Boma la Obama limakhala wolowa m'malo woyenera kwambiri pazachiwembu za neoconservatives tsiku lililonse likadutsa. Kufanana pakati pa maulamuliro a Bush ndi a Obama ndikodabwitsa kwambiri mpaka kundipangitsa kudzifunsa, kodi pali kusiyana kulikonse pakati pa maulamulirowa? Yankho, mwachisoni, likuwoneka kuti ayi. Pankhani ya malingaliro a anthu, zikuwoneka kuti pali kusiyana kwakukulu momwe maulamuliro amaganiziridwa, pomwe Obama-noids pakati pa anthu omasuka omwe amapembedza Obama chifukwa chobwezera ulemu kwa utsogoleri waku America ndikukakamiza mfundo zambiri zakunja. Zikondwerero zoterezi ndizopanda pake, poganizira zachigawenga chosasamala chomwe Obama adadzichitira. Chitsanzo chaposachedwapa chikuwoneka muvidiyo yomwe yangotuluka kumene yosonyeza asilikali a ku America akukodza anthu angapo a ku Afghanistan omwe anamwalira; kaya ndi anthu wamba kapena a Taliban "zigawenga" sizidziwika.
Ngati palibe china, mchitidwewu ndi woletsedwa mwalamulo pansi pa malamulo ankhondo, monga tafotokozera mu Misonkhano Yachigawo ya Geneva - yomwe ili yovomerezeka kwa asitikali aku US omwe akuchita kunja. Monga malipoti a Guardian, kuwonekera kwaposachedwa kwa kanema wakukodza kumawonjezera mkwiyo ku US, poganizira zolakwa zam'mbuyomu zankhondo ku Afghanistan:
"The Asilikali a US Lamulo ku Kabul, lomwe lidachita manyazi kwambiri chaka chatha ndikuwululidwa kuti asitikali aku America akuyendetsa 'gulu lakupha' kupha anthu wamba aku Afghan, adati afufuza vidiyo yomwe sinatchulidweyo, ndikuti ngati ikhala yowona, kuyipitsa mitembo kudzawonedwa ngati. mlandu waukulu. Kuononga akufa ndiko zosaloledwa pansi pamisonkhano ya Geneva komanso pansi pa malamulo ankhondo a US.”
Kanemayu akuwonetsa machitidwe omwe mosakayikira ndi oletsedwa pansi pa malamulo apadziko lonse lapansi. Msonkhano Wachinayi wa Geneva umafuna kuti anthu omenyana ndi zida achitepo kanthu "kufufuza anthu ophedwa ndi ovulala," pamene Msonkhano Woyamba wa Geneva (Article 15) ndi Second Geneva Convention (Article 18) akunena momveka bwino kuti kutenga udindo wa mphamvu pa nkhani ya kwa amene anaphedwa kunkhondo “kuti asafunkhidwe.” Kukodza pamitembo ya akufa (kaya ndi anthu wamba kapena asilikali) kumasonyeza kuphwanya malamulo ankhondo, monga anavomereza United States. Kutetezedwa kotereku pansi pa Misonkhano ya Geneva kumakhala ndi mphamvu zamalamulo adziko ku United States, monga Supremacy Clause of the Constitution ikunena kuti mapangano akunja amakhala ndi mwayi wotetezedwa ngati lamulo lalikulu kwambiri mdzikolo.
Boma la Obama likuyesa kudzipatula ku khalidwe losokoneza lomwe likufunsidwa, kutulutsa mawu angapo omwe akuwonetsa zochitikazi ngati zonyansa za anthu ochepa chabe, komanso ndikudutsa kwa tonde kwa omwe adachita nawo khalidweli. Mlembi wa chitetezo ku United States, Leon Panetta, adatcha mchitidwewo kukhala "wokhumudwitsa," ndikuti "khalidweli ndi losayenera kwa mamembala ankhondo a United States." Panetta anapewa kunena za khalidwe lachigawenga, komabe, mofanana ndi Mlembi wa boma, Hillary Clinton, yemwe adawonetsa "kukhumudwa kwathunthu" pavidiyoyi, komanso anafotokoza kuti khalidweli linkatsutsana ndi zomwe zimaganiziridwa kuti "ambiri, ambiri a antchito athu - makamaka asitikali athu apanyanja - adzilimbikira."
