena ochepa kuti ndilankhule nawo pamsonkhano wawo mubwalo lamasewera. Maola ochepa pambuyo pake, mlimi Lee adakwera mipiringidzo yomwe idayikidwa kuti anthu asamangokambirana zamalonda. Anali atavala chikwangwani chachikulu "WTO imapha alimi". Atatha kukuwa slogan, adadzibaya yekha. Cholemba chomwe chinapezeka pa iye chinati "Ndikutenga moyo wanga kuti ena akhale ndi moyo".
Magazini ya ku Korea Agrofood ya April 2003 inagwira mawu a Lee Kyung Hae akunena kuti, “Mgwirizano wa Uruguay utangothetsedwa, ife, alimi anzanga aku Korea, ndi inenso tinazindikira kuti zomwe tikuyembekezera zili m'manja mwathu ... Ndikulira mawu anga. kwa inu amene mwaphika nthawi yaitali m’thupi mwanga.
Kodi mukukambirana za ndani tsopano? Kwa anthu kapena inu?
Lekani kutenga zokambirana zanu za WTO za malingaliro olakwika komanso mawu olankhula mwaukazembe.
Kupatula ulimi ku dongosolo la WTO. "
Pamsonkhano womwe tidakonza ku India mu Okutobala 1993 WTO isanakhazikitsidwe, alimi ochokera ku Korea Federation of alimi ang'onoang'ono omwe Lee adakhala Purezidenti adalowa nawo ziwonetsero zathu kuti aletse ulimi ku mgwirizano wa "malonda aulere". Pazaka khumi zapitazi, kukakamiza ndi chinyengo cha "malonda aulere" zikuwonekera. "Kugulitsa kwaulere" kwenikweni ndi "malonda okakamiza".
Zimakakamizika kwa alimi ang'onoang'ono komanso mayiko osauka. Komanso ndi "malonda achinyengo" chifukwa ngakhale kuti ntchito yapakamwa imaperekedwa ku "bwalo lamasewera" ndi "kuchita bwino", opanga ang'onoang'ono ogwira ntchito bwino amawonongeka chifukwa chotaya katundu wothandizidwa kwambiri pamisika yapadziko lonse. Alimi athu ngati Lee adabedwa ufulu wawo wokhala ndi malamulo a WTO zomwe zidakakamiza Korea kutsegula misika yake yampunga kuti itayidwe ndi zimphona zamabizinesi aku US monga Cargill ndi Conagra.
Mtengo wopangira mpunga unali $18.66/ bushel ku US mu 2001 koma unagulitsidwa padziko lonse pa $ 14.55 / bushel. Kutaya uku kwakhala kovomerezeka ndi WTO. Kukana kutaya zinthu kwaloledwa. Chifukwa cha kuchotsedwa kokakamiza kwa ziletso zakunja (QRs) ndikutsitsa mitengo yamitengo, mitengo yamafamu ikutsika mwaulere, motsogozedwa ndi thandizo lotumiza kunja komwe kumayambitsa malonda opanda chilungamo komanso opanda chilungamo. Zokambirana za Cancun zidagwa chifukwa US ndi EU adaumirira kupitiliza malonda aulimi opanda chilungamo komanso opanda ufulu omwe akupha alimi a Third World.
A Pascal Lamy, EU Trade Commissioner, anali atalengeza kale Cancun isanachitike kuti EU sichepetsa ndalama zothandizira kunja. US idalengeza kuti siyichepetsa thandizo lanyumba. M'malo mwake, onse a US ndi EU achulukitsa ndalama zothandizira pafamu kuyambira pomwe mapangano a WTO adayamba kugwira ntchito ngakhale kuchepetsedwa kwa thandizo la Kumpoto komanso kukhazikitsa gawo laulimi linali lonjezo lofunikira kwambiri ku Marrakesh.
Bungwe la WTO lavomereza kuwonjezereka kwa ndalama zothandizira popanga mabokosi a buluu ndi obiriwira. Motero thandizo lodziwikiratu la chimanga ku EU linatsika ndi 60 peresenti, kuchokera pa 2.2 biliyoni ya Euro mu 1999 kufika pa 6883 miliyoni euro mu 1999. AOA yomwe gulu la 36 linkafuna kuti lichotsedwe ku Cancun.
Chinyengo chovomerezeka ichi m'dzina la malonda aulere paulimi chinali chifukwa chachikulu cha kugwa kwa zokambirana za WTO ku Cancun. Pamene kuphedwa kwa mlimi Lee kunatumiza uthenga wamphamvu wotsutsa zotchinga, chipanduko chinayambanso mkati mwa malo a msonkhano.
Asanafike Cancun, US/EU idagwirizana pazaulimi zomwe kwenikweni zidakakamiza mayiko a Kumwera kuti athetse zopinga zamalonda, pomwe akukana kuchepetsa ndalama zogulira katundu ku US ndi European agribusiness.
Gulu la mayiko 21 omwe akutukuka kumene adapereka lingaliro lotsutsa, kulimbikira kuti achotse ndalama zothandizira kunja zomwe zikupha alimi a Third World asanachepetsenso mitengo yamitengo. Panali kusagwirizana paulimi pa malemba awiriwa. Pamene WTO idapereka chilengezo chokonzekera pa 13th, idalephera kuwonetsa zovuta zilizonse zakumwera. Choyipa chachikulu ndichakuti kufunikira kwa maiko aku Africa omwe amalima thonje kuti awateteze ku kusokonekera kwa kutayidwa kwa thonje ku US kudatsitsidwa pang'onopang'ono kuti anthu aku Africa asiye ulimi wa thonje. Thandizo la US ku ulimi wa thonje ndi kugulitsa kunja kwafika pa $4 biliyoni pambuyo pa lamulo latsopano la US Farm Act.
