wathanzi
“Chinyengo chachikulu kwambiri chomwe mdierekezi adachigwiritsapo chinali kukhutiritsa dziko lomwe sanachite
alipo.”
- Roger "Verbal" Kint (Kevin Spacey), The Usual Suspects, 1995.
"M1 ikhoza kukhala yayikulu momwe imakondera", wina posachedwapa anandiuza, "koma sindikutsutsa
kudalirana kwa mayiko ngati kutsutsana ndi telefoni?" Osati ndithu.
Olamulira nthawi zonse amalungamitsa zochita zawo ndi mawu apamwamba ndi zodzinenera zapamwamba. Amafunafuna
kuti agonjetse malo apamwamba amakhalidwe abwino ndipo, pamodzi ndi izo, chovala cha "chosapeŵeka".
Mafumu a Roma anatcha ukapolo wa Ulaya ndi Middle East “chitukuko”;
eni ake a mphero zamdima, zausatana za Industrial Revolution anazitcha zawo
ntchito "kupita patsogolo"; ndi osungira ndalama, otchova njuga m'misika ndi
Oyang'anira mabizinesi amamiliyoni ambiri a capitalism yamakampani masiku ano amawayimbira
kugonjetsedwa kwa dziko "globalisation".
Ndi mawu otere, akapolo opanduka, ogwira ntchito m'mafakitale omwe akugunda, odana ndi makampani
ochita zionetsero amasiya kukhala zigawenga zolimbana ndi kuponderezana ndikukhala mbuli
oponya kumbuyo omwe amatsutsa "chitukuko", "kupita patsogolo", "kutukuka kwadziko lonse", kwambiri
kupita patsogolo kwa mbiriyakale yokha.
Kudalirana kwa mayiko, kwenikweni, kumangotanthauza mkhalidwe wa nthaŵi yaitali, wadziko
ku kulumikizana kokulirapo komanso kudalirana kwa dziko lapansi
chuma. Ndipo izi nzosapeweka. Kwa zaka zambiri, monga kupanga
njira zakula ndikukula kwambiri, kulumikizana kwawo kwachitika
kuchuluka.
Mwa tanthawuzo limeneli, komabe, kudalirana kwa mayiko sikunatchulidwe pano: izo
wakhala nafe kuyambira chiyambi cha makampani makina. Marco Polo ndi
Christopher Columbus anali "okonda padziko lonse lapansi" monga Bill Gates ndi George
Soros ndi, ngati sichoncho.
Koma izi sindizo zimene olamulira a dzikoli akutanthauza ponena za “kudalirana kwa mayiko”
ndi kutikumbutsa za "kusapeweka" kwake - kuposa Augustus Kaisara ndi
Caligula amatanthauza kufalikira kwa kuwerenga, misewu ndi ukhondo akamalankhula
"kusapeweka" kwa "chitukuko" cha Aroma.
Zomwe akutanthauza ndi mawu awa ndi caprices ndi nkhanza za ulamuliro wawo, ndi
Kaya mtundu wake uti, kaya wooneka bwino kapena wosaoneka bwino, umagwirizana ndi zomwe amakonda.
Ndipo ngakhale mawonekedwe ake, kapena lamulo lokha, sizingapeŵeke mwanjira iliyonse -
ndichifukwa chake amathera nthawi yochuluka ndikuchita phokoso kuti atsimikizire
ife kuti ndi.
“Kugwirizana kwapadziko lonse” kuli kokha liwu lawo, kutamandidwa kwawo kwakukulu, kutanthauza “padziko lonse lapansi.
capitalism” ndi mitundu yomwe yatenga zaka makumi awiri zapitazi.
Ndi chiyani chomwe chapangidwa padziko lonse lapansi?
Zinthu zenizeni zokha zomwe zakhala "zapadziko lonse" mkati mwa ma 1980 ndi 1990; mu
zinthu zina zambiri, sipanakhale “kukula pamodzi” koma kukoka
padera. Chuma, mwachitsanzo, sichinagwirizane ndi mayiko; zakhala zikupita
okhazikika, mkati ndi pakati pa mayiko.
M'zaka za m'ma 1990, kusiyana pakati pa anthu olemera kwambiri asanu ndi asanu ndi asanu osauka kwambiri
anthu anakula kuchoka pa 60:1 kufika pa 74:1. Amuna atatu - Bill Gates, mnzake wa Microsoft
woyambitsa Paul Allen ndi rentier extraordinaire Warren Buffet - tsopano ndi katundu wake
Zofanana ndi zomwe zili ndi anthu 600 miliyoni padziko lonse lapansi 48
mayiko otukuka, pomwe chiwerengero cha anthu okhala pansi pa US $ 1 patsiku ndi
akuyembekezeka kukwera kuchoka pa 1.2 biliyoni lero kufika pa anthu 1.9 biliyoni mu 2015.
