Pa 26 Novembala yapita, anthu a m'chigawo cha Chubut ku Argentina, ku Patagonia, anali mboni zachitsanzo china cha malire a demokalase pankhani yokhudza zofuna za mabungwe akunja. Chigawo chimenecho chakhala chikuyenda patsogolo pankhondo yolimbana ndi migodi yayikulu kuyambira 2003, pomwe Esquel, yomwe ili m'malo okongola kwambiri a Andes, idakhala mzinda woyamba ku Argentina popereka chigamulo chokana ntchito zatsopano zamigodi. Zaka zingapo m'mbuyomo, kampani ya Meridian Gold ya ku Canada inali itapeza malo olemera ndi golidi pamtunda wa makilomita pafupifupi XNUMX kuchokera mumzindawu, ndipo inalonjeza kuti idzapindula kwambiri. Monga momwe zimakhalira nthawi zambiri, ntchito ndi zokambirana ndi akuluakulu a boma ndi zigawo zinapitirira mwachinsinsi, mpaka mmodzi mwa midzi ya mapu anthu adanena kuti kampaniyo ikugwira ntchito m'malo a makolo awo popanda chilolezo chawo. Pambuyo pa chidzudzulo chimenecho, mu Okutobala 2002 oyandikana nawo a Esquel adayamba kudzikonza okha. Potengera kayendetsedwe kamisonkhano yomwe idakula mdziko muno ngati gawo la zigawenga za 2001, msonkhano wochita nawo, wosagwirizana ndi a Self-Organized Neighbors's Assembly Against the Mine (Asamblea de Vecinos Autoconvocados por el No a la Mina) idakhala bungwe lawo lalikulu. .
Pambuyo pa ndawala yachipambano ndi ziwonetsero zazikulu, khonsolo ya mzindawo inagwirizana kuti aitanitse anthu ambiri kuti akambirane. Polimbana ndi andale a zipani zazikulu zandale, omwe adachita kampeni mokomera Meridian Gold, ndipo ngakhale milandu ingapo yowopseza anthu otsutsa migodi, zotsatira za zokambirana zomwe zidachitika mu Marichi 2003 zinali zazikulu. 81% ya nzika za Esquel zidaganiza kuti zili bwino popanda kampani yomwe idawononga mapiri awo ndikuwononga madzi awo. Posakhalitsa, mizinda ina yaing'ono m'derali, kuphatikizapo Trevelín, Lago Puelo ndi Epuyén, adakonza zokambirana zawo ndipo adaganiza zoletsa migodi yambiri. Misonkhano yolimbana ndi migodi idayambikanso m'mizinda yomwe ili m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Atlantic m'chigawo cha Patagonian komanso kumpoto kwa Andean komanso m'zigawo zina, yomwe idasonkhana mu Union of Citizens 'Assemblies (Unión de Asambleas Ciudadanas, UAC), malo oteteza zachilengedwe komanso zachilengedwe. anti-mining coalition. Chifukwa cha mavuto oyambirirawa, mu 2003 chigawo cha Chubut chinakhazikitsa lamulo loletsa mitundu ina ya migodi yambiri. Ngakhale izi zinali choncho, mabizinesi ang'onoang'ono adapitilizabe kufufuza malowa kuti apeze magwero atsopano opindulitsa ndikuyika ndalama zochulukirapo popititsa patsogolo ntchito zawo m'derali, zomwe nthawi zonse zimawoneka kuti zimapeza abwanamkubwa achangu.
