Vuto lalikulu la kumanga nyumbayo ndi ili: Nyumba ndi chinthu chofunika osati ufulu waumunthu. Sitinazoloŵere kuona nyumba kukhala yoyenera kwa aliyense, koma n’chifukwa chiyani si choncho? Kupatulapo chakudya ndi madzi, kodi chofunika kwambiri n’chiyani kuposa pogona?
Apa ndipamene mafunso okhudza chifukwa chake mtengo wanyumba sukuyenda bwino ayambike. Chifukwa malo ogulitsa nyumba ndi chinthu chopindulitsa kwambiri - malo ongoyerekeza - lendi yanu ndiyokwera kwambiri. Momwemonso ngongole yanu yanyumba. Ndipo osati kuchotsedwa pa izo ndi mliri wa gentrification, womwe ukupitiriza kuwononga midzi ya m'matauni padziko lonse lapansi.
Zomwe zimatchulidwira zimatha kusintha kuchokera ku mzinda wina kupita ku wina, koma pamapeto pake kusonkhanitsa ndalama zambiri kukugwira ntchito. Mumzinda wa New York, komwe mtundu wa boma ndi wolamulira wankhanza wamakampani ogulitsa nyumba ndi zachuma, manja omwe akukwera kwambiri lendi ali poyera. Ku San Francisco, komwe kukulitsa ndalama kumalimbikitsidwa ndi kuchuluka kwa ndalama zomwe zimalowa muukadaulo waukadaulo, kapena Vancouver, komwe oyerekeza akunja akufunafuna malo opindulitsa andalama zazikulu zomwe ali nazo, zomwe zimayambitsa ndizosiyana. Koma zomwe zimayambitsa m'mizinda iyi ndi zina ndizo "misika".
Mphamvu zamsika sizili kanthu koma zokomera zamakampani akuluakulu komanso azandalama. Misika sakhala pamwamba pamitambo, kusanja mwadala opambana ndi otayika munjira yabwino ya chilungamo chaumulungu, monga momwe akatswiri amafunira kuti tizikhulupirira. Palibe matsenga akugwira ntchito pano.
Ngakhale nyumba, kapena maphunziro, kapena malo oyera amaonedwa kuti ndi ufulu m'ma demokalase okhazikika a capitalist, ndipo ngati mukukhala ku United States, chithandizo chamankhwala sichabwino. Demokalase imatanthauzidwa kuti ndi ufulu wovota mwaufulu zisankho zandale zomwe sizimawonetsa pang'ono (ngakhale kuti ufuluwu ukuthetsedwa kwambiri ku US) ndikusankha chilichonse chomwe mukufuna kugula. Malingaliro ankhanu a demokalase kapena "ufulu" ngati tiyima kuti tiganizire.
Ndi chifukwa chakuti "ufulu" ndi wofanana ndi munthu payekha, mtundu wapadera wa kudzikonda kopanda udindo. Iwo omwe ali ndi zambiri - zopezedwa mowononga omwe ali ndi zochepa kwambiri - alibe udindo kwa anthu omwe adawathandiza kuti apeze chuma choterocho. Kuika mikhalidwe yokhwima yogwirira ntchito ndi mbali ina ya “ufulu” wa munthu payekha, koma ufulu wa ndani? “Ufulu” wa anthu ogwira ntchito m’mafakitale ndi opereka ndalama ndi ufulu wolamulira, kulamulira ndi kudyera masuku pamutu ena; “Chilungamo” ndi kuthekera kopanda malire kokhala ndi ufulu umenewu, chilungamo chosonyezedwa m’mabungwe azamalamulo. Anthu ogwira ntchito ndi "omasuka" kuti apikisane pa mpikisano wopita pansi wokhazikitsidwa ndi ma capitalist.
Mtengo wa nyumba ku US, Canada umaposa kukwera kwa mitengo
Tiyeni tigwiritse ntchito manambala ndikuwunika momwe "ufulu" uwu umagwirira ntchito kwa anthu ogwira ntchito. Sikuti kukwera kwakukulu kwa mtengo wa nyumba kumangokhala m’mizinda yochepa chabe yodziwika. Komanso ichi sichiri chinthu chatsopano kapena chaposachedwapa.
