Jeffrey Sommers
I
ndili ku Kiev ngati mlendo wosangalatsidwa wa kampani yaku Baltic yomwe imathandizira CIS
mayiko amapewa msonkho pophatikiza ku Channel Islands, Cyprus, the
Zilumba za Cayman, kapena ngakhale boma la US lomwe limakhala losavomerezeka ku Delaware.
N’zoona kuti malamulo ambiri a misonkho m’dziko la CIS ndi otopetsa kwambiri moti bizinesi ingatero
zosatheka ngati zonse zikatsatiridwa, koma ndikukaikiranso ngati malamulo abwino amatsatira
pakuchepetsa kwambiri ntchito zakunyanja.
In
kuwonjezera pa magulu a anthu pensioners ndi akazi osakwatiwa ndi ana kufunafuna
kopecks yopuma ya mkate, palinso atsikana achichepere akugulitsa okha
wotsatsa kwambiri. Wolandira kwathu ku Kiev adachita masewera olimbitsa thupi komanso
"okongola" mpaka adanyamula munthu wina wamba yemwe adanyamuka ndi mmodzi wa iwo
mafakitale azamankhwala aboma. Monga mkazi wake wosungidwa (ndikuganiza kuti ali ndi a
nayenso), amasangalala ndi kutchuka komanso zosangalatsa zamasewera a sabata kupita ku Milan
kwa zisudzo komanso kutenga malo abwino kwambiri aku Europe.
As
kupezeka kwa achifwamba kuli kochepa, akazi ena ayenera kupeza njira ina
othandizira. Pafupi ndi tebulo lathu pali mwayi wofunsa mafunso waku America wazaka zapakati pa 50
okwatirana. Wofunsidwayo akuwoneka kuti ali ndi zaka za m'ma 20. Zathu zachilendo
American, ndi makhalidwe onse a munthu msinkhu wake, akuyesera kupeza
zomwe zimagwirizana ndi mkazi yemwe angatsimikizire mkazi wake watsopano. Pambuyo poyesera
atalephera, amakoka njira yolephera ya mafilimu a Bruce Willis. Iye mosadziwika bwino
akudziwa yemwe iye ali, koma kukhumudwa kwake kumakulirakulira mpaka kupsa mtima komwe iye sangakhoze
kambiranani za mafilimu a wosewera uyu ndi chilakolako chomwecho chomwe chinawuka mwa iye. The
Kukambitsirana kumasanduka bizinesi, pomwe amamuuza kuti America yadzaza
mbuna, ndipo ngati akuyembekeza kuchita bwino, amafunikira wowongolera: iye. Zambiri
zokometsera za chakudya chamadzulo ano zaperekedwa ndi nthumwi zochokera ku
People's Republic of China, kuphatikiza maofesala ovala yunifolomu, omwe atha
Ngozi yongoyerekeza ilipo kuti itengere otsalira ankhondo aku Ukraine
Industrial complex.
Bwanji
Ukraine yafika ku izi?
By
kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1990 zinali zoonekeratu kuti Sachs / Summers Washington
Chitsanzo cha Consensus chidasinthiratu mayiko a CIS omwe amapanga akale
Soviet Union. Iwo ankachitcha "kusintha". Komabe, kunali kusintha kwa
umphawi osati kulemera. Lingaliro linali loti nthawi yaifupi yopweteka ikanatha
kutsatiridwa ndi kukula kofulumira ndi kutukuka kwa onse. Kumadzulo kodziwika kwambiri
kukhazikitsidwa aluntha anaponya neoliberal mantha mankhwala nostrums ndi
mawu osavuta monga "simungalumphe canyon pamasitepe awiri." Izi zinali
waluntha wofanana ndi flubber. Zowonadi, munthu sangalumphire pa canyon mkati
masitepe awiri. Koma, inunso simungakhoze kulumpha canyon mu umodzi. Canyons amadutsamo
milatho yomangidwa mosamala, osati zojambula ngati kudumpha kwa Incredible Hulk.
Iwo omwe amayenera kudziwa bwino panthawiyo, adayenera kuwona
mafanizo olakwika ofotokoza njira.