Zowona zowawa zomwe zachitika posachedwa ku Afghanistan - zikatengedwa molumikizana ndi machitidwe ena a US - zikuwonetsa kuti olamulira a Obama ali ndi mlandu waumbanda womwewo womwe umadziwika ndi ajenda ya Bush-neocon. Iyi ndiye nkhondo ya Obama, ndipo zigawenga zonse zochitidwa ndi asitikali oyenda pansi pamapeto pake zimagwera pamapewa a Obama. Obama mwina sanalamule kuti asitikali akodzere anthu akufa ku Afghanistan, koma iye - monga Bush - wapanga dongosolo laupandu ndi kusalangidwa komwe United States imaphwanya malamulo adziko lonse lapansi ndi mayiko ena kwinaku akugwedeza chala chake mwachipongwe padziko lonse lapansi. U.S. paternalism ndi nkhanza, zinapezeka, sizinathe ndi Bush. Mademokalase ndi omasuka okhulupirika adzanjenjemera ndi malingaliro awa, koma magalasi awo amtundu wa rozi akuyang'ana mmbuyo pa nthawi yoyamba ya Obama ndi zotsatira za kuphunzitsidwa kwawo komanso kusadziwa mwadala ponena za zenizeni za mfundo zakunja za US.
Pang'ono ndi pang'ono kusiyanitsa ndondomeko za ndale zakunja za purezidenti atatu apitawa - Clinton, Bush, ndi Obama. Iwo omwe amakayikira izi akuyenera kuwunikanso njira yachitetezo cha dziko la Clinton, yomwe imawerengedwa ngati kopi ya kaboni yaulamuliro wa Bush - idangonenedwa zaka zingapo pambuyo pake. Clinton, monga Bush, adalankhula mu njira yake yachitetezo ponena za kufunikira kogwiritsa ntchito gulu lankhondo kupititsa patsogolo mphamvu zankhondo zaku US komanso kuteteza zachilengedwe padziko lonse lapansi. Njira ya Clinton mofananamo inayang'ana pa nkhani za Asilamu okhwima ndi uchigawenga, komanso kutsindika za kuopsa kwa zida zowononga anthu ambiri komanso kufalikira kwawo pakati pa mayiko achiarabu ndi Asilamu ku Middle East. Clinton anali wothandizira wokondwa wa zilango zakupha ndi kuzingidwa kwankhondo ku Iraq; utsogoleri wake unali wokhudzidwa kwa nthawi yayitali ndi kugwetsa Saddam Hussein pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zankhondo. Kusiyana kwenikweni pakati pa kayendetsedwe ka Clinton ndi Bush kunali mwanzeru; Clinton adazindikira kuti kugwira ntchito kwanthawi yayitali ku Iraq kudzakhala koopsa kwa cholowa chake chapurezidenti, pomwe Bush adapunthwa mopanda nzeru pankhondo yomwe idawononga kukhulupirika kwa upulezidenti wake.
Makhalidwe a Obama ngati mtsogoleri wamkulu ndi ofanana m'mbali zambiri ndi za boma la Bush, popeza akuwonetsa kunyoza kwakukulu paulamuliro wa malamulo, ulamuliro wa mayiko akunja, komanso chitetezo chofunikira cha anthu aku Middle East ndi madera ozungulira. Kukula kwake kwa nkhondo ku Afghanistan kudadzetsa chiwonongeko chochuluka ndi kusokonekera kwa anthu omwe atsala kale kukhala mabwinja patatha zaka zambiri zankhondo. Malinga ndi bungwe la United Nations Mission ku Afghanistan, anthu wamba 1,462 anaphedwa mu theka loyamba la 2011 kokha, kuwonjezeka kwa 15 peresenti kuchokera mu 2010. Bungwe la UN linanenanso kuti anthu wamba 2,677 anafa mu 2010, pambuyo pa nkhondo ya Obama ku Afghanistan, kumasulira okwana 4,239 kwa chaka choyamba ndi theka la kampeni ya Obama ku Afghanistan. Chiwerengerochi chikuyimira chiwopsezo chokulirapo kuposa chomwe chinachitika pa zigawenga za 9/11, pomwe 2,966 adaphedwa. Pazonse, kuyerekezera kosiyanasiyana kukuwonetsa kuti kwinakwake pakati pa 20,000 ndi 40,000 miyoyo ya anthu wamba yaku Afghanistan idatayika kuyambira 2001, pakati pa kasanu ndi kamodzi mpaka 13 miyoyo yambiri kuposa yomwe idatayika pa 9/11. Kuphana kumeneku kuli ngati kukulitsa uchigawenga m'dzina la "kulimbana ndi zigawenga."
