Scott Burchill
In
Madera omwe amakonda kudzitcha okha omasuka ndi omasuka, ufulu nthawi zambiri umakhala
kufotokozedwa m'mawu osiyana. Propaganda za boma ndi kuphunzitsa, mwachitsanzo,
amanenedwa kukhala mikhalidwe yokha ya mayiko opanda ufulu kapena opondereza pa
mapeto onse a sipekitiramu maganizo.
chimodzi
Choopsa chofotokozera dziko lathu motsutsana ndi 'ena' osafunika ndi chimenecho
kumatichotsera mtolo wa kukhala tcheru wamkati ndi kudzipenyerera. Zili choncho
zotonthoza komanso nthawi zina zolimbikitsa kudziwa kuti madera ena ali
mwayi wocheperako kuposa wathu koma ungathenso kutipangitsa kukhala osasamala
zongoganizira za kuthekera kwathu kwa kuganiza momasuka ndi kufotokoza.
George
Orwell adapereka kufotokozera koyambirira kwa momwe kuwongolera malingaliro kumagwirira ntchito
maulamuliro a demokalase. M'mawu osasindikizidwa a Animal Farm Orwell anachenjeza
kuti "cholakwika chokhudza kuwerengera zolemba ku England ndichoti
makamaka mwaufulu. Malingaliro osakondedwa atha kuthetsedwa, ndikusunga mfundo zosokoneza
mdima, popanda chifukwa chilichonse choletsedwa".
In
ufulu societies, kufufuza mwaufulu ndikothandiza kwambiri kuposa
kukakamiza kochitidwa ndi maulamuliro ankhanza, zomwe zimangolimbikitsa kukana
ulamuliro ndi malingaliro olamulira. M'mabungwe a demokalase, akuluakulu olamulira sangathe
kulamulira anthu mwankhanza ndi mantha. Choncho ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito mochenjera kwambiri
ndi njira zamakono zosungira zomwe Orwell adazitcha "zonunkhira pang'ono
orthodoxies.โ Koma kodi kufufuza kodzifunira kumagwira ntchito bwanji mโmabungwe oonekera?
chimodzi
mzere wotsutsa umati chovuta cha osankhika ndikuphatikiza kothandiza
kuphunzitsidwa ndi malingaliro akuti anthu alidi omasuka komanso omasuka. Izi
zitha kuchitika pokhazikitsa malire anzeru omwe 'ovomerezeka'
malingaliro akhoza kufotokozedwa 'momasuka'. Malinga ndi Ed Herman ndi Noam Chomsky, awa
malire amakhala othandiza kwambiri ngati ali omveka komanso ongoganizira, komanso kawirikawiri
pamene akulamulidwa poyera ndi boma. Malinga ndi Chomsky, "a
mfundo yodziwika bwino kwa ofalitsa nkhani ndi yakuti chiphunzitsocho chiyenera kuikidwa mu
omvera sayenera kunenedwa: izi zitha kungowawonetsa
kulingalira, kufunsa, ndipo, mwachiwonekere, kunyoza. Ndondomeko yoyenera ndiyo
kuwaboolera kunyumba mwa kuwaganizira mowirikiza, kuti iwo akhale kwambiri
chikhalidwe cha zokambirana".
The
ma presuppositions amakhala ngati chimango cha 'lingaliro loganiza' m'malo mwa
kukhala malingaliro ofunikira kuunika mozama. Zotsutsana ndi kusagwirizana
zomwe timakhulupirira kuti zimadziwika ndi ufulu wathu zimaloledwa komanso zimalimbikitsidwa, koma
m'malire okhazikika komanso osawoneka bwino, kutisiya ndi
malingaliro okhutiritsa kuti madera athu ndi 'otseguka' ndi 'omasuka'. Monga Milan Rai
amatsutsa, "sitingathenso kuzindikira malingaliro omwe akupanga malingaliro athu,
monganso nsomba sizingazindikire nyanjaโ.
KUFOTOKOZERA
kuchuluka kwa mawu ololedwa ndi njira yothandiza kwambiri yamalingaliro
kulamulira. Pali mafanizo ambiri amasiku ano omwe amayenera kudzaza
kusanthula, koma apa pali zitsanzo chabe.
It
akuyerekezeredwa kuti msika waulere, kapena molondola kwambiri boma capitalism, ndi
kusintha kwapamwamba kwachuma chandale. Kuwonongeka kwa dongosolo lapakati
chuma cha Kumโmaลตa kwa Yuropu chinachirikiza mkangano wakuti ukapitalizimu womasuka uli
mapeto a chisinthiko cha malingaliro a anthu: kuti alibe choopsa
opikisana nawo. Zomwe zimadutsa mkangano wachuma ndi ndemanga mu Western media,
choncho, likukhazikika pa funso la zoikamo mulingo woyenera ndondomeko - ndi ndondomeko ziti
zidzatulutsa 'chipambano' chachuma chofotokozedwa m'mawu a capitalist - kukula kwakukulu,
phindu lalikulu, kuchepa kwa mitengo, malonda aulere, mpikisano wapadziko lonse lapansi, ndi zina,?
Mtsutso pa ndondomeko yolondola ya 'kusakaniza' ndi yaulere komanso yotseguka, koma
kukayikira dongosolo la capitalism ya boma palokha, makamaka ngati itero
umadziwika ndi kugawikana kwamagulu mopanda chilungamo, umadutsa malire a kufotokoza
kutsutsa. Kusanthula kwachuma ndi ndemanga kumamatira ku 'kuthetsa mavuto',
kumene makonzedwe a zachuma omwe alipo akuganiziridwa kukhala osasinthika, ndi okhawo
chovuta ndikupangitsa mabungwe omwe alipo kuti azigwira ntchito moyenera.