Ukadaulo sunakhale wapadziko lonse lapansi, mwina; ndende yake m'manja mwa
mkulu ndi wamphamvu ndi wamkulu kuposa kale lonse. Makumi asanu ndi anayi pa zana a
Patents padziko lonse pa luso lamakono tsopano zikuchitika m'mayiko olemera kwambiri, kwambiri
kutetezedwa ndi mapangano a World Trade Organisation, mwa zina.
Malinga ndi kafukufuku wa February ndi International Labor Organisation, 5% yokha
mwa anthu padziko lonse lapansi adagwiritsapo ntchito intaneti - ndipo 88% aiwo amakhalamo
mayiko otukuka capitalist.
Palibe ngakhale kukula kwachuma, komwe kumayenera kukhala muzu wa mbiri yakale ya capitalism
wapamwamba, wakhala padziko lonse lapansi. United States iyenera kuti idakula kwambiri m'ma 1980
ndi 1990s, koma molingana ndi kafukufuku wa momwe mayiko akukulirakulira ndi
US-based Center for Economic and Policy Research, mitengo yakukula mu 77% ya
maiko anali otsika kwambiri mu 1980-2000, zaka makumi angapo za "kufalikira kwa mayiko",
kuposa momwe zinaliri mu 1960-1980.
Ndipo kuyenda kwa anthu sikunakhazikitsidwe padziko lonse lapansi, kaya - linga
makoma a maiko onse olemera akukulirakulira, kutsekereza owunjikana
misa.
Zinthu zomwe zakhala "zapadziko lonse lapansi" ndizokhazikika kwambiri komanso zochulukirapo
woipa.
Ndalama zandalama zakhala "zapadziko lonse lapansi": zitha kuyenda momwe zimafunira kulowa (ndi kutuluka
of) pafupifupi dziko lililonse padziko lapansi, momwe phindu limakwera ndi kutsika
eni ake amaona kuti n'zoyenera.
Chuma chapadziko lonse chachuma chakula mowirikiza kasanu ndi kamodzi, kuchoka pa US $12 thililiyoni mpaka
US $80 thililiyoni pakati pa 1980 ndi 2000; kudutsa malire a ma bond ndi equities
m’zachuma zazikulu zawonjezeka ndi ka 55-60 kuyambira 1970; ndi
kuchuluka komwe amagulitsidwa pamisika yamayiko akunja tsiku lililonse kwaphulika kuchokera
US $ 18.3 biliyoni mu 1977 mpaka US $ 1.5 trillion mu 2000.
Mphamvu, kugwira ndi ufulu wowongolera wapadziko lonse lapansi
corporation yakhalanso "padziko lonse lapansi". Pomwe kuchuluka kwa malonda apadziko lonse lapansi
Kuwonjezeka kwambiri pakati pa 1982 ndi 1999, kugulitsa kwa mabungwe akunja a TNCs kunakula.
kasanu ndi kamodzi. Mabungwe makumi anayi mphambu asanu ndi anayi mwa mabungwe 100 olemera kwambiri komanso amphamvu kwambiri ali pano
mabungwe m'malo mwa maboma ndipo amalamulira 70% ya malonda padziko lonse lapansi
ndi 80% ya ndalama zakunja zapadziko lonse lapansi.
Mwa kapangidwe
Zonsezi, "kufalikira" kwa zinthu zina osati zina, sikunangochitika mwangozi,
kapena ntchito zina zosapeŵeka za m’mbiri. Ndi mwa mapangidwe, ndi
zotsatira za mapulani adala ndi owerengeka a amuna (ndi akazi ochepa) omwe amakumana
m'zipinda zamakampani ndi zipinda za nduna za boma, pamisonkhano yaukazembe ndi
misonkhano yapadziko lonse, komanso m'makalabu apadera ochezera.
Pachinthu choyamba chomwe chakhala "padziko lonse lapansi" zaka makumi awiri zapitazi ndi
ndondomeko yeniyeni ya zachuma ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu, ndondomeko ya zachuma
ufulu (ku Australia, chifukwa ndondomekozi zinayambitsidwa ndi Labor, ndi
osati a Liberal, boma, iwo amatchedwa "economic rationalism").
Ndondomekozi zili paliponse mofanana, zimachokera ku Chinsinsi chomwecho
bukhu: perekani chuma chaboma kumakampani, samalani zomwe zikuchitika
ya mabungwe azachuma, kuwongolera prorogue pakuyenda kwachuma kudutsa malire,
kulola mitengo yosinthana ndi ndalama kuti itsimikizike ndi olosera, kufooketsa malamulo
zomwe zimatchula ufulu wa ogwira ntchito kapena miyezo ya chilengedwe, kuchepetsa ndalama za boma
pa mapulogalamu a chikhalidwe cha anthu, kuchepetsa misonkho kwa mabungwe ndi olemera kwambiri, mphamvu
ogwira ntchito kuti azilipira ndalama zawo zopuma pantchito ndi maphunziro ndi chisamaliro chaumoyo, kuwabera
wosauka, perekani kwa olemera.
