Robert Fisk Pa British Media - Gawo 1
M’zaka za m’ma 1960, katswiri wa zamaganizo Lester Luborsky anagwiritsa ntchito kamera kuti aone mmene maso akuyendera pa nkhani zimene anthu ankafunsidwa kuti ayang’ane zithunzi. Zina mwa zithunzizo zinali zokhuza kugonana - chimodzi chimasonyeza ndondomeko ya bere la mkazi, kupitirira pamene mwamuna ankawoneka akuwerenga nyuzipepala. Kuyankha kwa nkhani zina kunali kochititsa chidwi. Anatha kupeŵa kulola maso awo kusokera ngakhale kamodzi kuti ayang’ane nkhani za kugonana za pazithunzizo. Pambuyo pake atafunsidwa kuti afotokoze zithunzizo, nkhani zimenezi zinakumbukira pang’ono chabe kapena sanazikumbukirepo zokhuza kugonana.
Mofananamo, machitidwe a atolankhani nthawi zonse amatsata njira zomwe zingawalowetse m'mavuto ndi eni ake, makampani a makolo, otsatsa, omwe angakhale olemba anzawo ntchito, ndi magwero akuluakulu a nkhani.
Chifukwa chake tikupeza kuti ngakhale atolankhani owona mtima komanso oganiza bwino aku Britain amapeza cholakwika ndi atolankhani aku America, koma osati ndi atolankhani aku Britain. Kapena amapeza zolakwika ndi mapiko amanja koma osati ofalitsa 'omasuka'. Kapena amapeza cholakwika ndi BBC koma osati nyuzipepala yawo. Chitsanzochi sichingakhale chachisawawa ndipo sichingakhale chopangidwa ndi umbuli kapena chibadwa.
Robert Fisk, yemwe amagwira ntchito ndi Independent, adalengeza momveka bwino kuti:
"Sindimagwira ntchito kwa Colin Powell, ndimagwira ntchito ku nyuzipepala ya ku Britain yotchedwa The Independent; mukawerenga, mudzapeza kuti ndife." (Live From Iraq, 'Democracy Now!, March 25, 2003)
Koma Wodziyimira pawokha mwachiwonekere salinso wodziyimira pawokha ku mphamvu zamakampani kuposa General Motors, pazifukwa zosavuta kuti + ndi+ mphamvu zamakampani. Sizidziyimira pawokha pazofunikira zake zamakampani kuti awonjezere phindu lanthawi yayitali podalira otsatsa. Izi ndizodziwikiratu, zosatsutsika, koma zonse zomwe sizingachitike m'dera lathu. Fisk adayankhapo poyankhulana ndi mtolankhani waku Canada Justin Podur:
"the New York Times, Los Angeles Times, Washington Post version of events doesn’t satisfy millions of people. So more and more people are trying to find a different and more accurate narrative of events in the Middle East. It is a tribute to their intelligence that instead of searching for blog-o-bots or whatever, they are looking to the European ‘mainstream’ newspapers like The Independent, the Guardian, The Financial Times. "One of the reasons they read The Independent is that they can hear things they suspected to be the case, but published by a major paper. I’m not just running some internet site. This is a big operation with foreign correspondents. We are the British equivalent of what the Washington Post should be… So people in Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, South Africa, the United States, Canada and many other places, are finding that a British journalist can write things they can’t read elsewhere but which must have considerable basis in truth because otherwise it wouldn’t appear in a major British paper.
"Sindine mapiko a kumanzere kapena kumanja. Ndife nyuzipepala, ndiye mfundo yake. Izi zimatipatsa ulamuliro - anthu ambiri azolowere kukula ndi nyuzipepala. Intaneti ndi chinthu chatsopano, komanso ndi yosadalirika. ." (Justin Podur, 'Fisk: Nkhondo ndi kulephera kwathunthu kwa mzimu waumunthu,' December 5, 2005; http://www.rabble.ca/rabble_interview.shtml?sh_itm=a37c84dbd62690c4c1abb1a898a77047&rXn=1&)
Apa diso la Fisk lolimba mtima la atolankhani likuyang'anitsitsa zinthu zomwe sizili bwino mofanana ndi maphunziro a Luborsky. Ndizowona kuti mawebusayiti ambiri ali ndi kukhulupirika kochepa kapena zero. Koma ndizowonanso kuti "ntchito yayikulu" monga "pepala lalikulu la ku Britain" likhoza kugwedezeka mwadongosolo, komanso mochititsa chidwi, pakutha kunena zoona. Talemba zitsanzo zosawerengeka pomwe Independent, Guardian ndi Financial Times awonetsa kuthekera kodzinyenga komwe kumafanana ndi "mtedza" wa crankiest ndi "blog-o-bots". N'zosamveka kugwedeza mfundo zomveka bwino za kusagwirizana pakati pa zomangamanga motere.