Muzochitika izi, msonkhano wa June 2013 wa UAC, womwe unachitikira mumzinda waukulu wa Chubut pa nyanja ya Atlantic (Comodoro Rivadavia), adaganiza zopanga kampeni ya zokambirana zodziwika bwino m'chigawo chonse, kuletsa mitundu yonse ya ntchito zamigodi zazikulu zabwino. Lamulo lachigawo, lomwe lasinthidwa zaka makumi awiri zapitazo, likuphatikiza njira za demokalase yolunjika. Ngati ndondomeko ya nzika ikutha kupeza chithandizo cha 3% ya ovota, ndiye kuti congress yachigawo imakakamizika kukambirana (pambuyo pake, ndithudi, ikhoza kuvomereza kapena kuichotsa). Chifukwa chake, UAC idakhazikitsa mizinda, matauni ndi midzi yachigawocho kuti itenge ma signature a lamulo latsopanoli. Patatha miyezi ingapo, atapeza chithandizo chodziwika bwino, adaposa 3% yocheperako ndipo mu Epulo watha adapereka lamulo ku Congress. Aka kanali koyamba kuti ufulu wotsatira malamulowa ugwiritsidwe ntchito m’chigawochi.
Biliyo idayenera kuthandizidwa pa Novembara 26. Inde, otsutsa otsutsa migodi ankadziwa bwino kuti congressmen akhoza kuvota motsutsa izo. Ndipotu, boma lachigawo - lomwe tsopano lili m'manja mwa a Martín Buzzi, wothandizana ndi pulezidenti wa Argentina Cristina Kirchner - ali ndi ambiri mu Congress ndipo amavomereza kwambiri migodi. Popeza kuti mkanganowo ukuyembekezeka kukhala wautali komanso wovuta, otsutsa migodi adamanga misasa kunja kwa khongress. Kuponderezedwa koopsa kwa apolisi komwe anakumana nako kunali chizindikiro chakuti zinthu siziwayendera bwino.
Zimene zinachitika pamapeto pake zinali zoipa kwambiri kuposa mmene ankaganizira. Msonkhano wachigawo sunakane lamuloli. M'malo mwake, mavoti apakati pa 15/12, ma congressmen ambiri adagwiritsa ntchito mwayiwo kukhazikitsa lamulo lina, losiyana kwambiri ndi lomwe adapereka ochita kampeni, lomwe silinali lodziwika kale kapena kulingaliridwa. Kwenikweni, bilu yatsopanoyi imayimitsa ntchito zatsopano zamigodi kwa miyezi inayi, pomwe boma lachigawo lalamulidwa kuti litsogolere mkangano waukulu pa nkhani yomwe - idakambidwa - ikufunikabe kuganiziridwa mozama (ngakhale chigawochi chakhala chikukambitsirana kwambiri. kuyambira 2002). Pambuyo pa miyezi inayi ya zokambirana zatha, lamulo latsopanoli likulangiza bwanamkubwa kuti aitanitse zokambirana za anthu pa za migodi, ndi kutenga zotsatira zake ngati zovomerezeka. Izi zitha kumveka ngati nkhani yabwino kwa otsutsa migodi, omwe anali ndi lingaliro loti achite izi poyamba. Koma lamulo lachinyengo lomwe lidaperekedwa lidafuna kuti zokambirana za anthu ambiri zisamachitike m'chigawo chonsecho, koma kugawa ndi "zone", kuti ngati zone imodzi ikufuna kukhala ndi migodi ikhale nayo, pomwe madera omwe amatsutsa asachite. . Imeneyitu inali njira yomwe mabungwe oyendetsa migodi m'chigawochi ankagwiritsa ntchito. Popeza madera ena - monga Esquel ndi matauni ena a Andean - (pakadali pano) amaonedwa kuti atayika, njira yabwino yopitira kukana kodziwika ndikuyesa ena. Bilu yatsopanoyo sikuti imangothandiza izi, komanso ikuletsanso kutsimikizika kwa lamulo lachigawo la 2003 lomwe linaletsa pang'ono mitundu ina ya migodi yayikulu. Ndiloto labwino kwambiri lamakampani.