Mu 2001, mtengo wopangira thonje ku US unali $0.9313/bushel, pamene mtengo wa kunja unali $0.3968/bushel, kutaya 57 peresenti. Izi zawonjezeka kuchoka pa 17 peresenti mu 1995. Choncho WTO yalimbikitsa kutaya zinthu pamene ikulepheretsa mayiko osauka kuti adziteteze ku zotsatira zowononga za kutaya. Bilu yaulimi yaku US yachulukitsa zothandizira ndi $82 biliyoni.
Mchitidwe wamafamu waku US wa 2002 umalola Boma la US kulipira alimi a thonje kusiyana pakati pa mtengo wamsika wapadziko lonse, $ 1.23 pa kilo, ndi mtengo wongopeka wa $ 1.57 pa kilogalamu. Alimi a thonje ku US amalandira $ 3.9 biliyoni, ambiri amapita kwa alimi akuluakulu amakampani. Ndi thandizoli, dziko la US lachulukitsa kuwirikiza kwa thonje lotumizidwa kunja ndikuwononga moyo ndi ndalama za alimi 250 miliyoni a ku Africa. Ndicho chifukwa chake anthu a ku Africa anakwiya ndipo anayamba kutuluka mu zokambirana za Cancun pa September 14, 2003. Monga momwe adanenera pamsonkhano wa atolankhani atangotulutsidwa kumene chilengezo chokonzekera pa September 13: "Ngati anthu a ku Africa achoka ku Cancun popanda zotsatira zogwira ntchito, akhoza kutero. osabwerera, chifukwa zoyesayesa zambiri zapangitsa kuti pakhale zochepa.
Kuyenda kwa mamembala a WTO kunatsogozedwa ndi maiko aku Africa omwe adakwiya ndi kukana kwa WTO ndi mayiko olemera kuti achotse zopotoka komanso kusachita bwino pazamalonda komanso kuyesa kwa olemera kuti akhazikitse njira zatsopano zothanirana ndi ndalama, kugula zinthu ndi boma komanso kuwongolera malonda.
Chimene US/EU inkafuna ku Cancun chinali kupitiriza ufulu wotaya katundu, kupitiriza malonda opanda chilungamo pothandizira malonda awo a zaulimi kuti atenge misika yapadziko lonse pogwiritsa ntchito malamulo a WTO opeza msika. Izi ndi zomwe malamulo a WTO adapangidwa kuti achite. Ndi malamulo a ufulu wa MNCs kuwononga olima ang'onoang'ono.
Tsopano popeza kupezerera anthu ena kwatsutsidwa ndi kulimbikira kwa magulu a nzika kwa zaka khumi ndi mgwirizano watsopano pakati pa maboma a mayiko omwe akutukuka kumene, Lamy amatcha WTO "malo akale" ndipo Zoellick amatcha Dziko Lachitatu gulu "sadzachita". Mayiko olemera atumiza chizindikiro kuti sasintha, sadzalola WTO kusinthidwa.
Ndi chizindikiro chodziwikiratu ichi ndikofunikira kuti tiyimitse ufulu wambali womwe ukuwononga alimi athu ndi ulimi. Yakwana nthawi yoti tibweretsenso ma QR ndi zoletsa zakunja monga momwe Indian People's Campaign motsutsana ndi WTO idafunira pomwe oyimilira adakumana ndi Prime Minister pa Ogasiti 26.
Panalibenso "Doha Round" popeza zatsopano zomwe zimayenera kukhazikitsidwa zidakanidwa ndi Dziko Lachitatu. Ntchito yovomerezeka ya akuluakulu a zamalonda ku Geneva tsopano ndi kusintha kokha kwa WTO kutengera kuunika kovomerezeka kwa TRIPS ndi Mgwirizano wa Zaulimi. Palibe zatsopano, palibe kukulitsa kwa tradeagenda komwe kungakambidwe movomerezeka ku Geneva chifukwa cha kulephera kwa WTO ku Cancun komanso kusowa kwa mgwirizano pa Unduna.
Mayiko omwe akutukuka kumene anakana mwatsatanetsatane kukhazikitsidwa kwa zinthu zatsopano monga ndalama, kugula katundu wa boma, ndondomeko ya mpikisano ndi kuthandizira malonda. Izi zimatchedwa nkhani za "Singapore" chifukwa zidaleredwa koyamba ndi US ndi EU pamsonkhano woyamba wa nduna za WTO ku Singapore. Mayiko olemera ayenera kusiya kuyesa kukakamiza nkhanizi ku South kudzera pa WTO. Koma kulephera kwa Cancun,
kutsatira kulephera kwa Seattle, ikuwonetsanso kufunika kochotsa ku mgwirizano wamalonda waufulu nkhani monga ulimi ndi luntha zomwe zimasiyidwa bwino ku machitidwe adziko, ndikusamalidwa bwino ngati zofunikira zofunika komanso zofunikira pamoyo kusiyana ndi nkhani zamalonda ndi zamalonda zokha. . Demokalase yazachuma imangokulira m'mwamba ngati mtengo, womwe mizu yake idachokera ku zachilengedwe zakumaloko, zikhalidwe zakumaloko, ndi zachuma zakomweko, thunthu lake limathandizira chuma champhamvu komanso champhamvu chamayiko, ndipo nthambi zake zimadyetsedwa ndikudyetsedwa ndi malonda apadziko lonse lapansi potengera mfundo za kukhazikika, chilungamo. ndi chilungamo.
Kulephera kwa Cancun kungakhale kupambana kwa njira zina zomwe tonse takhala tikuyesetsa kuti titeteze dziko lapansi ndi anthu ake onse.