Pazaka 15 zapitazi, njira zachakudya ndi zaulimi ku India zasokonekera kwambiri chifukwa cha kudalirana kwachuma padziko lonse lapansi komanso kumasula malonda. Mbali ziwiri za kusokonekera kumeneku ndizovuta zaulimi komanso kukwera kwamitengo yazakudya. Onse awiri ali ndi mizu yawo m'njira zofanana za kudalirana kwa mayiko. Komabe, boma limachitira aliyense payekhapayekha komanso paokha, ndipo njira iliyonse yabodza imapangitsa kuti vutoli likhale lozama.
Vuto la zaulimi labuka chifukwa cha kuchoka kwa boma pazachuma chaboma pazaulimi, kugawa mbewu ndi zolowa m'boma, kugula kwaboma kuti agawire anthu chakudya. Ntchitozi zaperekedwa mochulukira kwa osewera omwe amagwira ntchito kuti apeze phindu, osati chakudya cha anthu osauka kapena chitetezo cha alimi.
Banki Yadziko Lonse idakhazikitsa Structural Adjustment Programme ya 1991, ndipo Malamulo a WTO omwe adayamba kugwira ntchito mu 1995 agwira ntchito limodzi kuti athetse dongosolo lazakudya ndi chitetezo cha chakudya komanso kuphatikiza kokakamiza kwa njira za chakudya ndi ulimi zaku India ndi chakudya ndi ulimi. machitidwe a mayiko olemera.
Izi zapangitsa kuti pakhale vuto lalikulu laulimi komanso vuto lazakudya, pomwe alimi amapeza ndalama zambiri pomwe mitengo yazakudya ikudutsa. Mavuto azakudya ndi ulimi omwe dzikoli likukumana nawo ndi zotsatira za ndondomeko za kudalirana kwa mayiko. Komatu ndi mankhwala okhudza kudalirana kwa mayiko padziko lonse omwe boma likupereka ngati mankhwala othana ndi kudalirana kwa mayiko.
Mitengo yazakudya idayamba kukwera chifukwa msika waku India walumikizidwa ndi misika yapadziko lonse lapansi, makamaka chifukwa chogulitsa mafuta ndi tirigu kuchokera kunja. M'masiku oyambilira a kudalirana kwa mayiko, bizinesi yaulimi yomwe imayang'anira malonda idatsitsa mitengo kuti itenge misika. Izi ndi zomwe zidachitika pakutayidwa kwa soya m'ma 1990s. Tsopano popeza mabungwe apadziko lonse lapansi ngati Cargill apanga kudalira kwakunja, akukweza mitengo. Kukonza mitengo ndi njira yodziwika bwino ya MNCs.
Kuphatikiza pa kukonza mitengo pali malingaliro kudzera mu malonda amtsogolo. Ndipo kusintha kwa nyengo komanso kusinthidwa kwa zakudya kupita ku biofuel zikuwonjezeranso kukwera mitengo kwamitengo yamayiko. Kuwonjezeka kwa mitengo yapadziko lonse kumapereka chifukwa chabwino choganizira za ulamuliro wa chakudya. Zimapanga nzeru zandale komanso zachuma kuyang'ana pa kudzidalira pazakudya ndi ulimi.
Ngakhale kuti dziko la India linali kudalira kuitanitsa zakudya kuchokera kunja, ulimi waku India unali kusamutsidwa kulima mbewu zandalama zogulitsa kunja. Kutumiza kunja kwaulimi kunali kofunika kwambiri. Ngakhale boma laletsa kugulitsa pulses ndi mpunga wosakhala wa basmati kunja kwa dziko, cholinga chake chopereka nthaka ku zipatso ndi ndiwo zamasamba ndi thonje kuti atumize kunja chikupitirirabe. Izinso zimakhudza chitetezo cha chakudya komanso kudzidalira pa chakudya. Mitengo yamasamba nayonso yakwera. Chifukwa chiyani pali kuletsa kutumizidwa kunja kwa pulses ndipo palibe chiletso chotumizira masamba kunja? Kodi ndichifukwa choti mayiko amphamvu ngati US akufuna kuwongolera msika wamafuta, kuphatikiza kugulitsa ku India? Ndipo kodi dziko la India lidzapitirizabe ndondomeko yake yopereka masamba otsika mtengo kwa ogula olemera kumpoto pamene osauka ku India akukanidwa chakudya? M'malo mochotsa chuma cham'nyumba kuchokera ku msika wosakhazikika, wongopeka wapadziko lonse lapansi, boma likulimbitsa mgwirizano, motero likubweretsa chipwirikiti pakupanga ndi mitengo.
