atsogoleri a boma kuti akambirane za Free Trade Areas of the Americas (FTAA).
Pakhala pali nkhani zambiri zokhudza chitetezo ndi njira zotsutsana ndi ziwonetsero zomwe zikuchitika
ndi boma la Canada. Koma Quebec ndi yochulukirapo kuposa malo chabe
ziwonetsero zotsutsana ndi ndondomeko ya neo-liberal corporate. Zingakhale zachisoni ngati
omenyera ufulu wawo sanagwiritse ntchito mwayiwu kupita kunyumba ya French iyi
chikhalidwe cha chilankhulo ku America kuti mufufuze ndi otsutsa a Quebecois
mbiri ya nkhondo za dziko lawo ndikukambirana nawo momwe amaonera
Malo a Quebec mkati mwa anthu aku North America.
Quebec ili ndi imodzi mwamipingo yapamwamba kwambiri ya mgwirizano ku North America. Ku Quebec
Mabungwe achita zigawenga kuphatikiza zigawenga zazikulu zachigawo,
ndipo amakhala ndi ndondomeko yotakata ya ndondomeko za chikhalidwe ndi zachuma ndi mapulogalamu. Mu
ngakhale kuti pali malo atatu ogwirizana ku Quebec - Quebec
Federation of Labor (FTQ), Confederation of National Trade Unions (CSN) ndi
Union Center of Quebec (CSQ) - mabungwe amatha kubwera palimodzi
wamba chifukwa. Kuphatikiza pa kayendetsedwe ka ntchito, Quebec ili ndi akazi amphamvu
mayendedwe, okonda zachilengedwe ambiri, anthu azikhalidwe, komanso chilungamo cha anthu
mabungwe onse omwe ali ndi mbiri yayitali yachiwonetsero komanso kuchitapo kanthu kotchuka komanso
maphunziro. Komabe, ndizodabwitsa kwa ambiri ochokera ku US omwe adzakhale
kukaona ku Quebec kwa nthawi yoyamba, ambiri mwa olankhula Chifalansa
opita patsogolo ku Quebec ndi okonda dziko.
As
mbiri ndi nkhani zokambitsirana za dziko la Quebec, ndizo
zothandiza kuyamba ndi ndemanga za anthu aku Canada komanso aku Canada
boma la federal. Mofanana ndi US, Canada idakhazikitsidwa ngati atsamunda okhazikika
boma ndi maulamuliro achitsamunda aku Europe. Mangalande ndi France anamenyana pagawoli
kwa zaka zambiri ndi British potsiriza anapambana mu 1759 pa nkhondo ya
Zigwa za Abrahamu (Quebec City). Nkhondo yosadziwika bwino imeneyi pakati pa mafumu awiri
mphamvu zolamulira madera akumpoto ambiri okhala m'malo otchuka
chikhalidwe monga epithet yomwe imaponyedwa ku Quebecois nthawi iliyonse ku Quebec kufunafuna ufulu kapena
kuzindikira mawonekedwe ake apadera. โKodi iwo sakudziwa kuti iwo analuza nkhondo ya
Zigwa za Abrahamu?โ
Kupitilira pankhondo zachifumu zakale, Canada ngati dziko lomwe likutuluka lakhala nalo
kuponda mosamala kwambiri, kupulumuka poyamba ngati koloni la Britain, lalikulu kwambiri
mphamvu yachifumu ya m'zaka za zana la 19, ndiyeno kubwera kwa zaka pafupi ndi zatsopano
ufumu waukulu, United States. Osati kutali ndi malingaliro a anthu aku Canada
chinali chiwopsezo cha kukhalapo kwawo ndi chimphona chakumwera, ngakhale chiwopsezo ichi
adasewera mosiyanasiyana kudziko lililonse.
Quebec, monga kwawo kwa anthu ochepa aku France ku North America, ali
akhala okhudzidwa ndi kuteteza chilankhulo ndi chikhalidwe chawo kuti asavutike
za chilankhulo cha Chingerezi komanso kulamulira kwachikhalidwe ku US ndi Canada.