Pakati pa 1991 ndi 1999, panali kusintha 1035 padziko lonse lapansi pa malamulo okhudza mayiko akunja.
ndalama - 94% a iwo anawonjezera ufulu wa ndalama zakunja ndi kuchepetsedwa
malamulo aboma.
Pofika 1998, mayiko 145 mwa mayiko 182 a International Monetary Fund anali atavomereza.
ku Article VIII ya IMF, yomwe imanena za kuyenda kwaulere kwa ndalama kudutsa
malire - 70 anali atavomereza zaka zisanu zapitazo.
Pofika pa Marichi 1, 1999, tsiku loyambira la WTO Financial Services
Mgwirizano, womwe umachepetsa kwambiri zoletsa pakuyenda kwachuma m'malire,
Mayiko 102 (mwa 140) adasainapo. FSA imapereka WTO
ulamuliro pa 95% ya malonda padziko lonse mabanki, inshuwaransi, chitetezo ndi
zambiri zachuma.
Maboma omwe sanawerenge mofunitsitsa kuchokera mu bukhu la maphikidwe akhala nacho
kuwakakamiza. Kuyambira m'ma 1980, pakhala maiko 90 a Dziko Lachitatu akukakamizidwa
kusaina "mapulogalamu osintha kachitidwe" ndi IMF, ngati chofunikira
kubweza ngongole zawo zazikulu zolemetsa. Mapulogalamuwa ndi mndandanda wautali wa
pro-business, pro-Western miyeso: IMF's grotesquely yotchedwa "Poverty
Reduction Strategy Paper” ya ku Tanzania, yosainidwa mu Epulo 2000, mwachitsanzo,
anaphatikizapo kusintha 157 kwa malamulo ndi malamulo a dziko.
Kodi angasinthidwe?
Ngati "globalisation" - kapena m'malo kudalirana kwa mayiko akuyenda kwachuma, kwa
corporate power and of economic liberalism - ndi zotsatira za dala ndi
owerengeka mapulani a anthu, ndiye iwo akhoza kusinthidwa mwadala ndi
mapulani owerengeka a anthu (ena).
Katundu wamba akhoza kuwerengedwanso, ufulu ukhoza kuchotsedwa
m'mabungwe ndi kubwezeredwa kumadera, zolemetsa zamisonkho zitha kuchotsedwa paumphawi
kuchuma, obwereketsa atha kuphedwa ndipo olanda alandidwa.
Pali umboni winanso wakuti "kugwirizanitsa mayiko" sikungapeweke: omanga ake.
musaganize kuti ziri.
Ngati n’kosapeweka, n’chifukwa chiyani mkulu wa bungwe la World Trade Organization a Mike
Moore ndi oimira malonda a United States ndi Europe mosimidwa
kuzungulira dziko lapansi kupotoza maboma kuti awonetsetse kuti
Kubwera kwa msonkhano wa WTO ku Qatar sikuthetsa vuto lomwe linali lomaliza
Seattle mu Novembala 1999 anali?
Ngati ndizosapeweka, bwanji omwe akukonza mgwirizano wa Multilateral Agreement
Investment, "bilu ya ufulu wamakampani", idakwirira chikalata chawo kuyambira pamenepo
kulira kwakukulu kwa anthu kudabuka pomwe idawulutsidwa mu 1998? Ndipo chifukwa chiyani iwo tsopano
anakakamizika kukonza kuyambiranso kwake, kupyolera mu ziganizo zomwe sizinazindikiridwebe za
akufuna mapangano a WTO, mobisa osati poyera?
Ngati ndizosapeŵeka, chifukwa chiyani misonkhano yamakampani padziko lonse lapansi ikutenga
Kodi n'kukhala kuseri kwa mipanda ya minga minga komanso mizere ya apolisi achiwawa? Ndipo chifukwa chiyani
ziwerengero, ndi chidaliro, cha ochita ziwonetsero padziko lonse lapansi chikuwonjezeka?
Masiku atatu anthu masauzande ambiri ochokera ku Europe asanakumane mumzinda wa Czech,
Prague, kuwonetsa pamisonkhano yapachaka ya World Bank ndi IMF, the
Magazini ya British Economist, yomwe imadzitamandira kuti ndiyomwe imanyamula
ufulu wachuma, wolembedwa pa Seputembara 23: “Otsutsa akulondola
kuti nkhani yofunikira kwambiri pamakhalidwe, ndale ndi zachuma m'nthawi yathu ino ndi
umphawi wa dziko lachitatu. Ndipo iwo akulondola kuti mafunde a 'globalization',
zamphamvu monga momwe injini zoyendetsera zingakhalire, zitha kubwezeredwa. Zoona kuti
zinthu zonsezi ndi zoona ndi chimene chimapangitsa otsutsa - ndipo, crucially, ndi
malingaliro ambiri omwe amawamvera chisoni - zoopsa kwambiri. ”
Ndipo mu mphepo amapita zonena za "zosapeŵeka".