Kutsika kwa mtengo wamafuta odyedwa kuchokera kunja kudasokoneza kale alimi athu a kokonati, alimi a mpiru, alimi a soya ndi mtedza. Boma lachepetsanso msonkho wamakasitomu, zomwe zikulitsa vuto laulimi kwa olima mafuta odyedwa komanso kuwononga thanzi la anthu chifukwa mafuta a soya opangidwa ndi chibadwa komanso kanjedza simafuta odyedwa, ndi mafuta akumafakitale omwe amalowetsedwa muzakudya ndi dziko lonse lapansi. malonda alimi.
Chaka ndi theka chapitacho mafuta odyedwa anali ndi msonkho wa 99.4%. Chakumapeto kwa Marichi Boma lidatsitsa ntchito yamafuta a kanjedza kuchoka pa 45% mpaka 20%. Izi tsopano zadulidwa kukhala ziro.
Kusintha Ntchito
Basic Custom Isanafike Epulo 2008 Duty mu peresenti Kuyambira pa Epulo 1, 2008
Mafuta Opanda Pake a Palm 20 0
Mafuta a Palm Oyeretsedwa 27.5 7.5
Mafuta A Mpendadzuwa 20 0
Mafuta Oyeretsedwa a mpendadzuwa 27.5 7.5
Mafuta a CrudeSoyabean 40 0
Mafuta a Soya Bean Oyeretsedwa 45 7.5
(Business Line 2.4.08)
Chifukwa cha kuchepetsedwa kwa msonkho wamtengo wapatali wa mafuta odyedwa, mtengo wamtengo wapatali wa mafuta a mpiru unatsika kuchokera ku Rs. 80/kg mpaka Rs. 68/- kg (Business Line 2.4.08). Popeza kuti ntchito yodulidwa yalengezedwa pamene mpiru ukukololedwa, alimi a mpiru adzakumana ndi vuto lalikulu kuposa momwe akukumana nalo kale.
Kerala Chief Minister, V.S. Achuthanandan wanena kuti lingaliro la Boma la Mgwirizano lochotsa ntchito pamafuta odyedwa lingakhale vuto lalikulu ku Kerala chifukwa lingagwetse mtengo wa kokonati, zokolola zazikulu m'boma (Hindu 2.4.08).
M'malo moteteza mbewu zathu zamafuta amitundumitundu komanso mafuta athu athanzi, boma likuwononga alimi athu amitundu yosiyanasiyana komanso ambewu yamafuta kuti tidalire mafuta oyipa omwe mtsogolomo sadzakhalapo chifukwa adzagwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga biofuel. kwa magalimoto a anthu olemera.
A Achuthanandan ati njira yoyenera yopezera mitengo ya zinthu zofunika kwambiri ndi kulimbikitsa kagawidwe kazinthu kagawidwe ka anthu. Komabe, izinso boma likugwetsa.
Choyamba PDS yapadziko lonse inawonongedwa ndipo inalowedwa m'malo ndi TPDS pazifukwa kuti izi zingachepetse ndalama zomwe boma limagwiritsa ntchito popereka chakudya. Komabe, ndalama zothandizira chakudya zikukwerabe ngakhale kuti anthu ambiri ali ndi njala. Gawo la tirigu ku mabanja a gulu la BPL latsika kuchoka pa matani 7.34 miliyoni mu 2005-06 kufika pa 5.5 m.t. mu 2006-07 mpaka 1:735 m.t mu 2007-08. Mabanja a BPL amalandira ndalama zosakwana Rs.330 pamwezi.