As
zolephera zidachulukira, chivundikiro chanzeru chochulukirapo chidawulutsidwa kuti chisawonekere
kuchulukirachulukira kukuchitika mu USSR yakale. Mu Ukraine, mmodzi wa ambiri
madera otukuka ku Soviet Union, komabe ndi amodzi mwa omwe adakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi madera
kusintha, njira zatsopano zofotokozera zolephera zidapangidwa kuti zisungidwe a
modicum of ulemu ndi omwe ali ndi lingaliro latsopano lachitukuko mu
mayiko pambuyo pa chikominisi.
In
1993, kazembe wa US ku Ukraine mochenjera ananena kuti chipwirikiti ndi chilengedwe
wa wolemera watsopano kalasi kuthamangitsidwa ku
kuchita nawo mowa movutikira, zinali ngati US Gilded Age ndi zake
achifwamba barons. Chomwe kazembeyo adalephera kutchulapo chinali chakuti ngakhale zonse zidachitika
Zowopsya zakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 19, ndi kudzikundikira kwake koyambirira
zokhazikika pakuponderezedwa kwakukulu kwa ogwira ntchito komanso kudyeredwa masuku pamutu
olowa, izo osachepera mafakitale US. Mosiyana, mayiko a CIS, monga
Ukraine, anali kuchotsedwa ntchito ndi mbava zatsopano.
Kutukuka
sichinakhalepo chinthu chosangalatsa. Nthawi zonse yakhazikitsa m'badwo umodzi
omwe ntchito yawo idalipidwa pang'ono kuti alipire makina ake, mafakitale,
ndi luso. Mu USSR, nthawi imeneyi inafupikitsidwa mu nthawi, koma anapitiriza
zoopsa zonse za kudzikundikira koyamba. Kukhazikika kwa mafakitale kunabweranso pamtengo
mkulu kuganiza mobwereza. Komabe, izo zinali zitakwaniritsidwa, ndipo nazo, kukhala ndi moyo
Miyezo ndi moyo zidayenda bwino kwambiri. Monga momwe zinalili zigawenga
Njira za Stalin zopangira mafakitale, zinali zosayenera kuzitaya
panthawi ya kusintha kwa pambuyo pa chikominisi. M'lingaliro limeneli, Ukraine anavutika awiri lalikulu
masoka: chitukuko cha mafakitale, chochitidwa pamtengo wokwera wa anthu, ndiyeno zake
anakonza deindustrialization, ndi imfa ya phindu lonse mafakitale
anali atabweretsa. Ndalama zake ndi zosawerengeka. Manambalawa amatsutsa kumvetsetsa ngati
kuchulutsa masoka amunthu payekha komanso kunyozeka sikungatheke kwathunthu
kugwidwa ndi mtima umodzi.
tsogolo
ziyembekezo
Zambiri
za makampani Ukraine anagona mabwinja. Ndithudi, muyeso umodzi wake
deindustrialization ndi umphawi wakhala Ukraine kudula mphamvu kwambiri
kumwa. Mphamvu yake yamagetsi imagwira ntchito pa theka la mphamvu. Zambiri za chiyani
zinali zamtengo wapatali, monga makina apamwamba kwambiri, adatsitsimutsidwa kumayambiriro
"kusintha." Ndizokayikitsa kuti zida izi zitha kupezekanso posachedwa.
Pa nthawi yomweyo, Ukraine akupitiriza kupikisana padziko lonse mu zitsulo ndi
mankhwala. Zowonadi, Ukraine imawulula bodza la malonda aulere ndikuwulula
mbiri yachitsulo lamulo kuti mayiko olemera kuteteza mafakitale awo, koma amafuna
malonda aulere a ena. Chitsulo cha ku Ukraine ndichokwera mtengo kwambiri moti mayiko olemera
aletse, makamaka US, koma ena amathawira mumsika wapadziko lonse.