M'zaka zapitazi, bwanamkubwa ndi amalonda akhala akukangana kuti alimbikitse ntchito zasiliva, uranium ndi migodi yotsogolera m'chigawo chapakati cha chigawochi, dera la midzi ing'onoing'ono yobalalika ndi yaumphawi kumene mabungwe a mayiko akhala akuyendetsa "makampani. Social udindo” zoyeserera kwa zaka khumi, ndikuyembekeza kukopa mitima ndi malingaliro a anthu okhalamo. Sizikudziwika, koma ndizotheka, kuti kuphatikiza kwa mtundu uwu wa ziphuphu ndi mitundu ya ziwopsezo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kale m'matauni a Andean zitha kupambanitsa ochirikiza migodi ena kupambana kwawoko. Ndipo ngakhale zingamveke ngati "demokalase" kulola dera lililonse kusankha, kwenikweni sichoncho. Monga ochita kampeni amatsutsa, madzi a m'chigawo amadutsa kumapiri apakati. Kuipitsidwa kulikonse kumeneko kudzakhudza chigawo chonse. Ngati mabungwe achoka, ndiye kuti mudzi wa anthu 300 udzakhala ndi ufulu wosankha madzi omwe amagwiritsa ntchito 200.000.
Monga ngati kusuntha kwa ndale sikunali kochititsa manyazi mokwanira, pulezidenti wa pulezidenti Gustavo Muñiz, yemwe adavotera zotsutsana ndi zomwe anthu ambiri adachita komanso lamulo latsopano losayembekezereka, adagwidwa ndi chithunzi chokwiyitsa chomwe chinatengedwa panthawiyi. Pamene biluyo inali mkangano, chithunzicho chikumuwonetsa akucheza pa foni yake ndi Gastón Berardi, mkulu wa bungwe la migodi ku Canada Yamana Gold. Chithunzicho chikuwonekera bwino kuti tiwerenge zomwe anali kunena. Pomwe Berardi akuwonetsa kusintha kofunikira m'nkhani yachinayi ya bilu yatsopanoyo kuti "zogawa" zimveke bwino, Congress idayankha kuti asadandaule chifukwa bwanamkubwa angatanthauzire bwino ikadzakhazikitsidwa. Chithunzicho chinafalikira m'dziko lonselo, kukakamiza manyuzipepala akuluakulu a dziko - poyamba sankafuna kunena za nkhaniyi - kuti afotokoze nkhani zake. Muñiz anayenera kuvomereza poyera kuti akutenga “malingaliro” kuchokera ku kampani panthaŵi yomwe lamulo linali kukambitsirana m’bwalo la msonkhano. (Akuwoneka kuti sanafune kucheza ndi ochita kampeni kapena anthu wamba.) Nzosadabwitsa kuti olankhula otsutsana ndi migodi adatsutsa kuti, ku Chubut, congressmen amayankha ku mabungwe akunja osati kwa anthu.
Panthawiyi, monga mtolankhani Darío Aranda adanena, Purezidenti wa Mining Chamber of Chubut, Néstor Alvarez, adalengeza kuti anali wokondwa ndi lamulo latsopanoli, lomwe, kwa iye "amatsegula malingaliro atsopano" kuti apite patsogolo migodi m'chigawochi. .
Pamene nkhaniyi ikuchitika, zikuoneka kuti mawu omaliza sanamvebe. Magulu odana ndi migodi m'chigawochi ndi amphamvu komanso otsimikiza ndipo sizingakhale zodabwitsa kuti chipongwechi chikubwereranso ngati kubwezera chipani chopambana. Mawu angapo, kuphatikiza Tchalitchi cha Katolika ndi La Campora - nthambi yachinyamata ya kirchneristas - apempha kale kuti boma liletse voti yotsutsana ndi lamulo latsopanoli. Esquel, Rawson ndi mizinda ina yakuchigawo apanga kale ziwonetsero zazikulu zotsutsana ndi andale komanso machitidwe awo achinyengo. Ochita nawo kampeni ankadziwa kale, koma chithunzi chovuta cha Muñiz chinamveketsa bwino kwa aliyense m’dzikolo. Mabungwe akuwopseza kwambiri osati chilengedwe chokha, komanso demokalase.