Chiyambire 1975, avareji mitengo ya nyumba ku United States yakwera mofulumira ndi 60 peresenti kuposa kukwera kwa mitengo. Ku Canada, mitengo yogulitsa nyumba yakwera ndi 46 peresenti mwachangu kuposa kukwera kwa mitengo kuyambira 2000. Izi ndi ziwerengero zapadziko lonse lapansi, osati zamizinda inayake.
Kutsika kwa mitengo yanyumba yaku US kunawerengeredwa poyerekeza ziwerengero za Januware 1975 mpaka February 2017, monga momwe adanenera. S&P/Case-Shiller US National Home Price Index, ndi kuchuluka kwa inflation panthawiyo monga momwe zawerengedwera ndi US Bureau of Labor Statistics. chowerengera cha inflation. Kuwonjezeka kwa Canada mitengo ya nyumba za dziko kuyambira Januwale 2000 mpaka Febuluwale 2017 ndiye adafanizidwa ndi kuchuluka kwa inflation monga momwe Bank of Canada idapangira. chowerengera cha inflation.
Ngati mitengo ya nyumba ikuchulukirachulukira kuposa inflation, ndiye kuti Dzuwa likukwera kum'mawa, lendi idzakweranso. Nthawi zambiri mwachangu, pomwe eni nyumba amayesa kufinya dola iliyonse kuchokera kwa obwereketsa omwe ali ndi vuto. Dipatimenti ya boma la US yowona za Nyumba ndi Kutukula Mizinda, mu lipoti kuti olamulira a Trump sanafike pochotsa, akuti:
"Ndalama zogona zakhala zikuchulukirachulukira kuposa mtengo wazinthu zina. Malinga ndi Bureau of Labor Statistics 'Consumer Price Index (CPI), mitengo ya malo ogona ofanana inakwera ndi 104 peresenti kuyambira 1985 mpaka 2005 poyerekeza ndi kukwera kwa 74 peresenti kwa mtengo wa zinthu zina zonse.
Dipatimentiyi inanena kuti kwa eni nyumba, mtengo wa mkulu ndi chiwongoladzanja pa ngongole zanyumba zakwera pafupifupi 18 peresentit, zomwe zinasinthidwa ndi kukwera kwa mitengo, kuyambira 1985 mpaka 2005. Mtengo wa renti, panthawi yomweyi unakweranso. pafupifupi 18 peresenti pa nthawi yomweyi, kusinthidwanso ku inflation. Chifukwa chake, a kuchuluka kwa ndalama zomwe zaperekedwa kubwereketsa kapena kubwereka kwawonjezeka pazaka makumi awiri izi. Izi zangokulirakulira kuyambira pamenepo.
Ndalama zimatsika koma renti imakwerabe
Amenewo ndi chiwerengero cha mayiko. Inde, m’mizinda yambiri, ndalama za lendi zakwera mofulumira kwambiri. Kusanthula mayendedwe opita ku renti kubwerera ku 1960, Andrew Woo wa Mndandanda Wapamwamba analemba kuti:
"[Ine] ndalama zobwereketsa zakwera ndi 64%, koma ndalama zenizeni zapakhomo zimangowonjezeka ndi 18%. Zinthu zinali zovuta kwambiri kuyambira 2000 - 2010: ndalama zapakhomo zidatsika ndi 7%, pomwe renti idakwera ndi 12%. Zotsatira zake, gawo la obwereketsa olemedwa m'dziko lonselo kuwirikiza kawiri, kuchoka pa 24% mu 1960 kufika pa 49% mu 2014. ... Kubwereketsa kwakwera kwambiri m'mizinda yambiri ku US, koma kuyang'ana zinthu pazaka zopitirira makumi asanu kumatithandiza. mvetsetsani zotsatira za izi. Ngati lendi ikanakwera pamtengo wa kukwera kwa mitengo, wobwereketsa wamba akanakhala akulipira $366 kuchepera pa renti mwezi uliwonse.”