Zachinsinsi
pitilizani. Monga maiko ambiri zaka 25 zapitazi, Ukraine yagwera m’ngongole
msampha. M'mayiko ambiri a CIS mgwirizano pakati pawo ndi Kumadzulo wakhala uyenera kusunga
chuma chawo chikutseguka. Ayenera kutulutsa chuma chochuluka cha zipangizo zawo
ndi makina. Pobwezera IMF idzateteza oyang'anira boma pa izi
dongosolo ndi ndalama zokwanira kuti mayiko awo akugwira ntchito, pamodzi ndi zokwanira
mwayi woti akuluakulu aboma azitha kusewera. Ndalama zomwe zimachokera ku CIS
mayiko amaposa zomwe Kumadzulo kwatumiza ngongole. Kumadzulo kumapeza nthawi yayitali
mwayi dongosolo mu Ukraine ndi CIS mayiko ambiri. Osati kokha
maiko awa akhala otseguka kwa likulu ndi zothandizira ndege ku West, koma
Kulipira chiwongola dzanja pa IMF ndi ngongole zachinsinsi zimawonetsetsa kuti priviatazzo zikupitilirabe.
Mwachitsanzo, kuti mukwaniritse zolipira za IMF, Ukraine
ikuganiza zogulitsa theka la foni yake, Uktelekom. Ukraine adzatero
kutaya gwero la ndalama za boma, makasitomala ake amalipira foni yapamwamba kwambiri
mitengo, ndi phindu lalikulu kunja, ndipo pobwezera adzalandira a
nthawi imodzi ndalama zolipirira chiwongola dzanja pa ngongole zomwe zimapangidwira kuti azipaka mafuta
mawilo a privatization kuyambira pomwe. M'mawu ena, Ukraine sapeza kanthu.
Zambiri
chodabwitsa komabe, ndiye kuti mwina ndi wachiwiri wakuda padziko lonse lapansi
lamba waulimi padziko lapansi, akuitanitsa, osati kutumiza kunja, tirigu ndi
ufa malinga ndi deta ya United States Department of Agriculture. Kwa omaliza
zaka mazana awiri Ukraine yakhala dengu la chakudya padziko lonse lapansi. Poyeneradi,
kuchokera ku Romanovs kudzera ku Stalin, mbewu zaku Ukraine zomwe zimatumizidwa kunja zimathandizira ku Russia
mafakitale amayendetsa, ndipo kenako adatha kudyetsa ambiri a USSR.
Today, izo sangathe ngakhale kusamalira nthawi zonse kudyetsa lokha. Komabe, alipo
opindula. Chimphona chogawa tirigu ku US, Cargill, chikugwira ntchito kwambiri
Ukraine, ndi munthu wawo woyang'anira ntchito za Ukraine akutumikira monga Purezidenti wa
Bungwe la US Chamber of Commerce ku Ukraine. Ndithudi, iwo mosakayika amapindula kwambiri
kuchokera kugulitsa tirigu waku US kupita ku Ukraine ndikuyembekeza kuwongolera kunja kwambewu ngati
madera olemera kwambiri a ulimiwa akhoza kukhalanso opindulitsa. Mwanjira zonse,
kuitanitsa chakudya, kapena kutumiza kunja, zimphona za chakudya monga Cargill zimapambana, pamene Ukraine
kutaya.
Komabe,
patapita zaka khumi kuchepa, pali zizindikiro za kukula. Yevgeny Primakov anali
anabweretsedwa ndi Boris Yeltsin kuti agwiritse ntchito tourniquet ku kutaya magazi kwa Yeltsin
chuma mu 1998. Iye anakhazikika chuma Russia, ndipo kenako mwamsanga
kutulutsidwa asanawopsyeze oligarchy ya Yelstin. Oligarchy uja anakhetsa magazi
Russia imawuma pomwe ikugwiranso ntchito yakumadzulo kuti isunge Russia
wosapikisana nawo pazachuma cha dziko lapansi, komanso ngati wogulitsa kunja kwa zopangira ndi
woitanitsa kunja kwa zinthu zopangidwa. Ndi chuma chaikidwa pa sounder footer pansi
Panthawi ya Primakov, chuma cha Russia chinapindulanso ndi zochitika zina.
Chodziwika kwambiri chinali kukwera kwamitengo yamafuta, koma makamaka, komabe
Komanso kunyalanyazidwa kwambiri, chinali zotsatira za kugwa kwa ruble la Russia. Izi zinali zambiri
kuposa kumenya anthu apamwamba a ku Russia omwe anazoloŵera kugula zinthu zamtengo wapatali zochokera kumayiko akumadzulo
zotsika mtengo pamtengo wake wokwera kwambiri; idayikanso chotchinga china
Neoliberalism ndi zida zomenyedwa kale.