Ndizosangalatsa komanso zosocheretsa kunena mwadazi kotero kuti anthu aku Pakistan, India ndi mayiko ena amapeza kuti "mtolankhani waku Britain amatha kulemba zinthu zomwe sangathe kuziwerenga kwina kulikonse". M'malo mwake owerenga amatha kupeza ndemanga m'manyuzipepala, mwachitsanzo, India, South Korea ndi United Arab Emirates zomwe zimachititsa manyazi atolankhani aku Britain. Taganizirani, mwachitsanzo, kuti ngakhale akonzi onse aku Britain - kuphatikiza akonzi a Fisk ku Independent - adathandizira "kuthandiza anthu" kwa boma la Britain ku Kosovo mu 1999, MD Nalapat, mkonzi wamkulu, adalemba mu Times of India:
"Kuwonera zokonda za Christiane Amanpour ndi anzake a BBC, wina akukumbutsidwa za USSR ya Stalin, pamene mabodza anayamba kukhulupiriridwa bwino kenako n'kunenedwa. Kwa olemba ndemanga 'osakondera' awa, palibe kugwirizana pakati pa mabomba a Nato ndi kusefukira kwa anthu othawa kwawo. sikuli vuto kupha anthu ofalitsa nkhani a ku Serbia, kapena kuphulitsa mabomba ku dziko linalake mofanana ndi nkhondo ya Hitler yolimbana ndi Republican Spain m’ma 1930.” (Wotchulidwa, Philip Hammond ndi Edward S. Herman akonzi, Degraded Capability - The Media and the Kosovo Crisis, Pluto Press, 2000, p.187)
Yesani kupeza chidziŵitso chofananacho ndi kuwona mtima kwa mkonzi wamkulu wa ku Britain mu 1999. Mofananamo, TV Rajeshwar analemba mu Hindustan Times:
"Nkhondo yomwe idayambitsidwa ndi bungwe la North Atlantic Treaty pa dziko lodzilamulira la Serbia pa Marichi 24 inali nkhani yankhanza." (Ibid, p.190)
Powunika momwe atolankhani aku UK akuchitira, wolemba mbiri waku Britain Mark Curtis adalemba za kuwukira kwa Serbia:
"Atolankhani omasuka - makamaka a Guardian ndi Independent - adathandizira nkhondoyo kuti ifike pachimake (pamene amakayikira njira zomwe adagwiritsa ntchito) ndipo adapatsa mphamvu zotsutsana ndi boma." (Curtis, Web of Deceit, Vintage, 2003, pp.134-5)
Ndipo ndi nyuzipepala iti yaku Britain yomwe yapereka ndemanga yayitali komanso yabwino ya buku latsopano lofunikira la Kristina Borjesson, Mapazi Kumoto - The Media After 9/11 (Prometheus, 2005), monga Korea Times idachitira mu Novembala 2005? Yankho ndiloti bukuli silinatchulidwepo paliponse m'manyuzipepala a ku Britain. Manyuzipepala angapo otsogola ku South Korea chaka chatha adasindikizanso ndemanga zazitali, zodziwitsidwa, zofotokozera za buku latsopano la Free to be Human ndi mkonzi wa Media Lens David Edwards - chinthu chomwe sichinachitikepo ku Britain.
Sizowona kuti zoulutsira nkhani zabwino kwambiri zaku Britain zimapereka mwayi wowona mtima komanso kulingalira m'dziko lopanda utolankhani wowona mtima.
Monga nthawi zambiri m'mbuyomu Fisk amamveketsa bwino kuti "ntchito yayikulu [yaku US] ndi olembera akunja" imakhala yolakwika kwambiri:
"Yang'anani m'manyuzipepala atsiku ndi tsiku ku United States ndipo nkhani za Middle East ndizomvetsa chisoni komanso zosamvetsetseka. Pali ma semantics omwe amayambitsidwa kuti apewe mikangano, makamaka mikangano yochokera kwa omwe amatsatira Israeli. kulowa 'mpanda' mwamatsenga - ndikutanthauza kuti ndikukhulupirira kuti nyumba yanga sinapangidwe ndi mipanda."
Koma ndendende zotsutsa izi zakhala zikuchitidwa ndi atolankhani omwe akugwira ntchito kuchokera kudziko lakwawo la Fisk - zotsutsa zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zonena zake zikhale zopanda pake kuti ntchito yosindikizidwa "iyenera kukhala ndi maziko olimba m'chowonadi chifukwa mwina sichingawonekere mu pepala lalikulu la Britain".
