Potenga tsamba kuchokera kwa anzawo aku United States, okambirana zamalonda a European Union mwachiwonekere amatanthauzira mawu oti "kukambirana" ngati mawu ofanana ndi "kunyalanyaza." Umboni watsopano wa malingaliro awa kwa anthu unaperekedwa chifukwa cha kutulutsa mawu omaliza a mgwirizano wa "malonda aulere" pakati pa Canada ndi EU.
Ngakhale ofesi yamalonda ya EU, European Commission Directorate General for Trade, amalimbikitsa njira yokambirana ndi anthu pa webusayiti yake, si anthu omwe amamvetsera. Mawu omaliza a Canada-European Union Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) akuphatikizapo mindandanda ya zilankhulo zamabizinesi zomwe sizinasinthidwe kuchokera pazomwe zidalembedwa m'mbuyomu ngakhale ofesi yazamalonda ya EU sinakhale ndi nthawi yosanthula ndemanga zomwe anthu apereka.
Njira iyi ya "kukambilana" ikuwonetsa zokambirana zachinsinsi mu mgwirizano wamalonda wodziwika bwino wa Trans-Pacific ndi Transatlantic. Othandizira makampani amaimiridwa bwino muzokambiranazi, koma anthu, magulu akuyang'anira ngakhale aphungu a nyumba yamalamulo ndi aphungu amaletsedwa kuwona malembawo. Zolemba za CETA ndizobisika, koma zidatsitsidwa ndi pulogalamu yapa TV yaku Germany Tagesschau, amene adasindikiza chikalata chonse chamasamba 521 pa webusayiti yake. Inde, masamba 521.
Chofunika kwambiri kuti timvetsetse mawu a CETA ndi Gawo 33, gawo lomwe limangolembedwa kuti "kuthetsa mikangano." Pansi pamutuwu wowerenga amapeza minofu - yomwe imadziwika kuti "investor-state mikangano njira." "Njira" izi, zomwe zimapezeka m'mabizinesi ambiri apakati komanso mayiko ambiri, ndizo makhoti achinsinsi olamulidwa ndi makampani zomwe zimapereka zigamulo za mbali imodzi popanda kuyang'anira, popanda chidziwitso cha anthu kapena apilo. Maboma omwe amavomereza njirazi amadzimangirira mwalamulo ku mgwirizano wovomerezeka ndi "ogulitsa ndalama" m'mabwalo achinsinsi awa omwe ambiri mwa oweruza ndi amilandu amakampani omwe amaimira "ogulitsa ndalama" muzochitika zina zalamulo.
Kenneth Haar, wolankhulira gulu loyang'anira Corporate Europe Observatory, pokambirana ndi Zotsatira za EurActiv tsamba la nkhani, lotchedwa njira yotsutsana "chiwopsezo chenicheni ku demokalase,” ndipo anati:
"Komisheni ilibe chidwi pa zokambirana zake. Ndi zambiri za chithunzi kuposa zinthu. … Ndikuganiza kuti omwe asankha kuyankha pazokambirana za Commission akunyozedwa.”
Zosankha zidzakhala zomaliza komanso zosawerengeka
Pogwiritsa ntchito chilankhulo chofala, Ndime 14.2 ya CETA (zolembedwa pano zalembedwa “14” ngakhale zapezeka mu Gawo 33) imati: “[T] Mutu wake ukukhudza mkangano uliwonse wokhudzana ndi kutanthauzira kapena kugwiritsa ntchito zomwe zili mu Mgwirizanowu. [Chithunzi patsamba 472] Ndime 14.10 ikupitiliza kulengeza kuti, "Chigamulo cha gulu lothanirana ndi milandu chikhala chogwirizana ndi Maphwando. … Bungwe lidzatanthauzira zomwe zanenedwa mu Ndime 14.2 molingana ndi malamulo achikhalidwe otanthauzira malamulo adziko lonse lapansi” [tsamba 476].
Lamulo la "mwambo" lapadziko lonse lapansi ndi chilichonse mwa makhoti achinsinsi awa. Malamulo a zachilengedwe, malamulo a "kugula akumaloko" kapena chilichonse chomwe boma likunena kuti chiwononge phindu lake, chikhoza kukhala, ndipo nthawi zambiri, amatsutsidwa ndi makhothi awa poweruza mikangano pansi pa mapangano omwe alipo kale. Zigamulo zotere zimakhazikitsa miyambo yomwe imakhala "mwambo" wapadziko lonse lapansi.