Obama akupitiliza kunyoza kwa Bush mosasamala malamulo, ulamuliro wa boma, ndi mfundo zoyambirira za demokalase m'njira zina zambiri. Posachedwapa, adasaina malamulo a Congression mololedwa kulola boma kuti litseke nzika zaku America zomwe zimangokhala. akukayikira kuchirikiza kapena kuchita zauchigawenga (zochitika m’khoti zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti zitsimikizire ngati milandu yotereyi inali yovomerezeka). Mndandanda wa zolakwa zina zochokera ku bungweli ndi zambiri, ndipo zikuphatikiza izi:
- Kunyansidwa ndi mwayi womasuka wa anthu kuti adziwe zambiri, zomwe zikuwoneka bwino kwambiri m'chilango chomvetsa chisoni choperekedwa kwa woimba mluzu wa Wikileaks Bradley Manning. Pomwe wolemba nkhani wa Pentagon Papers a Daniel Ellsberg adapewa kutsekeredwa m'ndende ataulula mabodza omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kulungamitsa nkhondo ya Vietnam, ndipo tsopano akulemekezedwa ngati ngwazi yolimbana ndi nkhondo, Manning adasungidwa m'ndende yekhayekha - mchitidwe wachilango womwe loya waufulu wachibadwidwe Glenn. Greenwald molondola akunena kuti "kuchitira nkhanza ndi nkhanza." Monga momwe Greenwald akunenera, kutsekeredwa m'ndende kotero - komanso kuletsedwa kolumikizana ndi anthu komwe kumafunika kukhala m'ndende yayekha, "kumayambitsa kuvulala m'maganizo kwanthawi yayitali ...Kwa maola 23 mwa 24 tsiku lililonse - kwa miyezi isanu ndi iwiri yowongoka ndikuwerengera - iye [Manning] amakhala yekha yekha m'chipinda chake. Ngakhale mkati mwa selo, zochita zake zimakhala zoletsedwa kwambiri; amaletsedwa ngakhale kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi ndipo nthawi zonse amayang'aniridwa kuti akwaniritse zoletsazo. Pazifukwa zomwe zimawoneka kuti ndizolanga kwambiri, akukanidwa zambiri mwazofunikira kwambiri za ukaidi wotukuka, kuphatikizapo pilo kapena ma sheet a bedi lake (iye sali ndipo sanakhalepo pa wotchi yodzipha). Kwa ola limodzi patsiku atamasulidwa ku kudzipatula kumeneku, amaletsedwa kuona nkhani zilizonse kapena mapulogalamu amakono.”