M'mbiri, kuopa kutengeka nthawi zambiri kwapangitsa a Quebecois kulowa
mgwirizano wosakhazikika ndi English Canada ngati mphamvu yocheperako yofananira. Za
Mwachitsanzo, pamene a British analola Quebec kusunga chipembedzo chake, chinenero
ndi malamulo a boma, mfundo imeneyi inalembedwa ngati madandaulo a anthu opanduka 13
Makoloni mu Declaration of Independence. Monga momwe zimakhalira nthawi zambiri
kulimbana ndi nkhani za utundu - ufulu wa maiko ena unali wa wina
dandaulo. Ndondomeko ya Britain ku Quebec idatsimikizira kukhulupirika kwa ongotsala kumene
anagonjetsa koloni panthawi ya Revolution ya America.
Anthu olankhula Chingerezi aku Canada amanyadira kwambiri kudziwika kwawo ndikuwona
okha monga osiyana kwambiri ndi nzika zaku US - mu chikhalidwe, ndale
mabungwe ndi anthu. Koma alibe chotchinga chinenero china.
Anthu olankhula Chingerezi aku Canada nthawi zambiri amapezeka kuti ali ndi chitetezo chofunikira
kufotokoza momwe iwo alili "osiyana" ndi anansi awo kumwera, ngati kuti
US idapanga chizolowezi ndipo ena onse amafunikira kufotokoza zopatuka.
Mayiko ndi mayiko, ndithudi, amaganizira za chikhalidwe cha anthu
midzi. Kusiyanitsa kochepa koma kwakuthwa kwa zikhulupiriro ndi zolinga zosiyanasiyana za
Anthu aku Canada poyerekeza ndi US angapezeke pamikhalidwe yomwe yafotokozedwamo
zolemba zoyambira za mayiko awiriwa. Pamene oyambitsa US adalengeza a
dziko lodzipereka ku "moyo, ufulu ndi kufunafuna chisangalalo," anthu aku Canada
ogwirizana pansi pa lonjezo la โmtendere, dongosolo ndi boma labwino.โ
Mabuku osawerengeka a mbiri yakale amafotokoza za chitukuko cha dziko la Canada ngati
kudutsa kwamtendere kuchokera ku "koloni kupita ku mtundu," ngakhale kuyambira kukhazikitsidwa kwa lamulo la
Canada/US Free Trade Agreement ndipo kenako North America Free Trade Agreement
(NAFTA) ena adanenanso kuti zitha kudziwika bwino ngati "koloni to
fuko kupita ku koloni." Ngakhale mawonekedwe a "mtendere" a chitukuko cha
dziko la Canada likukokomeza - kukhazikika kwa Canada sikunali kokwanira
njira yamtendere poyang'ana momwe anthu akumidzi - mu
mosiyana ndi US, komabe, panalibe kusintha kosintha kuchokera ku atsamunda
mphamvu, palibe nkhondo yapachiลตeniลตeni, ndi nkhondo zochepa ndi anthu a mโdzikoli.
Chikalata chokhazikitsidwa ku Canada, British North America Act ya 1867, chinali chochita
Nyumba yamalamulo yaku Britain yomwe idagwirizanitsa Britain North America kukhala feduro limodzi
boma ndikukhazikitsa kugawa mphamvu pakati pa boma la federal ndi boma
maboma azigawo. Mosiyana ndi US, zigawo zaku Canada ndizo
amphamvu kwambiri ndi mphamvu zamalamulo ndipo akhala opanga zinthu zatsopano
mu ndondomeko ya anthu. Magawo ambiri azachikhalidwe, kuphatikiza maphunziro, chisamaliro chaumoyo,
malamulo a ntchito, ndi ubwino ndi udindo zigawo. Boma la federal
ndi amene amayangโanira โmtendere, bata ndi boma labwino,โ koma mphamvu zotsalira zimapita
ku zigawo.