Modabwitsa,
kusagwirizana kolamulidwa, kapena zomwe Chomsky amachitcha "kutsutsa konyenga", komwe
zimachitika mkati mwa magawo a malingaliro ovomerezeka, ali ndi zotsatira za
kulimbikitsa makonzedwe a zachuma omwe alipo kale pooneka ngati akutsutsa anthu apamwamba
zokonda, ngakhale osawatsutsa. Amanena kuti mkati mwaulere
madera nkhondo yaikulu ya malingaliro ikuchitika ndi chinyengo chifukwa
malingaliro omwe alidi kunja kwa mgwirizano wa osankhika amawunikiridwa mwakufuna kwawo
kuchokera pazokambirana zilizonse zamalamulo. 'Kugulitsa kwaulere', mwachitsanzo, ndi nkhani
Chikhulupiriro pakati pa okonza malamulo aku Western komanso olemba ndemanga pawailesi. Chitetezo ndi
kukhala ndi ziwanda ngati kuti, m'mawu a Edward Luttwark, "ochimwa". Ndipo komabe
chitetezo chinali chofunikira kwambiri pakusintha kwa Europe
ndi United States kukhala mabungwe a mafakitale, monga momwe ndondomeko ya mafakitale inalili
ndizofunikira kwambiri pachitukuko chachuma ku East Asia.
Taganizirani
mawu otchuka "democracy shareholding", ndi oxymoron amene
walowa munkhani yathu ya ndale popanda chitsutso chowonekera. Mu demokalase -
osachepera m'malingaliro - mfundo ya 'voti imodzi mtengo umodzi' imatsimikizira kuti ayi
mwayi wachisankho umaperekedwa kwa olemera komanso kuti osauka ali ndi ofanana nawo
kunena pakutsimikiza kwa boma. Komabe, pakampani ya AGM
eni ake masheya posakhalitsa amazindikira kuti mfundo yosiyana kwambiri ikugwira ntchito.
Mabungwe, omwe amasunga chidwi chowongolera pa olamulira ndi ma board
kusankhidwa m'mabungwe akuluakulu ambiri, pitilizani kulola
'Amayi ndi Abambo' kuti asiye zamalipiro apamwamba kapena kutsika kwa magawo
mitengo, koma zimamveka bwino kuti chikoka cha munthu pa izi
nkhani zimayenderana mwachindunji ndi kasungidwe kake. Mavoti, choncho
kutengera mabizinesi akampani, amagulidwa m'magawo ndi olemera kwambiri
kukhala ndi zonena zambiri, zosiyana kwambiri ndi ndondomeko ya demokalase.
Bwanji
mfundo ziwiri zofananira zingaphatikizidwe m'mawu amodzi popanda kulira kwa
kuseka mwachipongwe?
Tengani
momwe mfundo zakunja zaku Indonesia zidakhazikitsidwa ndi anthu aku Australia otsatizana
maboma pazaka makumi awiri zapitazi. Oteteza 'ubwenzi wabwino' ndi
Jakarta adanena kuti polimbikitsa ufulu wa anthu ndiye njira yokhayo yosiyana ndi yomwe inali
otchedwa "chete diplomacy" anali "hectoring" kapena "megaphone
diplomacy.โ Mwa kuyankhula kwina, panalibe kusiyana pakati pa zomwe zinali
kusangalatsa bwino (ngakhale sikunavomerezedwe choncho) komanso kusagwirizana
maphunziro a makhalidwe kuchokera kumbali. M'malo mwake, mkanganowo unakhazikitsidwa mu izi
njira yowonetsera kuti ziwonetsero zodalirika komanso zogwira mtima zinali
ikupangidwa ndi Canberra ku Jakarta - ndipo iyi ndiyo njira yokhayo yomwe ingakhalire
chinapangidwa - pamene kwenikweni palibe chogwirika chomwe chinapezekapo. "Chete
diplomacy" idangowonjezera kulakwa kwa Canberra kwa anthu omwe akupitilirabe
kuphwanya ufulu wochitidwa ndi boma la Suharto, lomwe limakhala pamabwalo aboma
sichinatchulidwepo ngati "ulamuliro wankhanza" mpaka zitakhala bwino
zoperekedwa ku mbiriyakale.
Orwell
anachenjeza kuti mu demokalase chiphunzitsocho chinali โgulu la malingaliro omwe ali
kuganiza kuti anthu onse oganiza bwino adzavomereza popanda kukayikira. "
Anthu osagwirizana sangagawane nawo zoopsa zomwe anzawo akukumana nazo
pansi pa maulamuliro ankhanza, koma mawu awo angakumane ndi chitsutso chofananacho.
"Aliyense amene amatsutsa chiphunzitso cha Orthodox amapeza kuti alibe
modabwitsa".
The
fanizo litha kukhala lachifananizo, koma chenjezo la Orwell lili ndi tanthauzo lamakono
kwa mayiko onse amakono a demokalase. โKusintha chiphunzitso chimodzi ndi china
sikungokhaliratu. Mdani ndi malingaliro a galamafoni, kaya kapena ayi
wina amagwirizana ndi mbiri yomwe ikuseweredwa pakali pano".
Scott
Burchill
Mphunzitsi wa International Relations
School of Australian and International Studies
Deakin University
Burwood Victoria 3125
AUSTRALIA
pakuti
kuwunika mozama kwazomwe zikuchitika padziko lonse lapansi ndi zochitika zapaintaneti zimayendera IR Online
ku http://arts.deakin.edu.au/IR/