Chodabwitsa n'chakuti, Fisk nthawi zambiri amawonetsa zolakwika pamasewero owonetsera, koma (momwe timadziwa) sanayang'anepo zolephera za nyuzipepala za 'ufulu' monga Guardian ndi Independent, ndipo sanatchulepo mavuto omwe amachokera kuzinthu zonse zamakampani. Fisk nthawi zambiri amatsutsa BBC:
"Lingaliro la Israeli - loti anthu aku Palestine ndiwo ali ndi udindo wa 'chiwawa', omwe amachititsa kuti ana awo aphedwe ndi asilikali a Israeli, omwe ali ndi udindo wokana kuvomereza mtendere - avomerezedwa ndi atolankhani. Dzulo lokha, BBC BBC Nangula wa World Service adalola kazembe wa Israeli ku Washington, Tara Herzl, kuti akhululukire kuwombera miyala - pafupifupi 200 mwa iwo - ndi asitikali aku Israeli chifukwa chakuti 'alipo ndi anthu omwe akuwombera' - zomwe nthawi zambiri sizikhala - ndiye chifukwa chiyani ma Israeli anali kuwombera anthu oponya miyala m'malo mowombera mfuti?" (Fisk, 'Malipoti okondera omwe amapangitsa kupha kukhala kovomerezeka', The Independent, November 14, 2000)
BBC (monga zoulutsira nkhani zaku America) ndiwokonda kwambiri atolankhani aku Britain omwe ali ndi ntchito zodziwika bwino, ngakhale atolankhani awo nthawi zonse amagawana zolakwika zomwezi. Kuchita kwa BBC + kunali kodetsa nkhawa kwambiri pofika ku Iraq mu Marichi 2003, mwachitsanzo, komanso momwe Guardian, Financial Times ndi Independent adachita. Pakuwunika kwathu kwa zoulutsira nkhani, talephera kupeza kusiyana kwakukulu komwe kumalekanitsa BBC ndi manyuzipepala - indedi BBC imatsogola kwa iwo, kufunafuna chitetezo pakati pa gulu lazofalitsa za 'ubwino'. Bungwe la BBC nthawi zambiri limakonda kwambiri dziko lawo, limakonda mphamvu za boma poyera, koma limagawana malingaliro abodza ofanana ndi atolankhani omasuka. Kunena kuti BBC ikuyenera kutsutsidwa ndi zabodza komanso zabodza.
Ndemanga za Fisk zikusokoneza mbali ina. Amalimbikitsa mwamphamvu lingaliro lakuti ntchito yake ndi yaluso kwambiri yomwe mwanjira ina ili yoyenerera mwapadera kupereka lipoti loona mtima padziko lonse lapansi. Iyi ndi nthano yodziwika bwino ya "ukatswiri wa utolankhani" wokhala ndi "kudziwa-momwe" kosadziwika bwino kutengera kuzindikira kozama komanso kumvetsetsa.
Koma zoona zake n'zakuti atolankhani ndi antchito a psychopathic corporate system yokonzedwa mozungulira kufunafuna umbombo wopanda malire. Ndipo umbombo wopanda malire + suli bwenzi lofufuza moona mtima. Pokambitsirana za chithandizo cha nyuzipepala yake ku nkhondo ya Iraq, mkonzi wa Observer Roger Alton akufotokoza momwe ntchito yowerengera anthu amakhalira:
"Ngati anthu ena akutsutsana sindipereka #### za izo. Ndikutanthauza kuti sayenera kugula pepala." (James Silver, 'Roger Alton: Mkonzi wa Observer pa kukhazikitsidwanso kwa pepala lakale kwambiri la Lamlungu padziko lapansi,' The Independent, January 9, 2006)
Ndizodabwitsa kwambiri kuti Fisk atha kunena mawu okoma mtima okhudza media media yaku Britain pambuyo pa chimodzi mwazinthu zomvetsa chisoni kwambiri masiku ano - kufotokoza za umbanda waukulu womwe ndi malamulo aku Western ku Iraq. Yankho loyenera liyenera kukhala kuulula katangale wa dongosolo lino - kudalira kwake mphamvu, kukhazikitsidwa kwake, kutsimikiza mtima kwake kuteteza mkhalidwe wankhanza womwe udalipo - atolankhani a 'ufulu' akuphatikizidwa kwambiri.
Part 2 itsatira posachedwa…
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Buku loyamba la Media Lens langotulutsidwa kumene: 'Guardians of Power: The Myth Of The Liberal Media' lolemba David Edwards ndi David Cromwell (Pluto Books, London, 2006). Kuti mudziwe zambiri, chonde dinani apa:
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