A Woo adanenanso kuti ngakhale ndalama zomwe zimapezeka m'madera okwera mtengo monga Washington, Boston ndi San Francisco zakwera mofulumira, lendi yawonjezeka pafupifupi kawiri mofulumira. Ku Houston, Detroit ndi Indianapolis, ndalama zomwe amapeza zatsika kwenikweni, pomwe renti yakwera 15 mpaka 25 peresenti. Adapeza kuti madera okhawo akumatauni aku US komwe ndalama zimayenderana ndi kukwera kwa lendi ndi Austin, Las Vegas ndi Phoenix.
Kwa ogwira ntchito omwe akuvutika kuti apulumuke ndi malipiro otsika kwambiri, mtengo wa moyo ndi wolemetsa kwambiri. Pali palibe dziko limodzi ku US komwe wogwira ntchito yocheperako amatha kulipira mtengo wanyumba yapachipinda chimodzi pogwira ntchito maola 40 nthawi zonse. Zingatenge maola 49 pa sabata kugula nyumba yokhala ndi chipinda chimodzi ku West Virginia (chiwerengero chotsika kwambiri) ndi maola 124 ku Hawaii. M'maboma 14 ndi District of Columbia, mumayenera kugwira ntchito maola 80 pa sabata ndi malipiro ochepa kuti muthe kupeza chipinda chimodzi chogona.
Popeza ichi ndi chotulukapo cha capitalism, osati mawonekedwe amtundu, titha kuwona zomwe zikuchitika padziko lonse lapansi. Avereji yamitengo yogulitsa nyumba ku Toronto, yosinthidwa chifukwa cha inflation, ndi kasanu ndi kawiri mu 2016 kuposa momwe zinaliri mu 1953! Chifukwa chake sizodabwitsa kudziwa kuti lendi ya chipinda chimodzi ku Toronto ndi pafupifupi kuwirikiza kawiri kuposa ya munthu amene amapeza malipiro ochepa a Ontario. Ndipo sikuti kupezeka kwa nyumba zotsika mtengo sikupitilira, kukucheperachepera: Ku Calgary, mwachitsanzo, malo obwereketsa 3,000. adasinthidwa kukhala ma condominiums kuyambira 2006 mpaka 2008 yekha pa nthawi yomweyo kuti chiwerengero cha anthu a m'nyumba zotsika mtengo pang'onopang'ono kuwonjezeka, pamene Edmonton mndandanda wodikira kwa nyumba chikhalidwe mu 2015 katatu.
Lipoti la BBC lidapeza kuti renti wapakati pachipinda chimodzi chogona ku London ndi £920, yomwe ingawononge ndalama zoposa 90 peresenti ya ndalama zomwe amapeza pambuyo pa msonkho wa munthu yemwe amagwira ntchito maola 39 pa sabata pamalipiro ochepa. Ngakhale kuti sikokwera mtengo kwina kulikonse, lendi ya chipinda chimodzi ingawononge ndalama zoposa theka la malipiro ocheperako ku Wales, West Midlands, ndi kum’mwera chakum’mawa ndi kum’maŵa kwa England. Chosiyana lipoti la Resolution Foundation anapeza kuti ndalama zapakhomo za obwereketsa ku Britain zidakwera pawiri peresenti kuyambira 2002 mpaka 2015, pamene ndalama zawo zanyumba zidakwera 16 peresenti.
Ndipo kumapita, kuchokera Paris ku Berlin ku Istanbul ku Sydney ku Melbourne.
Zoyeserera zochepa zakumaloko zolimbana ndi mphamvu zapadziko lonse lapansi
Maboma ena am'mizinda m'mizinda yomwe ili ndi zovuta zambiri zobwereketsa akuchitapo kanthu kuti achepetse mikhalidwe yamsika, kuphatikiza omwe ali ndi mphamvu, monga Vancouver, yomwe yakhazikitsa misonkho, ndi omwe alibe mphamvu, monga New York, kumene meya akupitiriza ndondomeko za omwe analipo kale omwe amafulumizitsa gentrification.
Kusowa pokhala ku Vancouver kwachitika adafika patali kwambiri nthawi yomweyo monga mzinda wakhala mmodzi wa zotsika mtengo kwambiri padziko lapansi, pamodzi ndi Hong Kong, Sydney, Melbourne, Auckland, ndi mzinda wa California wa San Jose.