Ngati malamulo a “mwambo”wa sakumveka bwino, patsamba 480 la CETA pali Article 14.16, yomwe ingalowe m'malo mwa malamulo adziko:
"Palibe Chipani chomwe chingapereke ufulu wochitapo kanthu pansi pa malamulo ake apakhomo motsutsana ndi Gulu lina chifukwa chakuti gawo lina silikugwirizana ndi Mgwirizanowu."
Lamulo lanu linaperekedwa mwa demokalase? Zoyipa kwambiri - zidzathetsedwa ngati "wogulitsa ndalama" sakonda.
Malamulo a CETA omwe akukambidwa akugwirizana ndi zomwe zikukambidwa mwachinsinsi mu Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership pakati pa US ndi EU, komanso mu Trans-Pacific Partnership yomwe ikukambidwa pakati pa mayiko 12 a Pacific Rim. Chuma chochuluka padziko lapansi chidzachotsedwa ku kuthekera kulikonse kolamulira mwa demokalase ngati mapangano atatuwa ayamba kugwira ntchito.
Gulu la alonda Bungwe la anthu a ku Canada likuchenjeza:
"Boma la Harper laponyera ma municipalities aku Canada pansi pa basi, kuletsa 'kugula kwanuko' ndi ndondomeko zina zogulira zomwe zimathandiza kupanga ntchito, kuteteza chilengedwe ndikuthandizira alimi ndi mabizinesi akumeneko. Boma la Harper lavomeranso kuti litalikitse ma patent ndikupereka chitetezo chatsopano kwa makampani opanga mankhwala omwe apeza kale phindu, zomwe zidzawonjezera mazana mamiliyoni pamtengo wamankhwala ku Canada. ”
Palibe ngakhale madzi omwe sangachotsedwe. Ngati njira yamadzi yakhazikitsidwa ndipo boma laling'ono lisankha kukonzanso chifukwa mitengo yakwera pamene ntchito zikuchepa (monga zakhala zikuchitika mbali zonse za Atlantic), wochita malonda adzatha dikirani pang'ono pang'ono pansi pa mgwirizano wamalonda.
Othandizira makampani okha ndi omwe amafunikira kugwiritsa ntchito
Ngakhale anthu, ndi magulu okonda anthu, samveka, olimbikitsa makampani amatero. Mwachitsanzo, alipo 605 "alangizi" omwe ali ndi mwayi wopeza malembawo a Trans-Pacific Partnership ndi omwe amapanga maudindo a US kukambirana. Pafupifupi aliyense ndi wamkulu wamakampani amitundu yambiri kapena wokopa alendo omwe amagwira ntchito kumakampani.
Ndizosiyana pang'ono ku Europe. Corporate Europe Observatory ikutero 92 peresenti ya misonkhano yotseka zitseko a ofesi ya zamalonda ku EU akhala ndi olimbikitsa makampani, pamene 4 peresenti okha ndi omwe akhala ndi magulu okhudza anthu. Ofesi ya zamalonda yapita mpaka kukapempha mwachangu kuti alowererepo pakampani. Malingaliro ena kusiyapo amalikulu amitundu yambiri samaganiziridwa kuti atha kutengera momwe anthu amafunira, a Observatory adati:
“Kodi nzika wamba ingayankhe bwanji ku mafunso monga akuti: 'Ngati mukuda nkhawa ndi zopinga zolepheretsa ndalama, kodi ndi ndalama zotani zowonjezera zomwe zikuyembekezeredwa pabizinesi yanu (paperesenti ya ndalamazo) zobwera chifukwa cha zopingazo?' Choncho, n’zoonekeratu kuti kutenga nawo mbali kwa anthu olimbikitsa mabizinesi kutengera udindo wa EU pa nkhani za [Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership] ndi chifukwa cha mwayi umene wapatsidwa kwa iwo.”