Kuchepetsa kuchotserako kudapangitsa kuti pakhale masheya ambiri ndi FCI. Izi zidagwiritsidwa ntchito kutsegulira misika kwa osewera wamba. Machitidwe a APMC adathetsedwa. Zimphona zapadziko lonse lapansi monga Cargill, ITC, Lever, AWB zidagula mbewu ndikukweza mitengoyo. Center idathetsanso lamulo lofunikira la Commodities Act, lomwe lidaletsa kusungitsa ndalama komanso malingaliro. Pomwe Boma limayika zotsatsa motsutsana ndi kusungitsa ndalama, mandis achinsinsi amalola kusungitsa mwalamulo ndikungoyerekeza.
Mbewu za kukwera kwamitengo zidafesedwa ndi makampani amisika yazakudya ku India. Kuperewera kwapang'onopang'ono komwe kudapangidwa padongosolo la PDS kudagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chowiringula chotengera tirigu wotsika mtengo wokwera mtengo, zomwe zidakwezanso mitengo.
Kuwonjezeka kwa kudalira katundu wochokera kunja, sikungathetse vutoli chifukwa mitengo ya mayiko idzapitirirabe kukwera pansi pa zovuta zongopeka katatu, kusintha kwa nyengo ndi mafuta achilengedwe komanso chifukwa maiko ambiri a Argentina, Ukraine ndi Russia akhazikitsa malamulo oyendetsera katundu.
Katswiri wazachuma wa Neo liberal Bibek Debroy walandila vuto lazakudya "vuto lazakudya likhoza kuyambitsa kusintha kwaulimi" akutero m'nkhani yake "No Time for Field Theories" (Indian Express 2.4.08). "Kumasula ndi kuphatikiza kumabweretsa mitengo yapakhomo pafupi ndi mitengo yapadziko lonse lapansi.
Chifukwa chake, ogula aku India azilipira zambiri pazogulitsa zaulimi, koma amalipira zochepa pazopanga. Ndilo lingaliro la kusintha. "
Komabe, Amwenye ambiri osauka omwe amalandira ndalama zosakwana Rs. 20/- patsiku amangogula chakudya - osati pa furiji ndi ma A.C. Iwo akhoza kumasuka ndi kukwera mitengo ya chakudya. Zomwe akatswiri azachuma ngati Debroy amaiwala ndikuti kudalirana kwa mayiko kumagwirizanitsa mitengo, koma malipiro amakula mosiyana. Kukwera kwamitengo ndi ndalama zotsika kwa osauka kumatanthauza njala ndi njala. Ngakhale a Debroy atha kukondwerera kukwera kwamitengo yazakudya ku India chifukwa chophatikiza chuma chathu chazakudya ndi chuma chomwe chimayendetsedwa ndi makampani, anthu aku India sakondwerera. Ndi 90% ya ndalama zomwe anthu osauka amapeza, komanso 45 - 55% ya anthu aku India omwe amapita kukadya chakudya, njira yapadziko lonse lapansi sikugwira ntchito munthawi yakukwera kwamitengo yazakudya padziko lonse lapansi.
Mavuto azaulimi komanso kukwera kwa mitengo yazakudya kuli ndi mizu yofanana ndi mfundo za kudalirana kwa mayiko, zomwe zalimbikitsa chidwi chamakampani ndikuchepetsa ufulu wa alimi ndi ogula. Ndondomekozi zakhazikitsidwa ku India kulima mbewu zotumiza kunja monga thonje ndi ndiwo zamasamba, komanso kuitanitsa zakudya monga tirigu ndi mafuta odyedwa kunja. Iwo akhazikika pakuchotsa machitidwe aboma omwe ali ndi ulimi ndi chakudya. Vuto lazakudya silingathetsedwe pokankhira kumasuka kwa malonda ndi kusokoneza chitetezo chathu cha chakudya komanso ufulu wodzilamulira.
Njira yothetsera kuwongolera mitengo yazakudya ndikuthetsa ngongole za alimi ndi kudzipha ndizofanana - kulimbikitsa ufulu wodzilamulira wa chakudya potengera kuchuluka kwa zakudya pa ekala ndikuchepetsa mtengo wazinthu zogulira, komanso kutengera njira zogawa.
Zovuta za kudalirana kwa mayiko zimafunikira piritsi lokhazikika. Osatinso kudalirana kwa mayiko.