Khonsolo ya mzinda wa Vancouver mu Novembala 2016 idakhazikitsa msonkho panyumba zopanda anthu zomwe sizili nyumba zazikulu zogona ndipo sizikhala kwa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi pachaka. Boma la mzindawo likuyerekeza kuti nyumba zoposa 20,000 zilibe anthu kapena zimasiyidwa anthu pafupifupi chaka chonse. Kumayambiriro kwa chaka, boma la chigawo cha British Columbia lidakhazikitsa a 15 peresenti ya msonkho kwa ogula akunja, omwe akhala akugula malo ndi nyumba mwachangu. "Tiyenera kupeza mgwirizano pakati pa kulandila ndalama ndikuwonetsetsa kuti sikusokoneza njira zanyumba za anthu okhala kuno," Meya wa Vancouver Gregor Robertson. adanena The Guardian, pamene akudandaula zomwe zachitidwa kale kuti "zachedwa kwambiri."
Mitengo yakunyumba akuti yatsika kuyambira pomwe msonkho wa 15 peresenti kwa ogula akunja udakhazikitsidwa, koma ngati kutsikako kudzapitilizidwa, kapena kumasulira kubwereketsa kocheperako, zikuwonekerabe.
Zomwe zatsala pang'ono kulephera, mosiyana, ndi mapulani a nyumba a Meya wa New York City a Bill de Blasio. Ma renti alipo idakwera kuposa inflation kwa zaka zambiri, ndi phindu la eni nyumba likuwonjezeka chaka ndi chaka. Gentrification inalimbikitsidwa ndi meya wa mzindawu kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1970 ndi 1980, Ed Koch, yemwe ananena monyanyira kuti, "Ngati simungathe kukwanitsa New York, sunthani!" Kuthamanga kudakwera pansi pa a Rudy Giuliani ndi a Michael Bloomberg, ndipo omalizawo adakakamiza kugawanso malo oyandikana nawo motsutsana ndi zofuna za okhalamo.
Dongosolo la Bloomberg linali lolola opanga mapulagini kuchita zinthu mosasamala, ndikupereka thandizo lalikulu kwa iwo posinthana ndi mayunitsi angapo oti apatsidwe nyumba zotsika mtengo. Ngakhale adapambana zisankho ngati akuyenera kusintha patsogolo, Meya de Blasio adasunga dongosolo la Bloomberg mokhazikika, motero akupitiliza kuyendetsa bwino, kukwera kwa renti komanso kuchotsedwa kwa anthu omwe akukakamizidwa ndi renti yosatheka.
Gentrification ndi njira yadala
Gentrification sizinthu zachilengedwe monga mafunde a m'nyanja, monga anthu amalingaliro amakonda kunena, koma m'malo mwake. ndi njira yadala. Gentrification nthawi zambiri imatanthauza kusinthana kwa anthu, makamaka osauka a anthu, ndi ena a khungu lopepuka. Chikhalidwe chokhazikitsidwa, choyeretsedwa komanso cholandidwa cha anthu omwe adalowedwa m'malo chimasiyidwa ngati chokopa kwa "anthu okonda kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi" omwe amalowa mkati ndikukhala ngati chinthu chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi oyang'anira masitolo omwe akufuna kuthandiza obwera kumene.
Gentrification ndi gawo la njira yomwe anthu amayembekezeredwa, ndikukhala ndi anthu, kukhala ogula opanda pake. M'malo mwa malo ammudzi, m'nyumba ndi kunja, komwe tingathe kufufuza luso lathu, kupuma moyo watsopano mu chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe, kupanga miyambo yatsopano ya chikhalidwe ndi kupanga zochitika zamagulu osagwirizanitsa ndi ndalama ndi malonda, chikhalidwe cha anthu ambiri chimalowetsedwa m'malo, chopangidwa ndi makampani. ndi -oyendetsedwa ndi malonda ogulitsa spoon-odyetsedwa kwa ogula opangidwa mosamala kuti asatsutse malingaliro akuluakulu omwe amaperekedwa ndi akuluakulu amakampani.