The
Vuto lomwe likukulirakulira pamilandu ku Canada lidabwera chifukwa cha kulephera
Boma la Federal kuti likwaniritse mgwirizano pakubweretsa kunyumba (kukondana)
la Constitution ya Canada mu 1982. Pa zotsutsa za Quebec, Prime Minister
Pierre Trudeau adavomereza malamulowo ndikuwonjezera Charter of
Ufulu ndi Ufulu. Boma lachigawo cha Parti Quebecois linali
kuchotsedwa pazokambirana zomaliza zamalamulo chifukwa chofuna
kuti azindikire chikhalidwe chapadera cha Quebec ndi udindo wake monga nyumba ya Mfalansa
dziko la Canada. Pambuyo pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa Constitution, pali
zinali zoyesayesa zambiri kuti akhazikitse zosintha zomwe zingakhutiritse a Quebec
nkhawa koma "mapangano" awa (Meech Lake Accord ndi Charlottetown
Accord) akanidwa mwina ndi Quebec kapena ku Canada konse.
Kufuna kwa Quebec kuti azindikire mawonekedwe ake "osiyana" monga dziko ndi zake
udindo wapadera kusunga chikhalidwe French ku North America, waika
Canada federalism pansi pamavuto akulu ngakhale kuti Quebec's
"Maudindo apadera" mkati mwa Canada chakhala chowonadi kwa ambiri aku Canada
mbiri. Mwachitsanzo, mโzaka zaposachedwapa, mabungwe ambiri a ku Canada apereka
"maudindo apadera" kapena "kudziyimira pawokha" kumapiko awo aku Quebec monga momwe zinalili ku Canada.
Labour central - Canadian Labor Congress - yomwe imazindikira zigawo
Quebec Federation of Labor ngati bungwe lazantchito losiyana komanso lodziyimira pawokha.
Uwu ndi ufulu wosaperekedwa ku bungwe lina lililonse lazantchito.
In
Zaka zaposachedwa pakhala chidani chowonjezereka ku Quebec ndi ma Francophones
ku Canada. Pamene dziko lidatengera ndondomeko yovomerezeka ya zinenero ziwiri ndi
Biculturalism mu 1960s, kupitirira mautumiki ena aboma, ambiri a
dziko lakunja kwa Quebec lakhalabe Chingelezi chosavuta kumva. Zinenero ziwiri
ndondomeko ya boma la federal, komanso zochita za Quebec kuteteza ndi
kulimbikitsa chilankhulo cha Chifalansa m'chigawochi, kwatsogolera ku Chingerezi cha Canada
kutsutsa zoyesayesa za boma โzokakamiza anthu a ku France kuti agwetse anthu
khosi.โ Quebec, chigawo cha zilankhulo ziwiri kwambiri, mโma 1970 ndi 1980 chinadutsa.
malamulo amphamvu azilankhulo kuti akhazikitse Chifalansa ngati chilankhulo "chovomerezeka".
chigawochi chikuwonjezera udani pa nkhani ya zilankhulo mโdziko muno.
Kufuna kwa Quebec kukhala ndi udindo wapadera - ndipo mwina ngakhale kudziyimira pawokha - kwachitika
adabweretsa kutsutsana kwakukulu mkati mwa federalism yaku Canada ndipo adatsutsa
Anthu aku Canada kuti afufuze nthano komanso zenizeni za dziko lawo. Mwalamulo,
mkati mwa malamulo aku Canada Quebec ndi chigawo china - chimodzi mwa khumi.
Komabe, Quebec ili, ndipo nthawizonse yakhala, yoposa chigawo china
Canada. Ngati mawu akuti "mtundu" ali ndi tanthauzo lililonse, Quebec ndi dziko mkati mwa Canada.
Lili ndi chilankhulo chosiyana, chikhalidwe, cholowa komanso kukhulupirika kwa madera. Ngakhale
malamulo apachiลตeniลตeni ndi osiyana - malamulo apachiลตeniลตeni akubwerera ku cholowa chake cha ku France
- mosiyana ndi malamulo wamba (ochokera ku Britain) omwe amapezeka m'madera ena.
Kupyolera mu mphamvu za boma la chigawo cha Quebec chatha kudzipangira okha
mabungwe aboma ndipo wapeza luso lodzilamulira. The
Nkhani yomwe anthu aku Canada ndi Quebecois ayenera kukumana nayo tsopano ndi ngati alipo
federalist structure ikhoza ndipo iyenera kusinthidwa kuti igwirizane ndi onse awiri
zokhumba za dziko la Quebecois ndi zofuna za dziko lonse
waku Canada.