Ndizosiyana ndi CETA, ndipo mphamvu zomwezi zilipo kudutsa Atlantic. Yemwe kale anali woimira US Trade Ron Kirk kamodzi adavomereza kuti ngati anthu adziwa zomwe zinali mu Trans-Pacific Partnership, sizingadutse. Ndikofunika kukumbukira kuti mabizinesi akuluakulu a "malonda aulere" awa sibizinesi chabe monga mwanthawi zonse - amapitilira ngakhale malamulo okhwima a Pangano la Ufulu la North America.
Chifukwa chake, ngakhale kukakamizidwa kwa dziko lililonse loyesa kupereka mwayi kumakampani ake amitundu yambiri kumatanthauza kuti kuyendetsa zinthu mosiyanasiyana kumafuna kukambirana kwanthawi yayitali - osatchulanso zokonda zosemphana zamafakitale osiyanasiyana - pansi pamakhala chidwi chamagulu ogwirizana. ntchito yonse. Ndizowona kuti US ikutenga mzere wovuta kwambiri pazokambirana zamalonda zomwe ikuchita nawo (tisanafike ngakhale kunkhondo yankhondo imagwira ntchito kukakamiza mayiko akum'mwera kuti atsegule), komabe kusowa kwa US ku Canada-European Union sichinapange kusiyana kwenikweni pa zotsatira zake.
Kuti maiko osiyanasiyana, maulamuliro osiyanasiyana, afikire mapangano ofanana a mbali imodzi ya "malonda aulere" momwe "ogulitsa" amaloledwa kuwongolera malamulo adziko, ndipo malamulo antchito, chitetezo ndi chilengedwe "amalumikizana" pamlingo wotsika kwambiri, ndi chotulukapo cha capitalist. mpikisano. Kuvuta kwa mpikisano wamapangidwe kumapangitsa kukula ndi kukula - pamene misika yam'deralo ikukhwima, ndalama zimakhalabe zochitira, ngati zikufuna kupulumuka kukakamizidwa kosalekeza kuchokera kwa omwe akupikisana nawo, kupatula kutsegula misika yatsopano ndikuchepetsa ndalama mosalekeza kuti apititse patsogolo phindu. Mapangano a "malonda aulere" akuyimira njira imodzi yothandiza kwambiri yochitira izi.
Kuukira kotchuka motsutsana ndi mapanganowa kuyenera kupitirizidwa, ndi kulimbikitsidwa, koma sikudzatha kwa iwo malinga ngati zisankho zachuma ndi zachikhalidwe zikuloledwa kupangidwa ndi "misika," zomwe sizili mabungwe osasunthika akukhala monyanyira pampando wachifumu wa Olympian koma m'malo mwake. ndi zokonda zonse za akatswiri azachuma komanso azandalama amphamvu kwambiri.
1 Comment
Moni apo, nkhani yabwino - ndale ndikuvomereza kwathunthu. Komabe, pls dziwani, kuti kutayikira patsamba la Tagesschau kuli ndi masamba opitilira 1500 (kuphatikiza zofunikira; http://www.tagesschau.de/download/ceta-111.zip).
Chofunika koposa: Pls zindikirani kuti gawo 33, lomwe mukunena, SIZAKUKHUDZA Investor State Dispute Settlement. Mawu anu ochokera m'gawoli sakunena zomwe mukunena kuti akunena (zokhudza 'oyika ndalama'). Gawoli likunena za State-to-State Dispute Settlement Mechanism ya CETA.
Kwa malamulo owopsa a Investor-State Dispute Settlement (ISDS)-muyenera kuyang'ana mu Gawo 10 (Investment) (p. 148 ff.) makamaka Gawo 6 (pansi pa 10) "Investor State Dispute Settlement) ndi ndime X. 17 mtsogolo.
Manambalawa asinthanso pakukankhidwa mwalamulo, mfundo ndi yakuti, muyenera kukonza mfundo/zolemba zanu. 😉 Mwachitsanzo yang'anani za kuperekedwa koopsa kwa "Kuchiza Mwachilungamo ndi Kwachilungamo" ndi zomwe zikulozera ku 'zoyembekeza zovomerezeka' za osunga ndalama.
Malawi.
PF
( http://blog.campact.de/2014/08/ceta-eine-investoren-waffe-gegen-die-demokratie/ )