Bill de Blasio amayesa kunena kuti gentrification ndi njira yachilengedwe, yosalamulirika yosatha kulamulidwa ndi anthu molimbika monga momwe adakhalira mabiliyoni ambiri, Michael Bloomberg. Mwachidule, Meya de Blasio akukhulupirira kuti njira yokhayo yomangira nyumba zotsika mtengo ndikulola opanga mabiliyoni ambiri kuti achite chilichonse chomwe akufuna, perekani zopatulapo ku malamulo oyendetsera malo omwe amathandizira kale, ndikuvomera zinyenyeswazi zingapo pobwezera. Zotsatira zake, lendi yakwera kuwirikiza kawiri kuposa momwe amalipidwa kuyambira 2012, ndipo wogwira ntchito yocheperako amayenera kugwira ntchito maola 139 pa sabata kuti apeze nyumba ya New York.
Rezoning ndiye gwero la mapulani a nyumba a Meya de Blasio - makamaka, zomwe zimatchedwa "malo ophatikizika," pomwe opanga amaloledwa kupitilira malire aatali ndikupatsidwa ndalama zambiri zamisonkho pobwezera nyumba zina zochepa zomwe zili pansi pamitengo yamisika ndikuwongolera ndalama zenizeni. milingo. Izi sizikugwira ntchito, m'malo mwake kumawonjezera ndalama zambiri m'matumba otukuka ndikuwonjezera phindu lalikulu kwa eni nyumba omwe alipo chifukwa nyumba yatsopano yobwereketsa imapangitsa kuti lendi ya nyumba zakale. Mayunitsi otsika mtengo opangidwa ndi akaunti ya Bloomberg yophatikizira zonira basi 1.7 peresenti ya kukula kwa nyumba pakati pa 2005 ndi 2013, malinga ndi Samuel Stein, akulemba mu Jacobin.
Kumeneku n’kutsika kwa chiwerengero cha anthu a mumzindawo panthaŵiyo. Kuphatikizidwa ndi malamulo ochotsera malamulo okhala ndi zopinga zazikulu, zoyerekeza 300,000 mpaka 400,000 yoyendetsedwa ndi lendi zipinda zatayika kuyambira zaka za m'ma 1990, womenyera nyumba komanso mtolankhani, Steve Wishnia, adanena mu Wopanda. Nthawi yomweyo, zothandizira zina zimaponyedwa kwa omanga kuti amange nyumba zapamwamba zomwe sizingagulitsidwe ndi pafupifupi okhala mumzinda - nsanja ya Midtown Manhattan momwe nyumba zimawonongera madola mamiliyoni ambiri ndipo zilibe kanthu chifukwa mayunitsi amagulidwa kwambiri ndi ma capitalist ochokera kunja. dzikolo monga pied-à-terre linalandira $35 miliyoni m’kupatuka kwa msonkho!
Kuphatikizira ndalama zambiri m'matumba opanga
Malo ophatikizika ndi "fpulogalamu yolakwika kwenikweni,” akumaliza motero Bambo Stein:
"Sikungoti sizipanga mayunitsi okwanira, kapena kuti nyumba zomwe amamanga sizingagulitsidwe, ngakhale zonse ziwirizi ndizowona. Vuto lenileni la zoning inclusionary ndikuti limayendetsa unyinji wa anthu olemera m'malo omwe akukumana kale ndi gentrification. Zotsatira zake ndi nyumba zochepa zotsika mtengo m'madera oyandikana nawo omwe amasinthidwa mwadzidzidzi.
De Blasio akufuna kugwiritsa ntchito malo ophatikizika kuti apange zipinda zikwi khumi ndi zisanu ndi chimodzi zamabanja zomwe zimapanga $42,000. Izi ndi 3 peresenti yokha ya kufunikira kwa zipinda zotere mumzinda masiku ano, malinga ndi ziwerengero za mapulaniwo. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, malamulo a meya amamanga nyumba zamtengo wapatali zokwana XNUMX m'madera omwewo. Nanga n’ciani cidzacitika akadzafika olemera amenewa? Ma renti m'madera ozungulira adzakwera; masitolo oyandikana nawo adzatsekedwa; anthu ambiri ogwira ntchito adzasamutsidwa ndi gentrification kuposa momwe adzakhazikitsidwe m'malo atsopano ophatikizirapo. …
M'malo moletsa zongopeka kapena kukhometsa msonkho eni nyumba mwaukali, malo ophatikizika amapangitsa makina okulira m'matauni kukhala okonzeka komanso okonzeka kumanga. … Chomwe mgwirizanowu ndi mabungwe ena aboma ndi mabungwe sangachite ndikuthetsa vuto lanyumba lomwe limakhalapo mu mzindawu.”