Nations
ndi zopangira ndi mphamvu mafakitale angapindule ndi devaluation wa
ndalama yamtengo wapatali. Ngati ndalama ndi otsika, iwo onse kutulutsa kwa
msika wakunyumba, ndikupikisana pakutumiza kunja padziko lonse lapansi. Izi ndi zomwe Yeltsin
olemekezeka ndi anzake a Kumadzulo adayesetsa kupewa. Osankhidwa atsopano aku Russia ndi
anthu apakati ankakonda ruble yamtengo wapatali kwambiri yomwe imapanga zinthu zakunja zapamwamba
zotsika mtengo, ndipo izi zidawabweretsera phindu labwino pakugulitsa mafakitale ake
zomangamanga ndi zopangira. Asilikali a Yeltsin amakhala bwino, pomwe Kumadzulo
adapindula pogulitsa m'misika ya Russia ndi CIS. Palibe amene amasamala ngati izo zinali
zachitika popha chuma cha dziko. Ruble idagwa mu 1998, komabe,
zinabweretsa kuthekera kobwezeretsanso makampani aku Russia monga a Kumadzulo
zogulira kunja zinakhala zokwera mtengo, motero zinachititsa kuti anthu agule zinthu za m’dzikolo mu fomu
za kulowetsa m'malo. Kwa nthawi yoyamba kuchokera mu 1991, Russia inachitira umboni
ndalama zopanga pambuyo pavuto la ruble la 1998. Kuyambira mkaka mpaka
ogula katundu ngati matayala, anthu anali kugulanso Russian. Izi zapangitsa kuti
Russia idakhalanso gwero lachitukuko chokokera mayiko oyandikana nawo
ndi izo. Kuchokera ku Baltic mpaka ku Ukraine, mayiko oyandikana nawo akuyenda pang'onopang'ono
kupindula ndi chitukuko chatsopano cha Russia.
Ukraine
ikuwona ubwino wa mafakitale a Russia omwe atsitsimutsidwa pang'ono. Komanso, US
chuma, ndi chuma padziko lonse zambiri, akupereka kufunika mkulu kwa Chiyukireniya
mankhwala monga zitsulo zake mpikisano. Zowona, US ndi ena apita patsogolo
mayiko' amachita zonse zomwe angathe kuti zitsulozi zisalowe m'misika yawo. Izi zimapereka
bodza ku malonda aulere omwe amakankhidwa ndi okonzekera zachuma chatsopano chapadziko lonse lapansi.
IMF ndi World Bank, zimapanga mtundu watsopano wa GOSPLAN wapadziko lonse lapansi,
ndi ma commissars omwe akugwira ntchito m'mayunivesite ndi media kuti awonetsetse kuti ntchitoyi ndi
opangidwa ndi malingaliro oyenera elan. Komabe, likulu limadana ndi vacuum ndi
imalepheretsa zoletsa zamayiko olemera pazamalonda ngati zingatheke. Choncho, ena
Zitsulo zaku Ukraine ndi zinthu zina zapamwamba zikuchulukira padziko lonse lapansi
msika. Ndizotsika kwambiri zomwe zingatheke, koma ndizokwanira kuyamba kupanga zina
kukula kwachuma chawonongeka ku Ukraine.
In
Mwachidule, Ukraine ikukumana ndi kukula kwenikweni chaka chino koyamba
nthawi kuyambira pomwe kusintha kudayamba. Itha kuchitira umboni kukula kwa 5% chaka chino pambuyo pa a
zaka khumi zakugwa. Ziwerengero zochepa kwambiri za dziko lomwe latsika kwambiri,
koma ndikupita patsogolo. Zifukwa za kukula pang'ono kumeneku zakhala zikuchokera
kutayikira mu ndondomeko ya Washington Consensus pa nkhani zandalama
ndi ndondomeko ya mafakitale ku Russia, ndi zolephera zochepa za Kumadzulo kuti zikwaniritsidwe
khazikitsani chitetezo chake kumayiko osauka omwe adathandizira kupanga. Mmodzi
maiko omwe akutukuka kumene akukakamizidwa kumwa mankhwala a neoliberal ndi Western
anzeru omwe amalowamo, zindikirani….