- Kupempha kwa boma la Obama pa chiphunzitso cha zinsinsi za boma. Chakumapeto kwa chaka cha 2010, a Obama adapempha chiphunzitsochi kuti aletse woweruza boma kuti asadziwe zambiri zokhudzana ndi chigawenga cha CIA cha nzika zaku US kuti ziphe. Mlandu womwe ukufunsidwawo udakhudza nzika yaku US, Anwar al-Aulaqi (yemwe amakhulupirira kuti akukhala ku Yemen) chifukwa cha zomwe adachita poyesa kuphulitsa ndege yopita ku Detroit. Polimbikitsa woweruza wa federal kuti athetse mlandu wokhudza kuphedwa komwe akufuna, Obama adanena kuti mlanduwu udzawulula zambiri zomwe zingasokoneze chitetezo cha dziko la U.S. Chiphunzitso cha zinsinsi za boma chimachokera pazifukwa zomwe sizinatchulidwe kwa nthawi yayitali komanso zokayikitsa zokana kugawana zambiri ndi nthambi zina zaboma zomwe zidayamba m'ma 1950. Mu 1953, Khoti Lalikulu Kwambiri ku United States linagamula kuti boma linali ndi ufulu woika m’magulu zinthu zimene zingawononge chitetezo cha dziko poyerekezera ndi akazi amasiye a mainjiniya atatu amene anaphedwa pa ngozi ya ndege ya asilikali. Amasiyewa, omwe adasumira boma chifukwa chosasamala, adakanidwa malipiro pomwe bwalo lamilandu lidalola boma kuti lisafotokoze zambiri za imfayi. Zolemba zaboma zomwe zidapezeka zaka makumi angapo pambuyo pake zinatsutsa mosapita m'mbali lingaliro lakuti kugawa zambiri za ngoziyo kunali kokhudzana ndi chitetezo cha dziko. M'malo mwake, zikalatazo zidawulula zidziwitso zochititsa manyazi zowulula kusasamala kwa boma zokhudzana ndi ngoziyo. Kulungamitsidwa kwa zinsinsi zaboma zaboma sikunalepheretse olamulira a Obama kulengeza "ufulu" wake wokana kugawana zambiri za pulogalamu yake yopha anthu mosaloledwa (motengera kusaloledwa, 5th kusinthidwa kumanena momveka bwino kuti "palibe munthu amene adzalandidwe moyo, ufulu, kapena katundu popanda ndondomeko yalamulo"). Chilengezo cha zinsinsi za boma chidatsutsidwa moyenerera ngakhale ndi omwe adayambitsa ma TV monga Washington Post, yomwe idadandaula kuti "pali china chake chosagwirizana ndi America ponena kuti nthambi yoyang'anira ikhoza kungouza nthambi yoweruza kuti ituluke m'manja mwawo. nkhani pazifukwa zachitetezo cha dziko - ndipo palibe njira. "
- Kulowerera kwa Obama pakuwukira kosagwirizana ndi mayiko osiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza Pakistan, Somalia, ndi Yemen. Onse atatu akuwunikiridwa paziwombankhanga zosiyanasiyana za drone, zomwe zidakhumudwitsa atsogoleri andale m'maiko amenewo. Izi zidachitika m'dzina lolimbana ndi uchigawenga, koma zikuphwanya momveka bwino Charter ya United Nations, yomwe imalola kukakamiza kokha ndi chilolezo cha Security Council kapena ngati munthu adziteteza ku chiwembu chomwe chikuchitika. Obama mosakayikira angatchule ziwopsezo za 9/11 ngati kulungamitsa kumenyedwa kwa drone m'dzina lodziteteza, koma palibe chomwe chingachitike mozama pazinenazi. U.N. Charter (Ndime 51) imanena kuti zochita zilizonse zodzitetezera ziyenera kuuzidwa nthawi yomweyo ku Security Council (zomwe boma la Obama silinakwaniritse, popeza zambiri mwa ziwonetserozi zinali zachinsinsi ndipo zambiri za iwo zidasankhidwa). Charter imanenanso kuti kudziteteza kumaphatikizapo zochita zokha "ngati kuukira ndi zida zimachitika motsutsana ndi membala wa United Nations.” Zigawenga za 9/11 sizikuyimira kuukira kosalekeza ku United States (makamaka popeza olamulira a Obama adalengeza kale kutha kwa "War on Terror"), ndipo mfundo iyi ndi yofunika kukhazikitsa mogwirizana ndi zomwe zanenedwazo. mu Article 51 ya U.N. Charter, gulu lankhondo lomwe likugwiritsidwa ntchito liyenera kuthamangitsa kuukira komwe kukuchitika masiku ano, osati m'mbuyomu. Ngati ziwopsezo za 9/11 zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kulungamitsa mwalamulo kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu motsutsana ndi zigawenga zilizonse, nthawi iliyonse, pamalo aliwonse omwe US ​​​​asankha kudzera m'tsogolo lomwe likuwonekera, ndiye kuti malamulo apadziko lonse lapansi amakhala opanda kanthu - nthano yomvetsa chisoni.