Njira yokhayo ndiyo kumenyana. Fran Mwayi, womenyera ufulu wa nyumba yemwe walimbana ndi kukulitsa kwa Lower East Side ya Manhattan, akuti:
"Kusuntha kwapang'onopang'ono kuyambira m'ma 1920 mpaka m'ma 1960 kunamenyera nkhondo ndikupeza chithandizo chanyumba kwa anthu omwe amapeza ndalama zochepa - kuphatikiza kuwongolera lendi, nyumba za anthu ndi gawo 8. Koma panthawi ya 'Reagan [counter-]revolution' ya zaka za m'ma 1980, ndalama za federal nyumba zidachepetsedwa ndipo pofika kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 80s, kusowa pokhala kwakukulu, monga zomwe sizinawonekere chiyambire Great Depression, zidabwereranso, motsatizana ndi kufulumira kwa gentrification. .
"Masiku ano, ndi ndalama zochepa zokhala ndi nyumba kuchokera ku Feds, mameya monga Bill de Blasio waku New York, ngakhale ali ndi zolinga zabwino, alibe gwero la ndalama za 'nyumba zotsika mtengo' kupatula zinyenyeswazi zomwe zidatayidwa ndi opanga zazikulu. Ngakhale kayendetsedwe ka nyumba ku New York City sikunafe - monga momwe zikusonyezera kulimbana kwapachaka pakati pa obwereketsa ndi eni nyumba pa malamulo a lendi - wakhala akudzitchinjiriza kwakanthawi chifukwa cha nyengo yomwe ikusokonekera kwambiri pakupeza phindu, osati nyumba za anthu. zofunika.”
Mkhalidwe woterewu umapangitsa oweruza kugwetsa ngakhale zoyesayesa zapang'onopang'ono zokhazikitsa dongosolo la renti, monga ku San Francisco, komwe woweruza m'boma mu 2014 adalengeza kuti lendi. kukwera popanda kupangidwa ndi anthu ndipo motero anagamula motsutsana ndi lamulo la mzindawo lomwe likanakakamiza eni nyumba omwe amathamangitsa obwereketsa m’nyumba zolamulidwa ndi lendi kuwalipira kusiyana pakati pa renti yomwe akhala akuwalipira ndi mtengo wa msika woyenerera wagawo lofananalo kwa zaka ziwiri.
Eni nyumba ndi anthu osalakwa chifukwa cha kukwera kwa lendi, woweruza adalengeza, ndipo alibe chifukwa cha vuto la nyumba ku San Francisco. Zodabwitsa, inde, koma mapeto omveka a malingaliro ofala omwe amalengeza kuti ntchito za capitalism zimagwira ntchito paokha, monga zochitika zachilengedwe kunja kwa ulamuliro waumunthu. Mgwirizano pakati pa anthu ndi anthu wamba, kaya apangidwa kuti apange nyumba kapena zomangamanga, ndi njira zobisika kwambiri tembenuza katundu wa boma kumalipilo achinsinsi, kuti omalizawo azitha kubweza ndalama za anthu.
Malingana ngati nyumbayo imatengedwa ngati chinthu choyenera kugulidwa ndikugulitsidwa ndi wogula kwambiri, ndalama za nyumba zidzakwera ndipo tidzakhalabe pachifundo cha eni nyumba, omwe, pansi pa gentrification, amasankha omwe amaloledwa kukhala ndi omwe adzakankhidwe. kunja kwa nyumba zawo. Nyumba iyenera kukhala ufulu waumunthu!
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Kukhala ngati ufulu sikufanana ndi ufulu wokhala ndi nyumba. Dziko lonse lapansi likutsanulira ndalama pamsika wogulitsa nyumba. Palibe chothandiza chilichonse chothetsera izi. Choyipa chenicheni ndi malamulo omangira ndi malamulo oyendetsera malo. Tanthauzo lenileni la "nyumba zotsika mtengo" ndikulola anthu kukhala m'chilichonse chomwe angakwanitse ... ngakhale chitakhala hema, chisakasa, kapena RV.