- Ulamuliro wa Obama ukunyoza kwathunthu lamulo pamilandu yake yoyipa paulamuliro walamulo, zokhudzana ndi njira yoyenera komanso ufulu wa omangidwa. A Obama adagonja kwambiri ku Democratic Congress yotsutsa kutsekedwa kwa Guantanamo komanso kuyenda kwa akaidi kupita kundende zaku US komwe akadikirira kuzengedwa mlandu. A Obama adatsekereza kutseka Guantanamo, ngakhale Khothi Lalikulu lidapereka chigamulo choti omangidwa omwe akukhala kumeneko ayenera kupatsidwa ufulu wokwanira, monga momwe zimafunikira pamisonkhano ya Geneva ndi Bill of Rights. Obama adapitilizanso pulogalamu yozunza yomwe idayambika pansi pa Bush, ngakhale kuti kugwiritsa ntchito kumasulira ndi kuzunza pakusonkhanitsa anthu anzeru sikuloledwa mwamtheradi pamisonkhano ya Geneva ndi 8.th kukonzanso chitetezo ku chilango chankhanza ndi zachilendo. Obama adalengeza mwezi uno kuti akupita patsogolo ndi kuchotsa chiletso cha makhoti a asilikali, kuphwanya chigamulo cha Supreme Court, chomwe chinalengeza kuti makhotiwa ndi osaloledwa. Khoti Lalikulu Kwambiri linalengeza mu 2004 kuti makhoti a asilikali akuphwanya milandu yomwe imatsagana ndi milandu ya ku United States, chifukwa amapereka chitetezo chochepa kwambiri kwa omwe akuimbidwa mlandu (makhoti amalola kuti mphekesera zivomerezedwe kukhoti, zimalola kuti anthu ambiri azitsutsidwa, osati mogwirizana. kuvota, ndi kulola boma kuti liziyang'anira mauthenga a kasitomala). Chigamulo cha Obama chonyalanyaza lamulo la Khothi Lalikulu lamilandu lankhondo (lomwe likuphwanya lamulo la Geneva Conventions kuti khothi lipereke chitetezo chokwanira kwa omwe akuimbidwa mlandu) likuwonetsa momwe utsogoleriwu wafika pakuphwanya malamulo komanso kunyoza lamuloli.
Kuwukira kwa Obama pa mfundo zoyambira za demokalase yaufulu ndikunyoza ulemu wathu woyamba. Adathandizira kukhazikitsa ziwonetsero zazikulu pazamalamulo ndi ndale zaku America zomwe zinali chizindikiro cha utsogoleri wa Bush. Kuti a Obama adatha kutsatira mfundo zofanana ndi kayendetsedwe ka Bush, pomwe omasuka amatamanda purezidenti chifukwa chobwezeretsa ulemu ku White House, ndi umboni wa mphamvu zamabodza a Orwellian komanso chinyengo chaufulu. Mwamwayi, anthu ambiri aku America amakana mabodza oterowo. Pofika mwezi wa November 2011, kufufuza kwa CNN kunapeza kuti Achimerika anali ndi mwayi wotsutsa nkhondo ya Afghanistan kawiri kuposa kuthandizira. Anthu atatu mwa anayi akufuna kuchoka ku Afghanistan. Ambiri amphamvu amatsutsa kumasulira ndi kukana njira yoyenera kwa omangidwa. Ambiri amakayikira zoti pulezidenti (kapena mtsogoleri aliyense wa ndale) akhoza kukana kupereka mfundo zofunika ku nthambi zina za boma kapena kwa anthu. Chomvetsa chisoni n'chakuti zolakwa zambiri za kayendetsedwe ka Obama zimanyalanyazidwa kwambiri ndi ndondomeko ya ndale yomwe imayang'anitsitsa zolakwa za Bush, koma ali okondwa kunyalanyaza pamene akukhudzidwa ndi Democrat ku White House.
Anthony DiMaggio ndi amene analemba mabuku ambiri, kuphatikizapo posachedwapa The Rise of the Tea Party, ndi ntchito zina monga Crashing the Tea Party (2011); Pamene Media Ipita Kunkhondo (2010); ndi Mass Media, Mass Propaganda (2008). Waphunzitsa ndale zaku America ndi Ubale Wapadziko Lonse mu Sayansi Yandale m'makoleji angapo ndi mayunivesite, ndipo atha kufikiridwa pa: [imelo ndiotetezedwa]